byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011
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Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Lasers and Nonlinear Optics
AFOSR 60th Anniversary 26 October 2011
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Fifty Years Lasers and Nonlinear Optics
Robert L. Byer Applied Physics
Stanford University rlbyer@stanford.edu
Abstract
A look back at the early days of the laser and nonlinear optics will be contrasted to the recent breakthroughs in solid state lasers and the applications.
AFOSR sponsored research in lasers has led often to un-anticipated applications
that have important consequences to the future of the Air Force.
Air Force Office of Scientific Research 950 North Glebe Rd #210
26 October 2011
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Charlie is still contributing to Science at The University of California at Berkeley He celebrates his 95th birthday this year. Francis and Charlie 2010
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Peter Franken – Frequency Doubling of the Ruby Laser 1961
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Early advances in Lasers and Nonlinear Optics
Concept of Optical Maser Schawlow & Townes 1958 Ruby Laser Ted Maiman 1960 Nobel Prize awarded in 1964 Townes, Prokhorov and Basov Hg+ Ion Laser Earl Bell 1965 Argon Ion Laser Bill Bridges Tunable cw parametric Laser Harris 1968 Diode bar 1Watt Laser Scifres 1978 Diode Pumped Nd:YAG (NPRO) Byer & Kane 1984 2009 a special year 105kW cw Nd:YAG Slab Laser NGST January 4 MJ IR, 2MJ UV NIF Laser LLNL March 1mJ 10Hz 1A Coh X-ray Laser SLAC April
2010 LaserFest 2011 50 years of Nonlinear Optics
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Ruby Laser
Art Schawlow with Mickey Mouse Balloon and Ruby Laser
Retinal Attachment “If I had set out to invent a method of re-attaching the retina, I would not have invented the laser”
Laser Eraser “The “Laser Eraser” may not find any near term application, but it is interesting.”
The first Ruby laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Ted Maiman Hughes Research Labs in Los Angeles
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Professor Elsa Garmire and husband Bob Russell at Laserfest 2010
Student of Charlie Townes – first nonlinear optics experiments-1963 Inventor: Laser removal of graffiti- 1996 Garmire, Russell and Liu “Automated Apparatus for Removal of Laser Graffiti”
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Arrived in Berkeley Autumn 1960
I met with young Assistant Professor Sumner P. Davis and asked if I could work in his laboratory. His reply: “Go read this book and when you understand everything in it, come back and see me.”
I returned six months later. I was asked to take some chalk and derive the grating equation and dispersion relations. I worked with Sumner through my senior year.
Sumner P. Davis
Upon graduation, Sumner suggested that I visit a small company in Mnt. View..
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Spectra Physics 1964 – 1st successful commercial laser company
Earl Bell 1965 Mercury Ion Laser
I arrived at a small start-up company in Mountain View, CA for an interview.
I waited in the lobby but no one came to say hello. After what seemed like a half an hour I walked into the back where there was loud cheering and celebration.
Earl Bell had just operated the first Ion laser that generated orange light.
I took the job at Spectra Physics
and worked with Earl Bell,
Arnold Bloom, Herb Dwight for
one year, then….
“If a laser can operate at 5% efficiency, it can do real work.” Earl Bell 1965
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics - Stanford 1964
Tony Siegman held brown bag lunches to discuss research topics of interest such as Second Harmonic Generation
John Bjorkholm and Tony Siegman
A Helium Neon laser visible across „Silicon Valley‟ from the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Professor Anthony E. Siegman
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Stephen E. Harris ~1963
Stanford University
Accepted at Stanford! Assigned to work with Professor S. E. Harris
Learn about Nonlinear Optics read Bloembergen Boyd and Ashkin Calculate OPO threshold Locate suitable nonlinear crystals LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs ADP, KDP and others Build Argon Ion Laser for pump (Spectra Physics helped) RF induction coupled ion laser
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Stephen E. Harris ~1963
Stanford University
Now at Stanford! working with Professor S. E. Harris
Learn about Nonlinear Optics read Bloembergen Boyd and Ashkin Calculated threshold Locate suitable nonlinear crystal LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs
Oops! Dropped the LiNbO3 Crystal. Now what?
The path to physics is neither paved nor well marked… Lev Kulevski – visitor from Moscow 1978
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Decade of 70s – 80s: develop new nonlinear materials and test in OPOs and Harmonic Conversion devices
LiNbO3 and variations congruent MgO doped LiTaO3
BaNaNbO15
SBN
Infrared Nonlinear Materials CdSe IR OPO CdGeAs2 chalcopyrite IR xtal AgGaS2
AgGaSe2 IR Mixer Xtal Visible and UV crystals LiO3
KDP, ADP and isomorphs BBO LBO
Bob Feigelson
single crystal fiber - periodic poled Waver scale fabrication
Marty Fejer
Quasi Phasematching
LiNbO3 boule
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Optical Parametric Oscillators
Stanford research 1965 – 1969 - The Harris Lab Larry Osterink and the FM argon ion laser Ken Oshman – OPO pumped by yellow Ion Laser Bob Byer and Jim Young Sync pumped LiNbO3 OPO Materials development (Bob Feigelson) *Parametric Fluorescence *CW OPO pumped by Argon Ion Laser Richard Wallace – studied the AO Q-switched
Nd:YAG Laser OPO technology transferred to Chromatix - 1970
Stephen E. Harris – Stanford University
Path forward: study Parametric Fluorescence, improve crystals, then attempt cw OPO in LiNbO3.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Kodachrome images of Parametric Fluorescence in LiNbO3
Measured nonlinear coefficient Derived parametric gain Measured tuning curve Confirmed quality of the LiNbO3 crystals grown at Stanford (Feigelson)
Observed Quantum Noise by eye!
