causes of stress and management approaches among …
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CAUSES OF STRESS AND MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES AMONG IIUM PHARMACY
STUDENTS
MOHD ASHRAF BIN NOR MUHAMMAD
4th YEAR, BACHELOR OF PHARMACY, IIUM
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FAPA189 Mohd Ashraf Nor Muhammad1, Muhammad Fauzul Kabir Kassim2, Ahmad Zubair Samsul Bahari3, Izzureen Sumali4, Puteh Masfirah Ibrahim5, Nursyafiqah Zulkepli6, Nor Amirah Adnan7, Rabiatul Adawiyah Dalim8, Siti Shahirah Muhammad Ghanisma9, I’zzah Farhah Othman10, Shazia Qasem Jamshed11
1Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang
Stress is one of the psychological problems that affect one’s mental and physical condition resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
“Stress may be defined as psycho physiological process usually experienced as a negative emotional state that generates a host of chemical and hormonal reactions in the body.”(M.Assaf, 2012)
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However, stress does not necessarily causes negative outcomes. Basically, stress can cause physical and psychological in which it affects the personal mental well-being, humanistic quality and spirituality. (Shauna L. Shapiro, 1998).
OBJECTIVES
To explore the different causes of stress among pharmacy students of IIUM
To explore different ways of managing stress among pharmacy students of IIUM
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Study design Cross-sectional study design Study setting Undergraduate pharmacy students of International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus Sample population 1st until 4th year undergraduate students registered in Kulliyyah of
Pharmacy IIUM in semester 1 2013/2014. Conducted as a classroom survey to minimize non-response
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Study instrument - Design Quantitative method – questionnaire (2nd until 15th November
2013) The questionnaire has three main domains; demographics, causes
of stress and managing approaches towards stress. Study instrument – Validity/Reliability Pilot study
40 students Cronbach’s Alpha – 0.631 Data Analysis The data will be subjected to SPSS version 21 and descriptive and
inferential statistics was applied
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DEMOGRAPHICS
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16% 16.70%
38.30%
29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
19 - 21 22 - 24
Percentage according to age range and gender
Male Female
30%
27%
29%
14%
Percentage of students according to year
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
DEMOGRAPHICS Characteristics Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
Gender
Male 98 32.7
Female 202 67.3
Marital status
Single 292 97.3
Married 8 2.7
Race
Malay 295 98.3
Indian 1 0.3
Others 4 1.3
Residential status
On campus 189 63.0
Off campus 111 37.0
Transportation
Bicycle 5 1.7
Motorcycle 72 24.0
Car 111 37.0
No vehicle 112 37.3
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CAUSES OF STRESS
86% 79%
72.7% 70.3%
55.7%
30% 25%
19.7% 12.7%
7.3%
Causes of Stress
Quiz Schedule time Study workload
Final exam Result & CGPA Financial problem
Sleep disturbances Physical appearance Relationship with lecturer
Inadequate support
Note: The sum of the option percentages will exceed 100% because the respondents are asked to choose more than one option
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LABEL (CAUSES
OF STRESS)
Yes [N (%)] No [N (%)] GENDER (p
value)
AGE RANGE (p
value)
YEAR OF STUDY (p
value)
Schedule time 237 (79%) 63 (21%) 0.025 0.283 0.008
Relationship
lecturer
38 (12.7%) 262 (87.3%) 0.005 0.822 0.006
Inadequate
support
22 (7.3%) 278 (92.7%) 0.701 0.642 0.077
Study workload 218 (72.7%) 82 (27.3%) 0.002 0.014 0.005
Financial standing 90 (30%) 210 (71%) 0.132 0.781 0.204
Sleep disturbances 75 (25%) 225 (75%) 0.477 0.841 0.777
Physical
appearance
59 (19.7%) 241 (80.3%) 0.481 0.077 0.091
Results & CGPA 167 (55.7%) 133 (44.3%) 0.720 0.219 0.389
Quiz 258 (86%) 42 (14%) 0.129 0.009 0.006
Final exam 211 (70.3%) 89 (29.7%) 0.000 0.018 0.000
A majority of 258 students (86%) answered the cause of stress is due to quizzes. A significant correlation can be observed between age range (p=0.009) and year of study (p=0.006) to quizzes.
