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TheWebofThingsBridgingtheIoTSilos

Interoperability across IoT platforms

DaveRaggettW3C

26May2016

TheInternetofThings– BridgingtheSilos

Stillveryimmature,butwithmassivepotential

Lackofinteroperabilityattheapplicationlevel

Manyplatformsandassociated standardsl Addressingbroadrangeofdifferentrequirementsl Endtoendsecuritychallengingacrossplatforms

FragmentationandSilosareholdingback thepotential

Openorclosedsystem?l Closedsystemsincentive:controll Opensystemsprompt:reducedcostsandincreasedmarketsize

l Needforwideadoptionofsharedopenstandards

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IoT Landscape

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TheIoT StandardisationChallenge 4

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Whatwewanttoavoid… 5

WebofThings– Inter-Platformstandardsforinteroperability

TheWebwillenableatransitionfromcostlymonolithicsoftwaretoopenmarketsofapps

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Analogywithearlydaysofnetworking

BeforetheInternet,thereweremanynon-interoperablenetworktechnologies

l IPmadeitsimpletointerconnect networksandcreateinteroperable servicesindependent ofthenetworktechnologies

l TheInternet grewexponentially astheopportunities wererealisedl LikewisefortheWebwhichtookoverfromisolated information

services

Directanalogywithtoday’s IoT silosandtheirlackofinteroperability

l TheWebofThingsistheequivalentofIPforsemanticinteroperability andendtoendsecurity

l TheWebofThingswillenableexplosivegrowthasthebarriers tointeroperability aretorndown

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SensorDataStreams

l Atimesequence oftupleswherethetimeintervalisnon-negative(wikipedia)

l Manyapplicationareasl Winddirectionandspeedl Healthcare,e.g.electrocardiograml Racingcarenginedatal Rocketryl Oilandgasindustryl Smartcitiesl ....

l Metadata describingwhatisbeingmeasuredandhowitisbufferedandencodedfortransmission

Telemetryforremotesensors8/30

SensorDataStreamsandtheCloud

l Device– Gateway– Cloudl IoTdeviceswithlocalconnectivityl Gatewaysthatstreamsensordatato thecloudl Powerfulscalablecloudbasedplatforms

l Opportunities forservices acrossmanyapplicationdomains

l Bigdata,streamanalyticsandadvancedAIl Machinelearningandpersonalisedservices

l Needforopenstandardstocreateopenmarketsofservicesthatspancloudplatformsoperatedbydifferentvendors

Google’s CloudPlatformfortheIoT

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HomeHubsasPlatformsforSmartHomeApps

l Webstandardscancreateopportunitiesforvendorneutralplatformsforamarketforappsyoucaninstallonyourhomehub

l Yoursmartphoneprovidesthehumanmachine interfacefortheseapps

l Improvedsenseofprivacycomparedwithhavingyourpersonaldatabeingsenttothecloud

l Appsbaseduponyoursocial connectionsl Peertopeerwithyourfriend’shomehubs

Samsung’s SmartThings

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TheWebofThingsintheHome

Gateway CloudbasedServices

Firewall

Ambientorbatteryoperated IoT devices

Powered,multi-protocol

BrowserforHMI

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SmartManufacturing

l Greater flexibility toaddressthetrendtohighlypersonalisedproducts

l Reacting fastertochangingmarketconditions

l Vertical integrationfromtheproductioncells totheboardroom

l Horizontalintegrationacrossthesupplychainandthevaluechainwithinabusiness

RobotsmanufacturingTesla’s electriccars

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WebofThings

Applicationsactonsoftwareobjectsthatstandforphysicalorabstractthings

l Local“things”l Remote“things

Richdescriptionsforevery“thing”l Datamodels,semantics,metadatal Ontologiesthatdescribe“things”