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
“I see red!” Ben Yoshizumi May 11, 1968
Argon Ion Laser pump
OPO cavity
LiNbO3 crystal in the oven
Red tunable Output ~1mW
Threshold 430mW. Available power at 514.5nm 470mW
Visible Tunable Parametric Oscillator in LiNbO3 ( 17mm crystal, 150 C, DRO pumped at 514.5nm)
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser and Tunable OPO product ~1970
Richard Wallace with Q-switched Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser
Doubled YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO First tunable laser product
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Spectra Physics – the world‟s first commercial laser company
Spectra Physics – 1962 Herb Dwight Jr. CEO
Bob Remple, Ken Ruddick Earl Bell, Arnold Bloom
(Bob Byer 13th employee)
Coherent – 1966 Jim Hobart CEO
Gene Watson
Chromatix – 1969
Bob Remple CEO Steve Harris Dick Wallace
Quanta Ray – 1974 Gene Watson & Earl Bell
Bob Mortensen CEO (Bob Byer)
Molectron Bruce McCall CEO Gary Klaumnitzer
Newport Milton Chang CEO
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Motivation: Scientific Applications of Lasers
“Don‟t undertake a project unless it is manifestly important and nearly impossible.” Edwin Land - 1982
Scientific Applications of Lasers Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Quanta Ray Laser 1J Unstable resonator 1.4 to 4.3 micron Tunable LiNbO3 OPO Global Wind Sensing Diode pumped Nd:YAG Frequency stable local oscillator - NPRO Search for Gravitational Waves 10 W Nd:YAG slab MOPA LIGO 200W fiber laser MOPA Adv LIGO 1W Iodine Stabilized Nd:YAG LISA Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Monitoring Air Pollution
Helge Kildal and R. L. Byer “Comparison of Laser Methods for The Remote Detection of Atmospheric Pollutants” Proc. IEEE 59,1644 1971 (invited)
Henningsen, Garbuny and Byer - 1974
Vibrational-Rotational overtone spectrum of Carbon Monoxide by tunable OPO.
(Chromatix Nd:YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO Product introduced as product in 1969)
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Motivation for tunable lasers at Stanford
Atmospheric Remote sensing beginning in 1971 Unstable resonator Nd:YAG -- Quanta Ray Laser 1.4 - 4.4 micron tunable LiNbO3 OPO -- computer controlled Remote sensing of CH4, SO2 and H2O and temperature
Early Remote Sensing 1960 - 1975 LIDAR Laser Detection and Ranging Inaba, Kobayashi and H. Ito Detection of Molecules Kidal and Byer Comparison of Detection Methods DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar Menzies CO2 laser Direct and Coherent Detection Walther & Rothe Remote sensing of pollutants Svanberg Remote sensing pollution monitoring
Humio Inaba
Sune Svanberg
Herbert Walther
Research in tunable lasers, laser spectroscopy and remote sensing - International
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Remote Sensing Telescope at Stanford - 1980
Atmospheric Remote Sensing using a Nd:YAG Pumped LiNbO3 Tunable IR OPO. The OPO was tuned under Computer control continuously From 1.4 to 4.3 microns Atmospheric measurements Were made of CO2, SO2, CH4, H2O and Temperature.
Sixteen inch diameter telescope on the roof of the Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
1.4 to 4.3 micron Computer Tuned LiNbO3 OPO
Stephen J. Brosnan, R. L. Byer “Optical Parametric Oscillator Threshold and Linewidth Studies” Proc. IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-15,415,1979
Steve Brosnan observing atmospheric spectrum with OPO tuning under PDP-11 computer control
Fig 19. LiNbO3 OPO Angle Tuning curve ( 45-50 deg) 1.4 – 4.3 microns
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Required ~1J 10nsec 10Hz Nd;YAG Laser Pump for OPO Unstable Resonator Concept – Siegman 1965
A. E. Siegman “Unstable optical resonators for laser applications” Proc. IEEE 53, 277-287, 1965
R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, R. L. Byer “A 200mJ unstable resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator” Optics Commun. 21, 5, 1977
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator
R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, and R. L. Byer
“A 200mJ Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator”
Opt. Commun. 21, 5, 1977
Quanta Ray 532nm output after SHG in KD*P crystal. Note “hole” in beam.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Quanta Ray pumped BBO OPO Spectra Physics
My „optimistic‟ projection in 1975 was a total market of about 75 lasers. More than 10,000 Quanta Ray Lasers sold to date.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Efficient Single Pass Harmonic Generation in KDP
KDP second, third and fourth Harmonic generation ~ 60% efficient
Type I and Type II SHG in KDP
We will return to KDP later in this story. Extensive commercial use is a benefit.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Quanta-Ray sold to Spectra Physics in 1982 All employee party held annually to celebrate a great small company
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Global Wind Concept - Huffaker 1984
Global wind sensing
Milton Huffaker proposed coherent detection of wind using eye-safe lasers. Applied Optics 22 1984
Led to diode pumped solid state laser studies to meet laser in space requirements
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers – 1984
Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984
Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon and R. L. Byer “Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser” Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985
5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator < 2mW output power for 8mw Pump 25% slope efficiency
Nd;YAG < 2mW at 25% slope efficiency - 1984
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Coherent Laser Radar
Coherent Laser Radar Local Oscillator Invention of the Nonplanar Ring Oscillator Power Amplifier Multipass 60 dB gain slab amplifier Heterodyne Receiver Fiber coupled heterodyne detection
Goal: wind sensing from the laboratory using a coherent Nd:YAG laser transmitter-receiver
Today coherent laser radar is a mature field with many applications including Hyperspectral analysis and 3D imaging capabilities.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984
Tom Kane, R. L. Byer “Monolithic, unidirectional Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser” Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985
NonPlanar Ring Oscillator Single frequency: <10kHz
Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984
Tom Kane, R. L. Byer “Monolithic, unidirectional Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser” Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985
NonPlanar Ring Oscillator Single frequency: <10kHz
Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator
Invention motivated by science and global wind sensing goals Applications show up later
Peter Lorraine, General Electric – Joint Strike Fighter composite inspection Visited Fort Worth TX NPRO increased inspection rate of composite panels by 2x NPRO finds application in US submarines 30 lasers per each sub for sensitive sonar systems NPRO selected to support LIGO project Goal: detect gravitational waves
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
From Concept (Bloembergen 1962) Demonstration in the Lab (Stanford 1988)
To Green Laser Pointers and Laser TV (2005 – 2010)
Mitsubishi green laser for TV using PPLN for second harmonic generation
IEEE Spectrum March 2010
Green Laser invention – question by student in class
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Green Laser Pointer – from a question in class to invention and patent (1984)
Question in class from Jeff Dixon: Professor Byer, can we frequency double the cw diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with good efficiency?
