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Received:Revised:Accepted:
August 13, 2013 November 5, 2013November 8, 2013
Corresponding Author: Myung Ho Jeong, Director of the Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center Nominatedby Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jaebong-ro, Donggu, Gwangju501-757, KoreaTel: +82-62-2206243, Fax: +82-62-2287174, E-mail: myungho@chollian.net
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report
http://dx.doi.org/10.12997/jla.2013.2.2.97pISSN 2287-2892 • eISSN 2288-2561 JLASuccessful Endovascular Aortic Repair in a Young Female with Takayasu's Arteritis Presenting with Uncontrolled HypertensionSang Hun Park, Hae Chang Jeong, Keun Ho Park, Doo Sun Sim, Young Joon Hong, Ju Han Kim, Youngkeun Ahn, Myung Ho Jeong
Cardiovascular Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Regeneromics Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
A 21-year-old female presented with uncontrolled hypertension. Neck, abdomen, chest computed tomography angiogram showed moderate stenosis in the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery, and multiple severe stenosis in the transitional area between the descending thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta. Transthoracic echocardiography and aortography revealed that the pressure gradient between the descending thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta was 80 mmHg. She underwent angioplasty with stent implantation. After stent implantation, claudication improved significantly, and the pressure gradient decreased to 18 mmHg. The blood pressure was normalized with single anti-hypertensive medication, and no adverse clinical event occurred during five-year follow-up.
Key Words: Arteritis, Hypertension, Angioplasty
INTRODUCTION
Takayasu’s arteritis is associated with vascular stenosis
involving the aorta, carotid and renal arteries, and
pulmonary artery.1 In hypertensive patients due to
Takayasu’s arteritis, who do not respond to medical
treatment, interventional treatment such as angioplasty
or surgical treatment such as bypass surgery should be
considered. Stent implantation has been reported for the
treatment of stenosis of the abdominal aorta and small
arteries such as the carotid, mesenteric, or renal arteries
in Takayasu’s arteritis.1-3
Here, we report a case of successful stent implantation
for severe hypertension due to stenosis in the thoracic
aorta in a young female patient with Takayasu’s arteritis.
CASE REPORT
A 21-year-old female came to undergo evaluation for
the cause of hypertension which was incidentally detected
during health checkup 3 weeks before. The secondary
cause of hypertension was not found at the local clinic.
On arrival, the patient had a heart rate of 72 beats/min
and blood pressure of 150/100 mmHg. On physical
examination, a bruit was auscultated over the epigastric
area and left neck. Radial arterial pulse was stronger on
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Fig. 1. The doppler ultrasonography showed stenosis and increased peak velocity of the left common carotid artery (peakvelocity=2.5 m/s) (left) and left subclavian artery (peak velocity=2.2 m/s) (right).
Fig. 2. The ultrasonography of the left common carotid artery showed intima-media thickness of 1.94 mm.
the right than on the left. In addition, pulses in both
femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis arteries were weak
compared with those in brachial and radial arteries (right
arm 150/80 mmHg, left arm 110/70 mmHg, right leg 85/50
mmHg, left leg 80/50 mmHg, respectively). In laboratory
tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to 69 mm/hr
and C-reactive protein (CRP) to 1.1 mg/dL. Ankle brachial
index (ABI) was 0.53 on the right side and 0.50 on the
left side, which suggested the presence of aortic or
peripheral arterial disease. In echocardiography, conti-
nuous flow was detected in the left common carotid artery
and left subclavian artery with increased velocity, which
implicated vascular stenosis (Fig. 1). The intima-media
thickness (IMT) of the left common carotid artery was
1.94 mm (Fig. 2). In addition, severe stenosis was detected
in the transitional area between the descending thoracic
aorta and the abdominal aorta (Fig. 3). The peak systolic
velocity and the mean pressure gradient were 4.49 m/sec
and 80 mmHg, respectively. In neck CT angiography,
moderate stenosis was found in the left common carotid
artery and in the left subclavian artery (Fig. 4). In chest
and abdomen CT angiography, multiple stenotic lesions
were detected between the descending thoracic aorta
and the abdominal aorta (Fig. 5).
