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A Down-to-Earth Approach 9/eA Down-to-Earth Approach 9/e
Chapter 8:Chapter 8:
Deviance and Social ControlDeviance and Social Control
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 2
““It is not the act itself, but the reactions to It is not the act itself, but the reactions to
the act, that make something deviant.”the act, that make something deviant.”
Howard Becker, 1966Howard Becker, 1966
What is Deviance?What is Deviance?
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 3
Relative DevianceRelative Deviance
What is Deviant to Some is not What is Deviant to Some is not
Deviant to OthersDeviant to Others
““Deviance” is Nonjudgmental TermDeviance” is Nonjudgmental Term
What is Deviance?What is Deviance?
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 4
Crime Crime Violation of Norms as LawsViolation of Norms as Laws
Deviance Deviance Violation of Rules or NormsViolation of Rules or Norms
Stigma Stigma Blemishes on “Normal” IdentityBlemishes on “Normal” Identity
Deviance TerminologyDeviance Terminology
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 5
Makes Behavior PredictableMakes Behavior Predictable
No Norms - Social ChaosNo Norms - Social Chaos
Social Control Social Control Group’s Formal and Informal Group’s Formal and Informal
Means of Enforcing NormsMeans of Enforcing Norms
Norms Make Social Life Possible
Norms Make Social Life Possible
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 6
Negative SanctionsNegative Sanctions
Positive SanctionsPositive Sanctions
SanctionsSanctions
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 7
Shaming is a SanctionShaming is a Sanction
Can Be Centerpiece of Public RitualCan Be Centerpiece of Public Ritual
Degradation CeremonyDegradation Ceremony
Shaming and Degradation Ceremonies
Shaming and Degradation Ceremonies
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 8
SociobiologySociobiology
Look for Answers Inside IndividualsLook for Answers Inside Individuals
Genetic PredispositionsGenetic Predispositions
Explanations of DevianceExplanations of Deviance
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 9
PsychologyPsychology
Focuses on Abnormalities Focuses on Abnormalities
Within IndividualsWithin Individuals
Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Deviant PersonalitiesDeviant Personalities
Explanations of DevianceExplanations of Deviance
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 10
SociologySociology
Look for Answers Outside IndividualsLook for Answers Outside Individuals SocializationSocialization
Membership in SubculturesMembership in Subcultures
Social ClassSocial Class
Explanations of DevianceExplanations of Deviance
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 11
FamiliesFamilies
Friends, NeighborsFriends, Neighbors
SubculturesSubcultures
Prison or Freedom?Prison or Freedom?
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Differential Association Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Differential Association Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 12
Inner ControlsInner Controls
MoralityMorality
ConscienceConscience
Religious PrinciplesReligious Principles
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Control Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Control Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 13
Outer ControlsOuter Controls
AttachmentsAttachments
CommitmentsCommitments
InvolvementsInvolvements
Beliefs that Actions are Morally WrongBeliefs that Actions are Morally Wrong
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Control Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Control Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 14
Focuses on the Significance of LabelsFocuses on the Significance of Labels
Labels Become Part of Self-ConceptLabels Become Part of Self-Concept
Propel Towards or Away from DeviancePropel Towards or Away from Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 15
Denial of ResponsibilityDenial of Responsibility
Denial of InjuryDenial of Injury
Denial of a VictimDenial of a Victim
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 16
Condemnation of CondemnersCondemnation of Condemners
Appeal to Higher LoyaltiesAppeal to Higher Loyalties
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 17
Embracing Labels - Outlaw BikersEmbracing Labels - Outlaw Bikers
The Power of Labels - Saints and The Power of Labels - Saints and
RoughnecksRoughnecks
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 18
Clarifies Moral Boundaries Clarifies Moral Boundaries
and Affirms Normsand Affirms Norms
Promotes Social UnityPromotes Social Unity
Promotes Social ChangePromotes Social Change
Functionalist PerspectiveCan Deviance Be Functional?
Functionalist PerspectiveCan Deviance Be Functional?
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 19
Social Values Produce DevianceSocial Values Produce Deviance
Cultural GoalsCultural Goals
Institutional MeansInstitutional Means
Strain Leads to AnomieStrain Leads to Anomie
Functionalist PerspectiveStrain Theory
Functionalist PerspectiveStrain Theory
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 20
InnovatorsInnovators
RitualismRitualism
RetreatismRetreatism
RebellionRebellion
Functionalist PerspectiveFour Deviant Paths
Functionalist PerspectiveFour Deviant Paths
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 21
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 22
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 23
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 24
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 25
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 26
Unequal Access to Institutional Unequal Access to Institutional
Means to SuccessMeans to Success
Street CrimeStreet Crime
White-Collar CrimeWhite-Collar Crime
Gender and CrimeGender and Crime
Functionalist PerspectiveIllegitimate Opportunity Structures
Functionalist PerspectiveIllegitimate Opportunity Structures
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 27
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 28
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 29
Class, Crime, and the Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice System
Power and InequalityPower and Inequality Capitalist ClassCapitalist Class Working ClassWorking Class Marginal Working ClassMarginal Working Class
The Law as an Instrument The Law as an Instrument of Oppressionof Oppression
The Conflict PerspectiveThe Conflict Perspective
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 30
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
Street Crime and PrisonsStreet Crime and Prisons
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 31
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 32
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 33
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
Street Crime and Prisons Street Crime and Prisons
The Decline of CrimeThe Decline of Crime
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 34
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
Street Crime and Prisons Street Crime and Prisons
The Decline of CrimeThe Decline of Crime
RecidivismRecidivism
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 35
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 36
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
Street Crime and Prisons Street Crime and Prisons
The Decline of Crime The Decline of Crime
RecidivismRecidivism
The Death Penalty BiasThe Death Penalty Bias
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 37
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 38
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 39
Legal ChangeLegal Change Hate CrimesHate Crimes
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 40
Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 41
Medicalization of DevianceMedicalization of Deviance Neither Mental nor Illness?Neither Mental nor Illness?
Homeless Mentally IllHomeless Mentally Ill
Need for More Humane ApproachNeed for More Humane Approach
Legal ChangeLegal Change Hate CrimesHate Crimes
Trouble with StatisticsTrouble with Statistics
Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance
A Down-to-Earth Approach 9/eA Down-to-Earth Approach 9/e
Chapter 8:Chapter 8:
Deviance and Social ControlDeviance and Social Control
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