Answer: I don‟t know. If you do the calculations, I will do them as well and we can discuss the possibility of a green laser at class on Tuesday.
Result: Demonstration of internal SHG of a diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with cw 532nm green output. (Patent issued in 1986 to Stanford)
Applications: Lecture pointer (for color challenged males) Green laser pointer for astronomy Rescue flare for sailors at sea Green laser for color TV
My favorite invention and laser legacy because of widespread use by amateur astronomers
Stanford takes green laser invention seriously!
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Hail Stanford Hail – the Laser
Hail Stanford Hail – The Laser
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Lightwave Electronics – the world‟s first Diode pumped Solid State Laser Company
Spectra Diode Labs 1983 Don Scifres CEO
Ralph Jacobs, David Welch
Newport Milton Chang CEO
Lightwave Electronics - 1984 Bob Mortensen CEO Bob Byer Tom Kane, Dick Wallace
Coherent Technologies – 1984 Milton Huffaker CEO Boulder, CO
New Focus 1990 Milton Chang CEO Tim Day, R. Marsland Frank Luecke
Xerox PARC Spectra Physics (Herb Dwight)
JDS
Uniphase
New Wave Research
SRS
MSNW
Silicon Light Machine
Sony
SLAC Lawrence Berkeley Lab Lawrence Livermore Lab
TRW
Growing ecosystem of laser companies across the globe
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Lightwave Electronics start-up to commercialize Diode pumped solid state Laser technology
Tom Kane and Bob Mortensen
Milton Chang and Bob
Precise Light for manufacturing semiconductor and circuit electronics
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Ginzton Lab Alums in the real world
John Willison, CEO 1980 Stanford Research Systems
Kurt Weingarten and Ursi Keller Co-founders of Time Bandwidth Inc 1994 Zurich, Switzerland
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Ginzton Lab Alumni Reunion May 17, 2010
More than 250 Phds graduated from Ginzton Lab 1957 - 2011
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY Not visible to the general public but lasers are critical to every day life. What if all lasers stopped working NOW? What applications serve Air Force needs?
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Laser – a Stealth Utility
Laser Cutting and Welding glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing 20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile
Laser sintering new materials laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics – 3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders
Laser strengthened materials laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company laser hardening leading edges of wings
Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow) laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection (FAA certified for Al skinned aircraft)
laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding laser cure of epoxies
laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades
Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers – 1984
Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984
Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon and R. L. Byer “Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser” Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985
5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator < 2mW output power for 8mw Pump 25% slope efficiency
Nd;YAG < 2mW at 25% slope efficiency - 1984
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
How did we progress from 2mW in 1984 to > 100kW in 2009? Where are we going in the future?
Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984
Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon and R. L. Byer “Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser” Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985
5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator < 2mW output power for 8mw Pump 25% slope efficiency
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Innovation: Progress in Laser Diodes - 1978
Don Scifres, Ralph Burnham, and Bill Streifer - 1978 This was the first Watt level power output from a linear Laser Diode Array. Within one decade the output power would increase to greater than 100W from a one centimeter LD bar.
1980: 1 Watt at 25% efficiency – 1cm bar Palo Alto Xerox PARC Invention
2010: >100 Watt 70% efficiency – 1cm bar – competitive industry
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser Diode Cost & Output Power vs Year Moore‟s Law applied to Solid State Lasers
Byer‟s version of Moore‟s Law (1988 – 2004) Predicted $1/Watt in 2004 Delayed by 2 years – by Telecom boom and bust (Today diode bars cost $0.1/W)
Moore noted that the number of transistors per chip was doubling every 18 months. He attributed this to experience and learning from improved production. The corollary was that the cost decreased as market size and production volume grew. Moore‟s Law was born.
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Diode Laser Cost vs Production Volume
Diode Electrical efficiency increases from 50% to 70%
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Diode pumped Slab Lasers – 1990s
TRW DAPKL* Nd:YAG Laser (1988 - 1993) Three stage MOPA with Phase Conjugation 10 J Q-switched pulses at 100 Hz 1 kW near diffraction limited laser SHG to green
*Diode Array Pumped Kilowatt Laser 1 kW of average power –a 1st step.
R. J. Shine, A. J. Alfrey, R. L. Byer “40W cw, TEMoo-mode, Diode-laser-pumped, Nd:YAG miniature Slab laser” Opt. Lett. 20, 459, 1995 Face pumped, water cooled 25 - 10W fiber coupled laser diodes 250 W pump power Cost: $280k in 1995
Stanford University
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Innovation: Edge-Pumped, Conduction Cooled Slab Laser – 2000 (Predicted Power scaling to >100 kW with High Coherence)
T.S. Rutherford, W.M. Tulloch, E.K. Gustafson, R.L. Byer “Edge-Pumped Quasi-Three-Level Slab Lasers: Design and Power Scaling” IEEE J. Quant. Elec., vol. 36, 2000
Predicted 100kW output based on single crystal Yb:YAG – need sizes > 20 cm Difficult with single xtals, but possible with polycrystalline ceramic YAG!