Sang Hun Park, et al: Takayasu's Arteritis Treated by TEVAR
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Fig. 3. The ultrasonography of the thoracoabdominal aorta showed continuous flow. The peak systolic velocity was 4.49m/sec and the mean pressure gradient was 80 mmHg.
Fig. 4. Neck CTA showed moderate stenosis in the left common carotid artery and in the left subclavian artery.
She was diagnosed to have Takayasu’s arteritis on the
basis of multiple vascular stenosis with no risk factors of
cardiovascular diseases, elevated ESR, age and ethnicity
(Asian woman). She had no other symptoms associated
with vascular stenosis except hypertension. At first, she
was treated with corticosteroid in the outpatient
department. However, she developed claudication after
2 months. Aortogram showed diffuse stenosis in left
common carotid artery and left subclavian artery, but distal
run-off was maintained. Between the descending thoracic
aorta and the abdominal aorta, long diffuse stenosis was
observed and the pressure gradient was 80 mmHg, which
was thought to be the cause of claudication. Because
medical treatment did not reduce or improve disease
progression, percutaneous intervention was performed
using a 18x100 mm NitinolⓇ stent (all in one type, 12
J Lipid Atheroscler 2013;2(2):97-102 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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Fig. 5. Chest and abdomen CTA showed multiple stenotic lesions, especially in the transitional area between the descendingthoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta.
Fig. 6. After angioplasty with stent insertion, the pressure gradient (PG) decreased to 18 mmHg.
French, Johnson & Johnson) (Fig. 6). After the inter-
vention, the pressure gradient decreased from 80 mmHg
to 18 mmHg and her claudication improved. Follow-up
CT angiogram 2 days after stent-graft implantation
showed patent aorta lumen and good distal flow (Fig.
7). Her blood pressure was normalized with single
anti-hypertensive medication and clinical course was
uneventful during five-year clinical follow-up.
Sang Hun Park, et al: Takayasu's Arteritis Treated by TEVAR
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Fig. 7. (A) CT angiogram before stent implantation, (B) Follow-up CT angiogram 2 days after stent graft showed a patentlumen with good distal flow.
DISCUSSION
In the case of Takayasu’s arteritis with vascular stenosis
which does not respond to medical therapy, interventional
treatment such as angioplasty or surgical treatment such
as bypass surgery should be considered if coronary artery,
renal artery or cerebral artery is involved or if ischemia
that hinders daily life occurs. Angioplasty has recently been
used for treatment along with invasive surgical operations.
Surgical bypass of the stenosed segment is often
complicated by graft reocclusion, anastomotic site
aneurysm and morbidity. Angioplasty offers a less invasive,
cost-effective, and safe method for relief of stenotic lesions
in patients with Takayasu’s arteritis. Stent implantation
has been reported for the treatment of stenosis of the
abdominal aorta and small arteries such as the carotid,
mesenteric, or renal arteries.4-7 Open surgical treatment
is currently the gold standard for treating occlusive aortic
lesions, yet postoperative morbidity and mortality have
remained high.8 On the other hand, endovascular inter-
vention using stenting is less invasive compared to surgical
options, resulting in fewer procedural complications and
lower mortality.9,10 Good results are seen in the treatment
of short focal stenosis in the presence of inactive
disease.11,12 The main complications of all intervention,
both open surgery and endovascular techniques, include
restenosis (75.7%), thrombosis (10%), bleeding (8.6%),
and stroke (5.7%).13
In our case, blood pressure was normalized with single
anti-hypertensive medication and clinical course was
uneventful during five-year clinical follow-up. Secondary
hypertension due to aortic stenosis could be managed
J Lipid Atheroscler 2013;2(2):97-102 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
102 www.lipid.or.kr
by a thoracoabdominal endovascular stent in a young
female patient with Takayasu’s arteritis.
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