case study - namibia
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Case study - Namibia Case study - Namibia
AOIsAOIs
Environment Environment
Physical geography of NamibiaPhysical geography of Namibia Physical map of NamibiaPhysical map of Namibia
In your note book describe the physical map of Namibia – Outline map - Draw the main In your note book describe the physical map of Namibia – Outline map - Draw the main
featuresfeatures
Physical geography of NamibiaPhysical geography of Namibia Physical map of NamibiaPhysical map of Namibia
Main physical features of NamibiaMain physical features of Namibia
Environment Environment
Key words: Desertification, overgrazing, drought deforestation, Namib desert, Kalahari desert, soil erosion, bush encroachment, Sustainable and non-sustainable development
Namibia is the world’s driest country Namibia is the world’s driest country outside outside
the Sahara and Sahel regions of Northernthe Sahara and Sahel regions of NorthernAfrica.Africa.The map shows the location of the Namib The map shows the location of the Namib Desert along the Namibia’s Atlantic coast. Desert along the Namibia’s Atlantic coast. To the east of the country is the start of To the east of the country is the start of another major desert, the Kalahari. another major desert, the Kalahari.
In between these arid regions a constant In between these arid regions a constant struggle take place to make land struggle take place to make land
productive.productive.
The fear of drought and DESERTIFICATIONThe fear of drought and DESERTIFICATIONis present. 70 % of the Namibian is present. 70 % of the Namibian
population population rely directly on the land to survive despite rely directly on the land to survive despite
thetheharsh conditions.harsh conditions.
Environment Environment
Farming leading to Farming leading to desertificationdesertification
Example of Example of Northern Namibia-Northern Namibia- Land useLand use -grazing, cattle, sheep -grazing, cattle, sheep
and goatsand goats Land is communally owned Land is communally owned Growing rural populationGrowing rural population Pressure – need for a more Pressure – need for a more
productive communal land productive communal land Soils and grass are overused – trees Soils and grass are overused – trees
are cut down for fuel wood (non are cut down for fuel wood (non renewable energy) used for heating, renewable energy) used for heating, cooking, Building homes and fencingcooking, Building homes and fencing
Lack of water lead to droughtLack of water lead to drought Drought causes long-term problem Drought causes long-term problem Emergency boreholes to supply Emergency boreholes to supply
water is water is leading to overgrazing in the areas leading to overgrazing in the areas
close by close by
Problems of Land ownership in Namibia
A major issue in Namibia - Ownership rights are very complex in Namibia today. Communal farmers are less likely to care for their land that they do not own.
Some larger herd owners have started to enclose land for themselves
In the past, land was distributed by partition as the country was divided up between different ethnic groupsCattle around a borehole, Namibia
Environment Environment
Environmental & Economic impact-
Effect of overgrazing Deforestation – trees are cut down for fuel
wood, fencing and building Crops decline and food output falls Cattle have to be taken away from villages to
graze; land becomes less fertile without animal manure
Soil erosion – Soil unprotected by trees is eroded more quickly
Rural poverty increase – local resources become exhausted, poorer people have not alternatives
Bush Encroachment in Bush Encroachment in NamibiaNamibia
Environment Environment
Can you think of solutions to help the
environment in Namibia? Get in groups of 2 USE HAND OUT 1
Think in terms of sustainable development
What is sustainable development? Planning for the future in Namibia? What can you do to look after the
land of Namibia?
Let’s define together the issue of non sustainable and sustainable development together in the next 2 slides
Sustainable & non-sustainable Sustainable & non-sustainable development development
Sustainable developmentSustainable development is achieved when people meet their own needs is achieved when people meet their own needs
without damaging the environment. By looking after the earth now, without damaging the environment. By looking after the earth now, futurefuture
generations will also be able to meet their needs for food, shelter, generations will also be able to meet their needs for food, shelter, clothingclothing
and recreation. and recreation. Natural signs of non-Natural signs of non-
Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentin the worldin the world
CHANGESCHANGES
GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMINGHOLE IN THE OZONE LAYERHOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER
ACCUMULATION OFACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVERADIOACTIVE
NUCLEAR WASTENUCLEAR WASTE
DECLINING DECLINING RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES
SOIL EROSION SOIL EROSION SPREADING DESERTIFICATIONSPREADING DESERTIFICATION
WATER SHORTAGESWATER SHORTAGESDECLINE IN OCEAN FISH STOCKSDECLINE IN OCEAN FISH STOCKS
THREAT TO LIVING THNGSTHREAT TO LIVING THNGS
DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY,
DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFSDESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS
Sustainable & non-sustainable developmentSustainable & non-sustainable development – As a result of much damage to natural – As a result of much damage to natural environments, there are also many signs of non-sustainable developmentenvironments, there are also many signs of non-sustainable development
among human populations. Many people are affected live in LEDCs. among human populations. Many people are affected live in LEDCs. The following diagram shows some of the The following diagram shows some of the social signs of non-sustainabilitysocial signs of non-sustainability..