Thingsdon’tneedtobeconnectedl Abstractentitiesandunconnectedphysicalobjects

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DistributedWebofThingswhereeverythinghasaURI

l Thingdescriptions canbeusedtocreateproxiesforathing,allowingscriptstointeractwithalocalproxyforaremoteentity

l ScriptscanrunonserversoraspartofWebpagesinWebbrowserforhumanmachineinterface

l Thingtopologiesl PeertoPeer,PeertoPeer

viaCloud,Star,Device toCloud,StartoCloud

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CommunicationsStack– CleanseparationofconcernsApplication Scripts that define thing behaviour in terms of their properties, actions

and events, using APIs for control of sensor and actuator hardware

Things Software objects that hold their stateAbstract thing to thing messagesSemantics and Metadata, Data models and Data

Transfer Bindings of abstract messages to mechanisms provided by each protocol, including choice of communication pattern, e.g. pull, push, pub-sub, peer to peer, etc.

Transport REST based protocols, e.g. HTTP, CoAPPub-Sub protocols, e.g. MQTT, XMPP, AMQPOthers, including non IP transports, e.g. Bluetooth

Network Underlying communication technology with support for exchange of simple messages (packets)Many technologies designed for different requirements

ApplicationDeveloper(WoT focus)

PlatformDeveloper(IoT focus)

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Scalability

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WebofThingsfortheMakerCommunity

ArduinoEthernetShieldl 16KBRAMl MicroSD cardslotl ControlledthroughSPIbusl PollingorH/Winterruptl Cost:4.75GBPoneBay

ArduinoUnowithATmega328PMCUl 2KBRAMl 1KBEEPROMl 32KBFLASHl LotsofI/Opinsl Cost:2.33GBPoneBay

https://github.com/w3c/wot-arduino

Opensourceprojectsareunderway,e.g.fortheArduinoandmorepowerfulMCUs

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Whatkindsofmetadatadoweneedforthis?

l Thinglifecycles,dataandinteractionmodelsl Asexposedtotheapplications

l Howtointeroperatewithanotherplatform?l Mappingfromthingdescriptions toplatform specificprotocols

l IPaddressandport forIPbasedprotocolsl PathsforRESTbasedprotocols suchasCoAP &HTTP

l Whatcommunicationpatternstouse?l Push,pull, pub-sub, peertopeerl Real-timerequirementsl Transactional robustness&rollbacksl Multiplexing andbufferingl Sleepyambient&batterypowered devices

l Semanticmodelsofthingsandtheirconstraints

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Data&InteractionModels

Mustberichenoughtocoverbroadrangeofusecasesandplatforms

l Properties,actionsandeventscarryvaluesl Actionsareasynchronousandcanbepassedavalue,

andmayreturnasequenceofvalues

l Valuesasbasictypesl Null,true,false,numbers,strings

l Compound valuesl Arraysl Setsofname/valuepairsl Things(awebofrelatedthings)l Streams(e.g.windspeedanddirection)

l Integrityconstraintsl Onsinglevalues,e.g.

l min/max,integer/floatl Acrossmultiplevaluesl Cardinalityconstraintsl Needforpathexpressions

l Complicationsl Proxychainsl Earlyandlatebinding

l Partiallydefinedtypesl Cyclicdependenciesacrossthingsl Softwaredependencies

l Metadataconstraints(versioning)

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Semantics

l Needed toensurethatplatformssharethesamemeaningforthedatatheyexchange

l Simpleapproachistodefinesemantics aspartofthesystemspecifications

l Betterapproachistotagdataasbelongingtoanontologythatdescribestherelationshipsbetweenconcepts inamachineinterpretablewayl Whatkindofathingisit?

l e.g.atemperaturesensorl Whatarethedomainconstraints?

l temperaturesensorsmustdescribetheirphysicalunits,whichmustbefromtheset{Kelvin,Celsius,Fahrenheit}

l Otherontologiescoulddescribethelocationofthesensorandwhatitismeasuring

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Semantics

l Ontologiesallowinformationtobeexchangedmeaningfully inawaythat isindependentofthedataformatsusedforitstransmission

l Ontologiesfurtherallowforchecksthattheinformationisconsistentwiththedomainmodels

l Thiscancoverricherconstraints,e.g. temporalconstraintsacrossactionsandproperties

l W3ChasasuiteofstandardsfortheSemanticWebandLinkedDatal RDF,XML,SPARQL,RDF-S,OWL,RIF,JSON-LD,RDFinCSV,...

