carbon compounds. (hydrocarbons) functional groups -ch 3 -oh -nh 2 -po 3
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Functional Groups
Consequences of Substitution w Functional Groups
Ethane CH3-CH3 toxic, flammable gas Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH ethyl alcohol, potable
Propanoic acid CH3-CH2-COOH toxic liquid - “fixative”
mercaptan CH3-CH2-SH "rotten eggs" - smell of
natural gas
Building Larger Molecules
• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)
OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OH
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
Polymer
Breaking Down Large Molecules
• Hydrolysis
OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OHMonomers
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH+
H2O
Polymer
(ENZYMES)
Carbohydrates• Short-term energy-storage
• Some structural
• Bigger molecules = more energy!– (energy is stored in bonds)
Carbohydrates• Sugars – saccharides.• Monosaccharides (monomers)
– Simple sugars– Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
• Disaccharides (simple polymers)– Two monomers combined– Sucrose, Lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Lipids
• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).– Bigger molecules = more energy!
• Membrane structure
• Hormones
Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils
Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.– Monoglycerides– Diglycerides– Triglycerides
Geometric Isomers of Fatty Acids
Oleic acid Elaidic acid
Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fat that comprises 55-80% of olive oil.
Elaidic acid is a trans unsaturated fat and a major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Examples of fatty acids
Oleic - mono-unsaturated - varying quantities in most oils
Linoleic - poly(2) unsaturated - Sunflower oil, Olive oil, Rice bran oil, Corn oil
Lipids with Fatty Acids3. Waxes
– VERY hydrophobic molecules– Water repellent
• Protection from water gain and loss
Bees Wax
Ear Wax (Squalene)
Plant wax (Ursolic acid)
Proteins• Structural
• Membrane Function
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies/Antigens
• Energy (as a last resort)
Proteins get things done!
Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Tertiary (3o) Structure– Covalent Bonds– Ionic Bonds– Disulfide Bonds– Hydrogen Bonds– Van der Waals
Interactions
Nucleic Acids
• Carriers– Information Carriers* (DNA, RNA)– Electron Carriers (NAD+, FAD+, NADP+)– Energy Carriers (ATP)
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides = monomers– 5-carbon sugar– N-base– Phosphate
• Select 3 functional groups…– Name them.– Chemical structures of each.– Examples of actual molecules that include
them.– Properties that make them do what they do.
Homework…
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