can we bring this all together to explain patterns of global climate?
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CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients5. Coriolis Effect
CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHERTO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?1. Oceans/Continents2. Surplus/Deficit Energy3. Global Pressure Belts4. Pressure Gradients5. Coriolis Effect6. Wind Direction
90°N
90°S
CON
TIN
ENT
CON
TIN
ENT
OCE
AN
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
Surplus
35°S
35°N
SURPLUS/DEFICIT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
SURPLUS/DEFICIT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
?
PRESSUREBELTS
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
LOW
35°S
35°N
?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
?
?
PRESSUREBELTS
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
35°S
35°N
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
LOW
35°S
35°N
? ??
OCEAN/LAND
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
?
?
?
??
?HIGH
HIGH
OCEAN/LAND
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
??
??
?
?
OCEAN/LAND
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
?
??
??
?
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
OCEAN/LAND
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
SurplusDeficit
Deficit
35°S
35°N
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGHOCEAN/
LAND
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGHPRESSUREGRADIENT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHNorthernSub-TropicalAnticyclone
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
PRESSUREGRADIENT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGHSouthernSub-TropicalAnticyclone
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
PRESSUREGRADIENT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
CORIOLISEFFECT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOWPRESSUREGRADIENT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOWCORIOLIS
EFFECT
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
LOW LOWLOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGHHIGH
HIGHLOW
LOW LOWHIGHLOWLOW
35°N
35°S
Winds blowing represent the advection of energy in the form of Sensible Heat from the zone of Surplus to the zone of Deficit.
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
Winds blowing consistently inone direction exert friction on the surface of the oceans and move waters in the same direction.
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux towards the poles.Warm Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux) towards the poles.Warm Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.Cold Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.Cold Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
East Coast of continents 20-40°Warm Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
West Coast of continents 20-40°Cold Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
East Coast of continents 50-70°Cold Surface Ocean Currents
0°
30°S
30°N
45° -60°N
45° -60°S
90°N
90°S
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOWHIGH
West Coast of continents 50-70°Warm Surface Ocean Currents
REALITY!
ATLANTIC
0°
23.5°
23.5°
EASTCOAST
WESTCOAST
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Europe
Africa
Antarctica
ATLANTIC
0°
23.5°
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
EASTCOAST
WESTCOAST
Published by AAAS
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010)
Fig. 1 Distribution of plastic marine debris collected in 6136 surface plankton net tows on annually repeated cruise tracks from 1986 to 2008 in the western North
Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
Published by AAAS
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010)
Fig. 2 Average plastic concentration (color shading, units of pieces km-2) computed in 0.5{degrees} bins and smoothed with a 700-km width Gaussian filter
ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
Labrador/GreenlandCurrent
North AtlanticDrift
ATLANTIC
0°
EASTCOAST
GulfStream
CanaryCurrent
WESTCOAST
BrazilianCurrent
BenguelaCurrent
Labrador/Greenland
Current
North AtlanticDrift
West Wind DriftAt these latitudes there is no continent to contrast so winds circle globe
PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australian
Current
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australian
Current
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
BeringCurrent
AlaskanCurrent
PACIFICEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
KuroshioCurrent
CaliforniaCurrent
East Australian
Current
Chile/PeruHumboltCurrent
BeringCurrent
AlaskanCurrent
West Wind Drift
1992: 29,000 Rubber “Duckies” fall out of container on its way from Hong Kong to US.
2011 Tsunami Debris
INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
Africa
INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambique
Current
WesternAustralianCurrent
INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambique
Current
WesternAustralianCurrent
West Wind Drift
INDIANEAST
COASTWESTCOAST
Agulhas/ Mozambique
Current
WesternAustralianCurrent
West Wind Drift
Too small an ocean basin north of the Equator to establish pattern. Currents driven by seasonal winds
ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
H H HAustralia
Antarctica
AfricaSouth
America
ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
H H H
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones
ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
L
H H H
L L L
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones
Mid-Latitude Lows
ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
L
H H H
L L L
Southern Sub-tropical Anticylcones
Mid-Latitude Lows
West WindDrift
Paradox lost. Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the
continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881
Published by AAAS
Ozone is a greenhouse gas. Recent losses of ozone over Antarctica, may be cooling parts of the continent, thereby increasing High pressure.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881
Published by AAAS
H
Potential global warming in the rest of the world appears to be pushing the position of the circumpolar winds poleward
J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881
Published by AAAS
H
This has increased the pressure gradient, intensified winds and enhanced the circumpolar vortex.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881
Published by AAAS
H
Antarctic Peninsula showing signs of accelerated melting
J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881
Published by AAAS
H
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