l Enablesemantic basedsearchandcompositionofservicesl Ensurethatcompositionswilluseinteroperableservices

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WebofThingsActivity

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W3CWebofThingsInterestGroup

Workshop inBerlin(June 2014)l LaunchofWebofThingsIGin2015l ChairedbyJörg Heuer,Siemensl Taskforces

ThingdescriptionsAPIsandprotocolsDiscoveryandprovisioningSecurity,privacyandresilienceCommunicationsandcollaboration

Strongemphasis onimplementation experiencel Demosandplug-festsl Helpstobuildasharedunderstanding

MontrealFacetoFace,11-13April201623/30

MembersoftheWebofThingsInterestGroup

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JointWhitePaperonSemanticInteroperability

l Contributorsareindividualsfromarangeofindustryalliancesandstandardsdevelopmentorganisationsl Editors fromW3C,oneM2M,IEEEP2413

l Inspirationfrommanyofthepapersonsemanticinteroperability

l Illustratetheconceptintermsofsomeusecases,alongwiththerequirements,andviewsonhowtoenablesemanticinteroperabilitywithinandacrossIoT platforms

l Discussbestpracticesforontologydesignanddistinguishcrossdomain(horizontal)metadataanddomainspecific(vertical)metadata

l Oncewehaveastableversionwewillinvitewiderexpertreviewandupdatethedocumentaccordingly

l WewillseekbroaddisseminationofthedocumentandwillpublishunderaCreativeCommonsLicense

l Wehope thatthedevelopmentprocesswillhelpshapeacommonperspectiveacrosscontributorsandthatthewhitepaperwillinfluencetheagendasofworkinggroupsacrosstheindustry

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LiaisonsandCollaborations

Reachingouttoindustryalliances andSDO’stodriveconvergencetounleashthepotential

l Plattform Industrie 4.0Especiallythe“semantics”subgroup

l IndustrialInternetConsortiuml OpenConnectivityFoundationl OPCFoundationl IETF/IRTFl oneM2Ml AIOTI

AIOTI26/30

WebofThingsWorkingGroup

TheInterestGroup(IG)isworkingonl Usecases,requirements,technologylandscapeandplansfor

launchingworkinggroups(WG)l IGspreparethegroundforstandardsbutdon’tdevelop

standardsl WGsarecharteredtodevelopstandards(W3C

Recommendations)

We’recollecting ideasforaWorkingGroupincludingl Horizontalmetadatavocabularies(things,security,

communications)l Serialisationsofmetadata,e.g.,asJSON-LDl APIsandbindingstospecificprotocolsandplatformsin

collaborationwiththeplatformowners

WebofThingsWorkingGrouptobelaunchedin2016

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TheBottomLine

TheWebisessentialforrealizingthefullpotentialoftheIoT

TheWebprovidesaunifying frameworkforsemanticinteroperability

TheWebactsasaglobalmarketplaceforsuppliersandconsumersofservices

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WorldWideWebConsortium

Mission: leadtheWebtoitsfullpotentiall TheWebistheworld'slargestvendor-neutraldistributedapplicationplatform

FoundedbySirTimBerners-Lee, inventoroftheWebl 400+Membersl Member-funded internationalorganisation

DevelopsstandardsforWebandsemantic technologiesl HTML,CSS,scriptingAPIs,XML,SVG,VoiceXML,

SemanticWebandLinkedDataetc.l Developeroriented,enablingcooperationbetween

organisationswithverydifferentbackgroundsl W3Cpatentpolicyforroyaltyfreestandardsl W3Cstaffofengineersactivelyparticipatinginstandardisationl Increasinglyinvolvedinverticals:Mobile,TV,Automotive,Digitalpublishing

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FormoreinformationonW3Csee:

www.w3.org

WorkwithustobuildtheWebofThings!

Thankyou!