Social (human) signs of Social (human) signs of Non-sustainable Non-sustainable
Development Development in the world in the world
SOCIAL CHANGES &SOCIAL CHANGES &DECLINEDECLINE
> 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYED> 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYEDA WIDENING GAP BETWEEN RICH & POORA WIDENING GAP BETWEEN RICH & POORCONTINUING POOR STATUS OF WOMENCONTINUING POOR STATUS OF WOMEN
REPEATED WARS & CONFLICTSREPEATED WARS & CONFLICTS
CONTINUING DEPRIVATIONCONTINUING DEPRIVATION 850 MILLION ADULTS ARE ILLITERATE850 MILLION ADULTS ARE ILLITERATENEARLY 3 BILLION PEOPLE LACK OF NEARLY 3 BILLION PEOPLE LACK OF
SANITATIONSANITATIONALMOST 1.5 BILLION PEOPLE ARE WITHOUT ALMOST 1.5 BILLION PEOPLE ARE WITHOUT
CLEAN WATERCLEAN WATER
ABOUT 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE MALNOURISHEDABOUT 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE MALNOURISHED
THREAT TO LIVING THNGSTHREAT TO LIVING THNGS
DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY,
DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFSDESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS
Sustainable development in Namibia?Sustainable development in Namibia?
One example of acting sustainability One example of acting sustainability Looking after the land: planning for the future in NamibiaLooking after the land: planning for the future in Namibia
Provide cheap alternatives to wood for building and fuel wood Provide cheap alternatives to wood for building and fuel wood Plan the location of new boreholes carefullyPlan the location of new boreholes carefully Improve the management of land and pasture to prevent overuseImprove the management of land and pasture to prevent overuse Plan for drought, rather than just react to it. Be prepared to decrease Plan for drought, rather than just react to it. Be prepared to decrease
cattle numbers quickly during the drought, and increase numbers only cattle numbers quickly during the drought, and increase numbers only when rains return.when rains return.
Educate schoolchildren and train local people to protect resourcesEducate schoolchildren and train local people to protect resources Use EIA (environmental impact assessment) methods before Use EIA (environmental impact assessment) methods before
introducing new developments – Use of appropriate technologyintroducing new developments – Use of appropriate technology
How can people behave responsibly and protect the earth and its How can people behave responsibly and protect the earth and its resourcesresources
for future generations in Namibia? for future generations in Namibia?
Role of the Namibian government?Role of the Namibian government?
In recent years, the Namibian government has held In recent years, the Namibian government has held workshops and national conferences about the problems of workshops and national conferences about the problems of OVERUSING the LAND that may eventually lead to OVERUSING the LAND that may eventually lead to DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION
Remember that with global problems, as with diseases such Remember that with global problems, as with diseases such as malaria or HIV/AIDS, prevention is better than cure.as malaria or HIV/AIDS, prevention is better than cure.