In the study done towards pharmacy students in Pakistan, 33% of pharmacy students are having stress due to frequent examinations, and it is the second highest compared to stress causes by assignments with the percentage of 36% (Yasmin, Asim et al. 2013).
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In comparison with our study, the percentage of stress causes by having assignments is 72.7%, which is higher compared to the percentage from respondents in Karachi, but still not the highest factor compared to quizzes.
Another study done in UAE had supported our findings, in which
the percentage of undergraduate health professions students having stress causes by consecutive exams is the highest among other causes (24.7%) (G.Gomathi, Ahmed et al. 2013).
In the study done among undergraduate medical students also shows that frequent examination is one of the most severe factors causing stress with percentage of 59% (Mohsin Shah 2010).
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A stress cause by financial problem is occurring minimally in our study, having percentage of 30%.
This data is supported by finding in the study done towards students in UAE with only 6.1% (G.Gomathi, Ahmed et al. 2013).
Another study also shows the same results of having lowest percentage of stress causes by financial problems which is only 14.7% (Marshall, Allison et al. 2008).
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
70% 61.7%
53.7% 50.7%
39.6% 36.7%
9.3% 7.6%
Management approaches
Sleep Need peer support Breath deeply
Usrah Crying and be alone Eat a lot
Smoking Taking medication pills
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CONCLUSION
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The main cause of stress is due to quiz (frequent examination) and the least cause of stress is due to inadequate support.
Stress management is very crucial in an academic environment. If stress is not being well-managed, it could give detrimental effect to the academic performance of the students.
There is not a single solution on how to manage stress for everyone as different personality will have different way in managing stress.
Most of the student manage their stress by going to sleep.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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It is hoped that establishment of counseling programs and other activities can help students to manage stress related to student life.
It is recommended to conduct the study among other pharmacy students in Malaysia. This will make the result of the study more representative and reliable.
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social supports and coping. Family Practice Research Journal, 7(4), 205-218.
Childs, E. and H. d. Wit (2010). "Effects of acute psychosocial stress on cigarette craving and smoking." Nicotine Tob Res 12(4): 449-453.
Kelly, E. F., E. W. Kelly, et al. (2010). "Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century." American Journal of Psychology 123(2): 246-250.
Bhandari, P. (2012). "Stress and health related quality of life of Nepalese students studying in South Korea: A cross sectional study." Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 10(1): 26.
Firth, J. ( 1986 ). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292: 1177–1180.
G.Gomathi, K., S. Ahmed, et al. (2013). "Causes of stress and coping strategies adopted by undergraduates health professions students in a University in the United Arab Emirates " Sultan Qabus Univ Med J 13(3): 437-441.
Marshall, L. L., A. Allison, et al. (2008). "Perceived Stress and Quality of Life Among Doctor of Pharmacy Students." American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 72 (6): 137.
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Mohsin Shah, S. H., Samina Malik and Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy (2010). "Perceived Stress, Sources and Severity of Stress among medical undergraduates in a Pakistani Medical School." BMC Medical Education 2010, 10:2 doi:10.1186/1472-6920-10-2 10 (2): 1472.
Yasmin, R., S. S. Asim, et al. (2013). "Prevalance of Perceived Stress among Pharmacy Students in Pakistan." Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2(23): 343-347.
Yusof, M. S. B., A. F. A. Rahim, et al. (2013). "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Prosprective Medical Students." Asian Journal for Psychiatry 6: 128-133.
http://www.slideshare.net/natrahabdrahman7/a-research-on-effect-of-stress-among-kmph-students
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