Conduction cooled, low doping, TIR guided pump, power scaling as Area
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Ceramic Research Group at JFCC - 2007
We initiated joint work on advanced laser ceramics with Dr. Akio Ikesue JFCC, Japan in 2004. This is photo of AFOSR sponsored Ceramic research Program joint with Japan.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Progress in Ceramic Fabrication and Characterization
JTO Multi-Disciplinary Research Initiative Review October 11 - 13, 2011 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Professor Romain Gaume,
University of Central Florida.
Romain is now leading the ceramic
program at the UCF
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
105 kW Nd:YAG laser demonstrated at DoD High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (Helstf)
Solid State Laser Test Experiment (SSLTE) to be set up in 2011
Establishing the SSLTE is a “monumental event” says Col James Jaworksi, Helstf Director. “But solid-state lasers are the way of the future. They will eventually generate megawatts.”
Northrop Grumman diode-pumped Nd:YAG solid state laser - 2009
105kw cw output with M2 ~ 1.5 >4 hr operation to date ~ 20% electrical efficiency Adaptive Optics enabled coh beams < 1 sec turn-on time MOPA architecture for power scaling
Solid State Lasers – a path to megawatt power with high efficiency
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Diode pumped Solid State Lasers
“It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Neils Bohr
•* 120W Adv LIGO •Nd:YAG slab MOPA
* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995
* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006
* 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009
* 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??
100 kW
1 MW
-----10----------------------20
Ceramic Gain Media
Why the interest in MW average power Lasers?
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Diode pumped Solid State Lasers
“It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Neils Bohr
•* 120W Adv LIGO •Nd:YAG slab MOPA
* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995
* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006
* 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009
* 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??
100 kW
1 MW
-----10----------------------20
Ceramic Gain Media
Photon Weapons - for cutting metal at a distance – 1MW protects 10km2
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Diode pumped Solid State Lasers
“It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Neils Bohr
•* 120W Adv LIGO •Nd:YAG slab MOPA
* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995
* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006
* 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009
* 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??
100 kW
1 MW
-----10----------------------20
Ceramic Gain Media
Laser Accelerators for TeV scale physics and coherent X-rays – 10MW/km
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Diode pumped Solid State Lasers
“It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Neils Bohr
•* 120W Adv LIGO •Nd:YAG slab MOPA
* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995
* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006
* 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009
* 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??
100 kW
1 MW
-----10----------------------20
Ceramic Gain Media
And LIFE: Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy Generation – 35MW for energy
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY Not visible to the general public but lasers are critical to every day life. What if all lasers stopped working NOW? What applications serve Air Force needs?
The path to Directed Energy Weapons (at a cost that can be afforded) is through the widespread commercial use of Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
“Going where no laser has gone before…”
Lasers can cut metal at a distance - warfighter goal: Mach 300,000 photon torpedo
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Laser – a Stealth Utility
Laser Cutting and Welding
glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing
20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile
Laser sintering new materials
laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics –
3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders
Laser strengthened materials
laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company
laser hardening leading edges of wings
Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow)
laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection (FAA certified - Aluminum skinned aircraft)
laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks
laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft
laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding
laser cure of epoxies
laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades
Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Federal building - Philadelphia
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser removal of rust and dirt from the Eagle Federal building - Philadelphia
Q-switched Nd:YAG laser Used by an artist to Clean rust and dirt from the eagle. He worked over the summer and Completed the project. The laser operated reliably. A non-technical artist “laser de-painted” the statue.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser hardening of the leading edge of the wing
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Coating Removal
Contouring Cleaning & Texturizing
Surface Treatments
Selective Layering
Laser Surface Treatments applied to Aircraft
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Aircraft and helicopters need fixing
laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades laser cleaning of helicopter blades – No damage to composite blade material laser paint removal for inspection Certified procedure for aluminum skinned Aircraft – key is short pulse of light and color recognition
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Robotic Integration
Automated Rotor Blade Stripping System Triple-laser ablation system for CH-53 fiberglass rotor blades
Operational at Fleet Readiness Center-East, Cherry Point
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Lasers can remove composite low observable coatings with precision
Byer
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Figure 1 - Typical Stripping Requirements
Typical Stripping Setbacks: 0.5”
0.25” 1.0” 0.25”
Top Coat Layer 2
Substrate
Epoxy Primer Layer 3
Figure 2 - SBIR- Developed Workhead
• USAF SBIR AF011-123 in support of F-22
• Goal: Replace hand sanding for specialty coating maintenance
• Phase I - 2001, Phase II- 2002 - 2004, US Patent Application - 2004
Color Selectivity Put to Use
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Typical Stripping Requirements
Stripping Setbacks: 0.25” to 1.00”
Top Coat
Layer 2
Substrate
Layer 3 Epoxy Layers
Results
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
On the Flightline
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Results: Coating stripped
leaving zero artifacts on the
aluminum fuselage
Requirement: Rapidly strip
coatings to inspect for
scribe marks or fractures
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
FAA directs 100% classic
Boeing 737 lap
joint inspections
Solution: GLC Color-
Selective Stripper
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Federal Aviation Administration Transport Airplane Directorate
Aircraft Certification Services
Approves the GLC Laser Process Initial Approval for B-737 July 21, 2006,
ZA Process Approval for B-737 August 26 2009
Global Approval for ALL airframe structures May 2010
2006 - FAA approves the GLC Laser Process as Alternative Method of Compliance (AMOC) to
sealant stripping procedures specified in Boeing Alert SB 737-53A1262 Appendix A required by
paragraph (f) of AD (Airworthiness Directive) 2006-0712 - for Boeing 737 Classic aircraft.