Keep in mind that is very difficult to change people habits. Keep in mind that is very difficult to change people habits. That is why it is essential to explain vividly the That is why it is essential to explain vividly the environmental issues and how they can change their ways environmental issues and how they can change their ways of working so the population is more in title to change their of working so the population is more in title to change their habitshabits
To your opinion, is the role of the Namibian government To your opinion, is the role of the Namibian government important? Explain your answerimportant? Explain your answer
Key words to knowKey words to know Desertification Desertification – Process in which land becomes desert – ( from – Process in which land becomes desert – ( from
land mismanagement or and climatic changes) land mismanagement or and climatic changes) OvergrazingOvergrazing- Excessive grazing (animals herding) to an extent - Excessive grazing (animals herding) to an extent
which the land is damaged. which the land is damaged. DeforestationDeforestation- the removal of forest by burning or cutting- the removal of forest by burning or cutting DroughtDrought- long period without precipitation (low precipitation) with - long period without precipitation (low precipitation) with
long term effect long term effect Soil erosionSoil erosion – the wearing away or loss of soil mainly due to the – the wearing away or loss of soil mainly due to the
action of wind, rain , running water and cutting trees action of wind, rain , running water and cutting trees bush encroachmentbush encroachment – grazing land is lost and replaced by – grazing land is lost and replaced by
bushesbushes Namib desertNamib desert – the world oldest desert located along the – the world oldest desert located along the
Namibian Atlantic coast Namibian Atlantic coast Kalahari desert-Kalahari desert- desert located in the east of Namibia & west of desert located in the east of Namibia & west of
South AfricaSouth Africa Sustainable & non-sustainable development-Sustainable & non-sustainable development- Appropriate technology -Appropriate technology -
A National Park in a LEDCA National Park in a LEDCEtosha National Park, NamibiaEtosha National Park, Namibia Facts on Etosha Park Facts on Etosha Park One of the oldest & largest park in Africa One of the oldest & largest park in Africa Measures 300 km from east to west and 100 km north Measures 300 km from east to west and 100 km north
to southto south Etosha pan – Once a huge lake which gradually dried Etosha pan – Once a huge lake which gradually dried
out to leave a deep white salty depression. (or pan) out to leave a deep white salty depression. (or pan)
the Pan covers almost a quarter of the total area. the Pan covers almost a quarter of the total area. Summer are very hot (average of 40C) and winter are Summer are very hot (average of 40C) and winter are
cool (16C)cool (16C) Almost no rain falls in winter (may to September) Almost no rain falls in winter (may to September) Main vegetation is Main vegetation is SAVANNASAVANNA grassland and shrub, grassland and shrub,
with some woodland. with some woodland.
Satellite image of Etosha PanSatellite image of Etosha Pan
http://http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/earthobservatory.nasa.gov/http://http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/20928/20928/image07222006_1km.jpgimage07222006_1km.jpg
Location of The National Etosha ParkLocation of The National Etosha Park
Location of Etosha ParkLocation of Etosha Park
Map of Etosha National Park Map of Etosha National Park
How Etosha developedHow Etosha developed? ? Created in 1907Created in 1907 Today only a 1/3 of its Today only a 1/3 of its
original size (no longer original size (no longer stretching to the Atlantic stretching to the Atlantic coast.coast.
Constant threat of drought Constant threat of drought led to many boreholes led to many boreholes drilled in the 1950’sdrilled in the 1950’s
Boreholes have increased Boreholes have increased the numbers of wildlife the numbers of wildlife (elephants & lions)(elephants & lions)
A game fence was built A game fence was built keeping animals in, keeping animals in, hunters and disease out hunters and disease out
Problems in the parkProblems in the park New fences interfered withNew fences interfered withtraditional migration routes oftraditional migration routes ofwildebeest (numbers fell bywildebeest (numbers fell by90%) and zebra (numbers fell90%) and zebra (numbers fellby 70%)by 70%) In 1983, the park suffered In 1983, the park suffered its worst drought in 100 its worst drought in 100
years. years. Many animals died & others Many animals died & others Escaped in search of food & Escaped in search of food & were shot. were shot.
How and who managed the National park managed ?How and who managed the National park managed ?
