cancer management.pptx

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Prepared by: Agbulos, Cabanag, Castro, Fernandez,Lagos, Lavador, Quijano, Tugano

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Prostate Cancer

Note: Prostate Cancers require testosterone to grow orspread.

Surgery

*Prostatectomy Surgically removing the prostate and isuseful for cancer that is confined to the prostate.

*Bilateral Orchiectomy The oldest form of hormonal

therapy by which both the testes are removed. It greatlyslows the growth of prostate cancer but produces theside effects of low testosterone.

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Prostate Cancer

Medical

*Leuprolide and Goserelin drugs that prevent the

pituitary glands from stimulating the testes to make

testosterone

*Anti-androgens: Flutamide, Bicalutamide,

Nilutamide drugs that block testosterones effects.

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Prostate Cancer

Radiation Therapy

*May cure cancers that are confined to the prostate,

as well as cancers that have invaded tissues around

the prostate ( but not cancer that has spread to

distant organs)

*It can relieve pain resulting from the spread of

prostate cancer to the bone but cannot cure thecancer itself

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Cervical Cancer

Surgery

*Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A

treatment that uses electrical current passed through athin wire loop as a knife to remove abnormal tissue orcancer.

*Cryosurgery: A treatment that uses an instrument tofreeze and destroy abnormal tissue, such as carcinoma insitu. This type of treatment is also called cryotherapy.

*Radical trachelectomy . This removes the cervix, part ofthe vagina, and the pelvic lymph nodes (lymph nodedissection). But the uterus is left in place.

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Cervical Cancer

*Hysterectomy with or without removal of the

ovaries. This removes the cervix and related organs

where recurrence would be most likely.

Radiation therapy

*Uses high energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. These x-

rays can be given externally in a procedure that is

much like having a diagnostic x-ray. This is called

external beam radiation therapy. This treatment

usually takes 6 to 7 weeks to complete.

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Cervical Cancer

*Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy are used

to treat cervical cancer in women who have had a

hysterectomy, the radioactive material is placed in acylinder in the vagina.

Medical

*Alkylating Agent: These drugs modify the bases ofDNA, interfering with DNA replication and

transcription (Cisplatin, Mitomycin, Ifosfamide)

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Cervical Cancer

*Antimetabolites: These drugs ultimately interfere

with DNA replication and therefore cell division.

(5-Fluorouracil)

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Intervention:

* Encourage the patient to urinate every 2-4 hours and

when it suddenly felt.

* Observation of the flow of urine, note the size and

strength.

* Percussion / palpation of the suprapubic area.

*Encourage fluid intake to 3000 ml per day.

* Monitor vital signs closely

* Collaboration in the provision of drugs.

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Intervention:

* Ensure adequate fluid hydration but limit fluids at

mealtime.* Necessary to eliminate wastes yet too much fluid can lead to early

satiety.

*Advise family to serve patients favourite foods.

* Enhances appetite.

*Encourage frequent oral hygiene.

* Reduces unpleasant mouth sensation after drug therapy.

*Provide pain relief measures as necessary.

* Increases comfort.

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*Encourage nutritional supplements and high-proteinfoods.

*Adds protein and calories to meet nutritionalrequirements.

*Encourage family and friends not to nag or cajolepatient about eating.

*Pressuring patient may cause conflict and unnecessary

stress.*Administer appetite stimulants as prescribed.

* Improves appetite.

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I: Promote good handwashing procedures by staff and visitors.Screen/limit visitors who may have infections. Place in reverseisolation as indicated.

R: Protects patient from sources of infection, such as visitors and staffwho may have an upper respiratory infection (URI).

I: Emphasize personal hygiene.

R: Limits potential sources of infection and/or secondary overgrowth

I: Reposition frequently; keep linens dry and wrinkle-free.R: Reduces pressure and irritation to tissues and may prevent skinbreakdown (potential site for bacterial growth)

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I: Promote adequate rest/exercise periods

R: Limits fatigue, yet encourages sufficient movement to

prevent stasis complications, e.g., pneumonia, decubitus,and thrombus formation.

I: Monitor temperature.

R: Temperature elevation may occur because of various

factors, e.g.,chemotherapy side effects, disease process,or infection. Early identification of infectious processenables appropriate therapy to be started promptly.

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I: Monitor CBC with differential WBC and granulocyte count, andplatelets as indicated.

R: Bone marrow activity may be inhibited by effects of chemotherapy,

the disease state, or radiation therapy.

I: Administer antibiotics as indicated.

R: May be used to treat identified infection or given prophylactically inimmunocompromised patient.

I: Promote adequate rest/exercise periodsR: Limits fatigue, yet encourages sufficient movement to preventstasis complications, e.g., pneumonia, decubitus, and thrombusformation.

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*Encourage rest periods during the day especiallybefore and after physical exertion.

* Conserves energy.

*Promote patients normal sleep habits.

* Helps restore energy levels.

*Encourage patient to ask for others assistance withnecessary chores.

* Conserves energy.

*Encourage use of relaxation techniques such asmusic therapy and mental imagery.

* Decreases physical fatigue.

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*Encourage adequate protein and caloric intake.

*Decreases activity intolerance.

*Instruct on how to do ROM exercises as

tolerated.

*To avoid joint stiffness and promote circulation.

*Assist in rearranging schedule and organizeactivities to conserve energy expenditure.

*Reduces energy loses and stressors.

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I: Provide open, nonjudgmental environment. Use therapeuticcommunication skills of Active-Listening, acknowledgment,and so on.

R: Promotes and encourages realistic dialogue about feelingsand concerns.

I: Encourage verbalization of thoughts/concerns and acceptexpressions of sadness, anger, rejection.

R: Acknowledge normality of these feelings. Patient may feelsupported in expression of feelings by the understanding thatdeep and often conflicting emotions are normal andexperienced by others in this difficult situation.