2008 - FAA approves the use of the GLC Laser Process for the removal of paint, sealant, corrosion
and rust on metal substrates listed in SAE MA4872 Annex D:
2024 T3 clad Aluminum 7140 T351 and T7351 T1 6AI-4V Titanium
2024 T3 bare Aluminum AZ31B Magnesium 4340 Steel
2009 - FAA approves the use of the improved GLC ZA Laser Process as an AMOC for the same AD
“…since the GLC ZA Laser Process has demonstrated outstanding results in critical aerospace coating
removal and surface-prep applications … “
2010 - FAA clarifies and extends approval to all metallic aircraft structures, regardless of
manufacturer, “… the Seattle Aircraft Certification Office has no objections to the use of the GLC ZA
Laser Process Specification … on airframe structure.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Prelude From Radio to Microwaves
Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy (LIFE) Current Status of NIF Fusion Laser design parameters
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
SLAC: The two-mile accelerator
• $100M proposal • numerous studies and reports • > 10 years of effort
“Project M”
1955 first brainstorming and informal discussions
First beam at SLAC, 1966
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The “Microwave” Lab (Now HEPL and Ginzton Labs) played a crucial
role on the development of particle accelerators and the
corresponding RF technology
The Klystron tube
Ed Ginzton
W. W. Hansen – back right Marvin Chodorow & Klystron
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
SSRL
undulator
3 km
120 m
accelerator
Experiment
lines
LCLS
injector
T ~ 230 1 fsec
~ 1.5 – 15 Å
~ 1012 / pulse
SASE-FEL14 GeV
• materials science
• chemistry
• atomic physics
100 m
T ~ 230 1 fsec
~ 1.5 – 15 Å
~ 1012 / pulse
SASE-FEL14 GeV
• materials science
• chemistry
• atomic physics
100 m
April 10 2009 - LCLS: Coherent 8KeV X-ray source- 1mJ at 10Hz !!
• 1 km-size facility
• microwave accelerator
• RF ~ 10 cm
• 4-14 GeV e-beam
• 120 m undulator
• 23 cm period
• 15-1.5 A radiation
• 0.8-8 keV photons
• 1014 photons/sec
• ~77 fsec
• SUCCESS – April 09
• 1mJ per pulse
• 10 Hz
• 8 keV X-ray photons
LCLS properties
TTF: Tesla Test Facility; fsec EUV SASE FEL facility
XFEL: Proposed future coherent X-ray source in Europe…
TTF: Tesla Test Facility; fsec EUV SASE FEL facility
XFEL: Proposed future coherent X-ray source in Europe…
RF-accelerator driven SASE FEL at SLAC - April 2009
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The Linac Coherent Light Source - SLAC's X-Ray Laser
John N. Galayda Director, Strategic Projects Division
Director, LCLS Construction September 14, 2009
E. Muybridge, Animals in Motion
ed. L. S. Brown
(Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).
E. Muybridge
From seconds to attoseconds … < 1/100 the light cycle From 10,000 atoms to < 1 atom in resolution scale
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Cavity BPM (<0.5 m)
Quadrupole
magnet
3.4-m
undulator
magnet
Beam Finder Wire (BFW)
cam-based 5-DOF
motion control –
0.7 micron
backlash
X-translation
(in/out)
Wire Position
Monitor
Hydraulic Level
System
sand-filled,
thermally
isolated
supports
Undulator Girder with 5-DOF Motion Control + IN/OUT
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Single Undulator Tests in February First Attempt to Observe Gain 10 April 2009
Note time
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
LCLS generates coherent hard X-rays – dawn of a new era
Note time
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science (AMO)
This instrument, designed for photons in the 0.8-2.0 keV range, will investigate the effects of
the x-ray beam on atoms and molecules: absorption, ionization and subsequent evolution of
the electronic structure on femtosecond time scales, and also to investigate the behavior of
atoms in excitation states previously impossible to study (e.g., stripped of all K-shell
electrons).
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Emergence of new technologies make Laser Acceleration Possible
NUFERN
ALABAMA
LASER
high power
fiber lasers
ultrafast laser
technology
nanotechnology
60 W/bar, 50%
electr. efficiency
efficient pump
diode lasers
< 10 fs IMRA mJ 500
fsec laser
new materials
high
strength
magnets
New ceramics
Nd:Fe
nano-
tubes
high purity optical materials
and high strength coatings
84
sodium
yellow
Leveraging
investment in
telecom
30 W/bundle, 40%
electr. efficiency
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
2. Low bunch charge
problem
• Take advantage of high laser
repetition rate
• Multiple accelerator array architecture
Laser pulse structure that leads to high electron bunch repetition rate
10 laser pulses
per laser pulse
train
104 laser pulse trains per second
laser pulselaser pulse train
laser pulse
optical cycle
electron bunch
10 laser pulses
per laser pulse
train
104 laser pulse trains per second
laser pulselaser pulse train
laser pulse
optical cycle
electron bunch
SLC NLC SCA-FEL TESLAlaser-
accelerator
2.856 11.424 1.3 1.3 3×104
120 120 10 4 10 4
1 95 10 4 4886 10
- 2.8 84.7 176 3×10-6
1.2×102
1.1×104
1×105
1.6×104
3×106
3.5×1010
8×109
3.1×107
1.4×1010
10 4
4×1012
9×1013
3×1012
2×1019
3×1010
mf
bN
RFf
bt
eN
bf
(Hz)
(nsec)
(GHz)
(Hz)
eI (sec-1)
SLC NLC SCA-FEL TESLAlaser-
accelerator
2.856 11.424 1.3 1.3 3×104
120 120 10 4 10 4
1 95 10 4 4886 10
- 2.8 84.7 176 3×10-6
1.2×102
1.1×104
1×105
1.6×104
3×106
3.5×1010
8×109
3.1×107
1.4×1010
10 4
4×1012
9×1013
3×1012
2×1019
3×1010
mf
bN
RFf
bt
eN
bf
(Hz)
(nsec)
(GHz)
(Hz)
eI (sec-1)
Dramatic increase of •electric field cycle frequency ~1014 Hz
•macro pulse repetition rate ~1GHz
Laser beam parameters for TeV scale accelerator
Requires 10kW/meter or 10MW/km and ~40% efficiency Laser Source! (~ 10 microjoules in 100fsec per micropulse)
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
FW
HM
en
erg
y sp
rea
d (
keV