The park is managed by the The park is managed by the
Ministry of Environment andMinistry of Environment and
Tourism (MET). Their job is to:Tourism (MET). Their job is to: Balance the needs of the Balance the needs of the
wildlife, local people and wildlife, local people and visiting tourists visiting tourists
Preserve the park’s natural Preserve the park’s natural vegetationvegetation
Provide sufficient water for Provide sufficient water for all all usersusers
Deal with conflicts Deal with conflicts between park usersbetween park users
The numbers of visitors isThe numbers of visitors is
strictly controlled. Permits & strictly controlled. Permits &
Accommodation have to beAccommodation have to be
Booked in advance.Booked in advance. The Park has 3 rest camps:The Park has 3 rest camps:
Each rest camp include areas Each rest camp include areas
for tents, caravan, luxury for tents, caravan, luxury
conditioned bungalows, shopsconditioned bungalows, shops
restaurants, swimming pools,restaurants, swimming pools,
floodlit waterholes wherefloodlit waterholes where
visitors can watch wild animal visitors can watch wild animal
night & daynight & day
What is the main attraction for the Park?What is the main attraction for the Park?Wildlife is of course the main attractions Wildlife is of course the main attractions Outside the camps visitors can drive around 700 km of gravel roadOutside the camps visitors can drive around 700 km of gravel roadin search of four African’s ‘big four’ game animals (elephant,in search of four African’s ‘big four’ game animals (elephant,Lion, leopard & rhino) which are all found in Etosha Park.Lion, leopard & rhino) which are all found in Etosha Park.Visitors must stay inside their vehicles and have to stay on theVisitors must stay inside their vehicles and have to stay on theRoadsRoads
Fact file – Etosha’s wildlifeFact file – Etosha’s wildlife
elephantelephant 15001500 Black rhinoBlack rhino 300 300
Lion Lion 300300 Leopard/cheetah number Leopard/cheetah number unknownunknown
GiraffeGiraffe 20002000 ZebraZebra 6700 6700
HartebeestHartebeest 250250 KuduKudu 2000 2000
WildebeestWildebeest 26002600 OstrichOstrich 1500 1500
Springbok Springbok 2000020000 Gemsbok (oryx) 4000Gemsbok (oryx) 4000
Birds Birds 340 species340 species AntelopeAntelope 70 70
Snake Snake 50 species 50 species
What does the MET’s have to deal What does the MET’s have to deal with?with?Problems at Etosha ParkProblems at Etosha Park - Even if the MET’s (ministry of - Even if the MET’s (ministry of
Environment & Tourism), Etosha has issues to deal withEnvironment & Tourism), Etosha has issues to deal with 1. 1. Low precipitationLow precipitation (very little rain) has fallen since the 1983 (very little rain) has fallen since the 1983 drought, leading to drought, leading to poor vegetation growthpoor vegetation growth2. 2. Shortage of waterShortage of water - Water is very short in supply throughout - Water is very short in supply throughout
Namibia. Tourists and wildlife are supplied by the River Kunene in Namibia. Tourists and wildlife are supplied by the River Kunene in the North of the country. the North of the country. Local communitiesLocal communities may go without may go without assess to waterassess to water
What is the future of Etosha National Park?What is the future of Etosha National Park? The potential of tourist growth in Namibia is great and Etosha is aThe potential of tourist growth in Namibia is great and Etosha is aleading attraction. At the present only the south-eastern sectionleading attraction. At the present only the south-eastern sectionopen. See mapopen. See map Possible new areas may be opened to accommodate more touristsPossible new areas may be opened to accommodate more tourists A controversial fourth rest camp is already plannedA controversial fourth rest camp is already planned Provision of water is an ongoing, expensive problem as is the Provision of water is an ongoing, expensive problem as is the
upkeep of the many gravel roads in the parkupkeep of the many gravel roads in the park The MET has to conserve the wide range of animals and vegetation The MET has to conserve the wide range of animals and vegetation
under very difficult environmental conditions.under very difficult environmental conditions. The conflicting needs of local people, visitors and wildlife make this The conflicting needs of local people, visitors and wildlife make this
a hard task a hard task
MYP assessment – Brochure on National Etosha MYP assessment – Brochure on National Etosha
parkpark Aim: to Create a brochure to show the attractions of theAim: to Create a brochure to show the attractions of the
Etosha National Park for visitors (the type of brochure that the tourist Etosha National Park for visitors (the type of brochure that the tourist office would produce.)office would produce.)
1.1. To be able to describe the environment and wildlife in Etosha park To be able to describe the environment and wildlife in Etosha park
2.2. Describe some of the ways in which the park is being managed and Describe some of the ways in which the park is being managed and what makes management of the park difficult?what makes management of the park difficult?
3.3. Draw up a Development Plan of Etosha. You should consider the Draw up a Development Plan of Etosha. You should consider the needs of the local people, tourists, wildlife and the environmentneeds of the local people, tourists, wildlife and the environment
4.4. Promote the concept of Eco-tourism & sustainable development Promote the concept of Eco-tourism & sustainable development (ex: In your opinion should a new fourth rest camp be built?)(ex: In your opinion should a new fourth rest camp be built?)
Format of your assessment: use publisher – brochure format Format of your assessment: use publisher – brochure format
Materials: Notes from this PowerPoint Materials: Notes from this PowerPoint
Criteria A, C & D – refers to MYP rubric Criteria A, C & D – refers to MYP rubric
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