)
laser timing (psec)
FW
HM
en
erg
y sp
rea
d (
keV
)
laser timing (psec)
laser on
laser off
Laser driven particle acceleration
collaborators
ARDB, SLAC
Bob Siemann*, Bob Noble†, Eric Colby†, Jim Spencer†, Rasmus Ischebeck†, Melissa Lincoln‡, Ben Cowan‡, Chris Sears‡, D. Walz†,
D.T. Palmer†, Neil Na‡, C.D Barnes‡, M Javanmarad‡, X.E. Lin†
Stanford University
Bob Byer*, T.I. Smith*, Y.C. Huang*, T. Plettner†, P. Lu‡, J.A. Wisdom‡
ARDA, SLAC
Zhiu Zhang†, Sami Tantawi†
Techion Israeli Institute of Technology
Levi Schächter*
UCLA
J. Rosenzweig*
‡ grad students † postdocs and staff * faculty
Laser Electron Accelerator Project – LEAP Goal: demonstrate physics of laser acceleration
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Participants in the LEAP Experiment
1 E.L. Ginzton Laboratories, Stanford University
2 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
3 Department of Physics, Stanford University
Bob Byer1
Bob Siemann2 Chris Sears2 Jim Spencer2
Tomas Plettner1 Eric Colby2
Ben Cowan2
•Chris McGuinness2
•Melissa Lincoln2
•Patrick Lu1
•Mark Kasevich3
•Peter Hommelhoff3
•Catherine Kealhofer3
Atomic Physics collaboration
New students
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
electron
beam
laser
beam
8 m thick gold-
coated Kapton tape
stepper motors
accelerating
phase
decelerating
phase
laser
beam electron
beam
Inverse
FEL
tape
drive
LEAP Experimental Success- November 2004
The simplified single stage Accelerator cell that uses gold coated Kapton tape to terminate the Electric field.
The LEAP experimental apparatus that Includes the LEAP single stage accelerator cell and the inverse FEL.
We have accelerated electrons with visible light!
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Tomas Plettner and LEAP Accelerator Cell
The key was to operate the cell above damage threshold to generate energy modulation in excess of the noise level.
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Move Experiment to SLAC: 1984 - 86
SLAC provided access to the NLCTA test accelerator – 360MeV
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
60 MeV
10 pC
~ 1psec
= 800 nm
U ~ ½ mJ/pulse
~ 200 fsec
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The E163 experiment at SLAC
The new E163 experiment hall
The NLCTA
Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator 360MeV
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Hollow core PBG fibers 3-D photonic bandgap structures
B. M. Cowan, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams , 6, 101301 (2003). X.E. Lin, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2001)
Z. Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. ST AB 8, 071302 (2005)
xy
z
laser
beam
cylindrical
lensvacuum
channel
electron
beam
cylindrical
lens
top view
/2
xy
z
laser
beam
cylindrical
lensvacuum
channel
electron
beam
cylindrical
lens
top view
/2
top view
/2
Periodic phase reset structures
T. Plettner et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2006)
Goal: Invent and Test Dielectric Laser Accelerator Microstructures Key: move to photonic bandgap structures
Planar waveguide structures
1D
2D 3D
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Example:Transverse pumped bi-grating phase-reset structure Similar to Quasi-phasematching
T. Plettner et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2006)
Main concept: periodic phase-reset of the EM field
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
e
e
0t
2
lasert
x y
z
perspective view
dielectric
structure
vacuum
channel
laser beam
electron
beam
top view
traveling electron experiences
accelerating force at all times
Reset the phase every ~330 microns in grating structure
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
||E
dielectric
structure
electron
beam
vacuum
channel
input laser
wavefront
EM field map in one unit
0F
laserEE21
|| ~
Transverse pumped phase-reset structure
vacuum channel width <
1 J/cm2 fluence ~10 fsec pulses
GeV/m 4~unloadedG
Gloaded ~ 2 GeV/m
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
source of free
particles
accelerator
section undulator
dielectric structure, laser driven
dielectric structure based laser-driven particle
accelerators
SSRL
undulator
3 km
120 m
accelerator
Experiment
lines
LCLS
injector
SSRL
undulator
3 km
120 m
accelerator
Experiment
lines
LCLS
injector
laser-driven high rep. rate very compact
The Key Components of the SASE-FEL architecture SASE – Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission
GOAL: use Direct Laser Accelerator to build table top X-ray Laser
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Source of free
particles
Accelerator
section undulator
Architecture of a laser-driven free-electron X-ray source
~ 2 m
• sub-kW of electrical power • no radiation or electrical hazards • MHz repetition rates
solid state,
tabletop
laser system
Laser-driven field emission sources
MEMs-based laser-driven dielectric
accelerator structure
MEMs-based laser-driven dielectric
deflection structure
x-rays
ultra short pulses high peak electric fields
total length on the order 1 m
optically bunched electrons
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
fsec 5 m, 5.1
attosec 14
nm, 15
t
x
1 degree of optical phase
laser
beam
electron
bunch
~104 e-/bunch
Atto Second Electron Bunches
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
source of free
particles
accelerator
section undulator
Investigate approaches for the FEL Undulator
Short Period Undulator with periodic magnets
First Idea:
Periodic Magnetic Undulator
Field strength ~ 1 Tesla
Modulation Period ~ 0.1mm
Length ~ 30cm
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Magnetic Undulator based X-ray FEL Source Plettner - Summer 2008
100
~10-9 m-rad
qb ~ 1 fC
LG ~ 1 cm
Lsat ~ 30 cm
LFODO ~ 1 cm
oxy ~ 3 m
frep ~ 1 MHz
hacc ~ 1%
Pacc ~ 10 W laser power
hlaser ~ 10 % wallplug efficiency
Pe ~ 100 W electrical power
1% of Ub = 10-7 J
U ~ 107 Photons
~ 1 nJ/pulse
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
be a m e ne rgy (Me V)
wa
ve
;en
gth
(n
m)
E = 100 MeV
q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)
u = 100 mDe = 3 m
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
be a m e ne rgy (Me V)
wa
ve
;en
gth
(n
m)
E = 100 MeV
q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)
u = 100 mDe = 3 m
1
2
3
4
5
wavele
ngth
(nm
)
60 80 100 120 140
beam energy (MeV)
u ~ 100 m
r ~ 1 nm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
electron beam size (microns)
length
(m
m)
length
(m
m)
2
6
10
1 2 3
electron beam size (m)
LG
LRL LR G
E = 100 MeV
q = 1 fC /bunch
u = 100 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
electron beam size (microns)
energ
y s
pre
ad (
keV
)
EE
100
200
300
400
1 2 3
electron beam size (m)
energ
y s
pre
ad (
keV
)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
beam energy (GeV)
min
imum
FE
L w
avele
ngth
(nm
)
70 Å
100 MeV
~10-3 m-rad
u ~ 28 m
4
r
0.1 1 10 0.01
beam energy (GeV)
min
,. F
EL w
avele
ngth
(nm
)
1
10
0.1
0.01
1-D FEL model Design parameters
must satisfy these
conditions
Starting point
b ~ 18 attosec
Ub ~ 10-7 J
~ 30 cm ~ 1 cm ~ 3 m
Undulator design
Laser power required
1% conversion efficiency
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Magnetic Undulator based X-ray FEL Source Not practical! Magnetic field to weak, structure too long
101
~10-9 m-rad
qb ~ 1 fC
LG ~ 1 cm
Lsat ~ 30 cm
LFODO ~ 1 cm
oxy ~ 3 m
frep ~ 1 MHz
hacc ~ 1%
Pacc ~ 10 W laser power
hlaser ~ 10 % wallplug efficiency
Pe ~ 100 W electrical power
1% of Ub = 10-7 J
U ~ 107 Photons
~ 1 nJ/pulse
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
be a m e ne rgy (Me V)
wa
ve
;en
gth
(n
m)
E = 100 MeV
q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)
u = 100 mDe = 3 m
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
be a m e ne rgy (Me V)
wa
ve
;en
gth
(n
m)
E = 100 MeV
q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)
u = 100 mDe = 3 m
1
2
3
4
5
wavele
ngth
(nm
)
60 80 100 120 140
beam energy (MeV)
u ~ 100 m
r ~ 1 nm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
electron beam size (microns)
length
(m
m)
length
(m
m)
2
6
10
1 2 3
electron beam size (m)
LG
LRL LR G
E = 100 MeV
q = 1 fC /bunch
u = 100 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
electron beam size (microns)
energ
y s
pre
ad (
keV
)
EE
100
200
300
400
1 2 3
electron beam size (m)
energ
y s
pre
ad (
keV
)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
beam energy (GeV)
min
imum
FE
L w
avele
ngth
(nm
)
70 Å
100 MeV
~10-3 m-rad
u ~ 28 m
4
r
0.1 1 10 0.01
beam energy (GeV)
min
,. F
EL w
avele
ngth
(nm
)
1
10
0.1
0.01
1-D FEL model Design parameters
must satisfy these
conditions
Starting point
b ~ 18 attosec
Ub ~ 10-7 J
~ 30 cm ~ 1 cm ~ 3 m
Undulator design
Laser power required
1% conversion efficiency
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
accelerator structure deflection structure
0 BvE
0 BvE
GeV/m 4~ ~21
|| laserEE
GeV/m 2 ~ ~51 laserEqF
T. Plettner, “Phase-synchronicity conditions from pulse-front tilted laser beams on one-dimensional
periodic structures and proposed laser-driven deflection”, submitted to Phys. Rev. ST AB
key idea Extended phase-synchronicity between the EM field and the particle
Use modelocked laser to generate periodic deflection field
New Idea: Laser-Driven Dielectric Undulator for FEL
End of Story? NO! Plettner went away and thought real hard -
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90010
1
102
103
104
105
106
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
200 400 600 800
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
101
102
103
104
105
106
time (attosec)
time (attosec)
time (attosec)
undulator period
nu
mbe
r of
ph
oto
ns
po
we
r (G
W)
po
we
r (G
W)
po
we
r (G
W)
a) b)
c) d)
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90010
1
102
103
104
105
106
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
200 400 600 800
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
101
102
103
104
105
106
time (attosec)
time (attosec)
time (attosec)
undulator period
nu
mbe
r of
ph
oto
ns
po
we
r (G
W)
po
we
r (G
W)
po
we
r (G
W)
a) b)
c) d)
rcL 21~
rb 136~
6~cb L brsGG NLL 31~ 0
4105~ beamFELeff UU
G. Dattoli, L. Giannessi, P.L. Ottaviani, C. Ronsivalle, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3206 (2004)
cm 4
nm 200
0.1%
fC 20
rad-m 10
GeV 2
*
9
r
b
N
b
Q
U400 500
900
Calculated FEL Performance – 0.1 Angstrom X-rays (Pulse duration of X-rays – 5 attoseconds)
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Proposed Laser driven Undulator concept has been published (and patented)
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Monolithic Fabrication of an Integrated Accelerator Structure on a Chip
Undulator Accelerator Structures
SiO2 wafer
Z
X
y
Etched Channel
Electron Source
Fiber Couplers
Goals; accelerator on a Chip --- X-ray laser on the table top!
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves
Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves
Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves
Lightwaves
Prelude From Radio to Microwaves
Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy (LIFE) Current Status of NIF Fusion Laser design parameters
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Proposal for Laser Inertial Fusion - 1972
John Emmett
John Nuckols
Byer
Group
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Who Invented This Crazy Idea, Anyway?
Art Schawlow
John Holzrichter John Emmett
The Shiva Laser, predecessor to the NOVA and NIF Fusion Lasers
Shortly after the demonstration of the Ruby laser John Nuckols at Livermore Labs suggested that lasers could drive matter to extreme density and temperature
and achieve a fusion burn in the laboratory.
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Target Chamber being installed into NIF Facility
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
NIF Highlights
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
The NIF Laser Performance Review Committee – Feb 24 2009 NIF Laser met or exceeded all of its requirements
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
On March 15, 2009 the NIF Laser is Certified as Complete
The next steps (The National Ignition Campaign) are to study
ignition for 36 months culminating in an
Ignition shot scheduled for late 2012
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
NIF Target Holder and Cryo-Target
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Cryo holder at Center of Target Chamber
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
NIF Achieves Implosion Symmetry with Indirect Drive Science Magazine 5th March 2010 p 1208
Experiments show that beam control (wavelength and pointing) can shape implosion symmetry
Targets illuminated by 192 beams at 355nm in UV with > 1MJ of energy
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
X-ray images of compressed Target Shots 1MJ UV Laser Energy – Sept 2, 3, 4, 5, 2009
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Progress on NIF – July 19, 2011 Ed Moses letter to DOE Chris Deeney
78 shots in 10 weeks – 36 shots on targets
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Progress on NIF con‟t - ~7 x 1014 neutrons (1.6kJ)
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
1.8 MegaJoules of UV Energy exceeds Ignition Point by 2x
A series of target compression studies are planned for 2011 - 12 Goal: confirm all aspects of target performance prior to a fusion burn shot
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
NIF Weekly Highlights on Progress toward Ignition
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Ed Moses Reviews NIF Progress – All Hands Meeting Oct 5, 2011
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser Inertial Fusion Energy - LIFE 35MW 2.2MJ at 15Hz in UV
Photograph of actual Hohlraum with illustration of UV laser illumination to Generate 300eV X-rays that drive the target Compression.
Power Plant Schematic with 384 laser boxes that combine to illuminate the target at 15Hz rep rate for Inertial Fusion Energy generation -35MW power
Mike Dunne
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
KDP: 600 plates of 41 x 41cm for THG of the 1.8 MJ NIF Laser
The NIF laser system with its 192 beams produces 1.8 MJ,
In the UV at one shot per day for fusion research.
The NIF laser beams each have an aperture of approximately 41 cm x 41 cm .
The 192 beams require about 600 crystal plates of both KDP and its analog DKDP..
The crystals are used in Pockels cells, and also in nonlinear frequency conversion
of Type I using KDP. and Type II using DKDP.
Laser Inertial Fusion Energy LIFE
Harmonic Conversion
4 to 6 plates of KDP,
25 x 25cm by 1cm thick plates
flowing helium gas cooled
IR: 135kW, 9kJ at 15Hz,
UV: 94kW, 6.3kJ at 15Hz
LIFE LASER OUTPUT 384 beam lines yield
36 MW , 2.4MJ at 15Hz
Laser Diode Pumped
Electrical Efficiency 18%
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Continuous pour of Nd:Glass allowed lower cost for NIF (However, low thermal conductivity of glass requires thermal engineering)
Yb:Ceramic gain media has properties of a crystal but lower cost
Next Generation Fusion Laser Driver may upgrade to Ceramic gain media for 15 Hz operation
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NIF-0107-13317.ppt NIF Directorate Review Committee
LLNL‟s diode laser array technology is the key to increased laser repetition rate and efficiency
Current diodes are 70% efficient
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Schematic Layout for 15Hz LIFE Laser
LIFE Laser – 15 Hz Diode Pumped Nd:Glass 25 x 25cm x 1cm – Helium gas cooled Two oscillator gain modules – 20 slabs in each module Pockels cell switch – 4 pass oscillator Birefringence compensation using Quartz rotator KDP SHG and THG using 4 x 1cm thick crystals Fits into 10m x 2m x 1.5m Box – can be shipped by truck 384 gain modules – hot swap capability
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
LIFE IFE Reactor Concept – 384 Lasers 2.2MJ in UV
6m diameter Reactor Chamber 384 3w Laser Modules KD*P Nonlinear Conversion
LIFE Laser Module 10 x 1.5 x 2.3m Diode Pumped APG Glass 25 x 25cm aperture
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA CPJ Barty 070516
Slide title
• text
Fusion Ignition at the NIF
in 2012 will be a “lunar”
moment
Ignition will lead to
serious consideration of
inertial fusion as an
future energy source
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser Inertial Fusion Energy
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Total Eclipse of the Sun, July 22, 2009
After nearly 50 years of determined effort,
we should see a “sun” in the laboratory for ~10 psec duration in 2012
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
2011 – and beyond – Lasers and Nonlinear Optics Essential for Progress
• Introduction
• Recent Innovations Making Lightwaves
• Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves • The Future – continued innovation Surfing Lightwaves
Post Script - Hello from the Stanford Photonics Research Center (SPRC)
2009 – A Special year in Lasers
Jan - 105kw cw near diff limited Nd:YAG slab laser Mar - NIF certified as completed - 4MJ IR laser Apr – LCLS Coherent 8keV X-ray FEL Laser at SLAC
2012 – Successful fusion burn?
2016 – 15Hz 8kJ single arm of LIFE Laser
2025 – 15Hz 2MJ LIFE Laser Fusion Energy – Engineering Test Facility
2035 – Fusion Energy Power Plant – carbon free, low radiation
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Stanford Photonics Student Group Retreat April 3 - 4, 2009, Monterey, CA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Thanks to my family for allowing me time to pursue my passion
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Surfing Ocean Waves – Poipu Beach, Kauai
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
M31 Galaxy in Andromeda
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
• BACK UP SLIDES
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Surfing at Shipwrecks Beach, Poipu Beach, Kauai
What is the largest wave to hit the Hawiian Islands?
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Laser Technology Books for Reference
Published 2011
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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA
Selective Laser Ablation: Closed Loop Controls
Surface Detection Prior to Every Pulse
Optimized Scanning
Optimized Waste Collection
Fail Safe Operation
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