botaniČka pripadnost i morfologija v. loze

VinogradarstvoVinogradarstvo

Botanička pripadnost vinove lozeBotanička pripadnost vinove loze

Carstvo: Carstvo: PlantaeOdjel: Odjel: MagnoliophytaRazred: Razred: MagnoliopsidaRed: Red: VitalesPorodica: Porodica: VitaceaeRod: Rod: VitisVrsta: Vrsta: Vitis vinifera

Rod VitisRod Vitis

američka skupina američka skupina istočno azijska skupinaistočno azijska skupina europsko azijska skupinaeuropsko azijska skupina

Američka skupina roda VitisAmerička skupina roda Vitis

istočni dijelovi sjeverne Amerike, od istočni dijelovi sjeverne Amerike, od Meksika do Kanade Meksika do Kanade

otporne na trsovog ušenca (filokseru)otporne na trsovog ušenca (filokseru)

Vitis riparia Vitis rupestris Vitis berlandieri

Istočnoazijska skupina roda VitisIstočnoazijska skupina roda Vitis

najviše služe u dekorativne svrhenajviše služe u dekorativne svrhe

Vitis amurensis (-40 (-4000C)C)

Europsko-azijska skupina roda VitisEuropsko-azijska skupina roda Vitis

Vitis vinifera s 2 podvrste: s 2 podvrste: Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera ssp sativassp sativa - -europska, europska,

domaća, kulturna loza domaća, kulturna loza Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera ssp silvestrisssp silvestris – – europska europska

divlja lozadivlja loza

U svijetu se uzgaja oko 5000 različitih U svijetu se uzgaja oko 5000 različitih kultivara vinove lozekultivara vinove loze

Vinova lozaVinova loza

PODRIJETLO vinove loze je jugozapadna Azija (Gruzija)odakle se proširila na Mediteran, središnju Europu.

Kolonizacijom početkom XVII stoljeća prelazi u Sjevernu Ameriku, te u Afriku, Južnu Ameriku i Australiju.

Vinova loza se uzgajala od davnina radi grožđa, ali se upotrebljavala i u narodnoj medicini (lišće, sjemenke, grožđe)

Vinarske vještine su poznavali stari Egipčani, Mezopotamci, Grci i Kinezi

Procijenjeno je da su toliko stari osušeni ostaci vina (vinska kiselina i pistacijeve smole koja se upotrebljavala kao konzervans), odnosno početke proizvodnje vina povezuju se s pojavom lončarstva od prije 10 000 godina.

Morfologija vinove lozeMorfologija vinove loze

Vegetativni organi:: korijenkorijen stablo ili panj s stablo ili panj s

krakovima i krakovima i ograncimaograncima

rozgvarozgva mladicemladice lišćelišće pupovipupovi

Generativni organi:

viticevitice cvijet – cvatcvijet – cvat bobica- grozdbobica- grozd sjemesjeme

ČOKOT ILI TRS

VegetativVegetativni organini organi

KorijenKorijen

generativni vegetativni ili adventivni

Građa korijenaGrađa korijena

Na korijenu se morfološki razlikuje više Na korijenu se morfološki razlikuje više dijelova (zona): dijelova (zona): • zona korijenove kapicezona korijenove kapice• zona rasta zona rasta • zona izduživanja zona izduživanja • zona apsorpcije zona apsorpcije • zona provođenjazona provođenja

zona rastenja•dio vegetcijskog vrha• korijen diobom ovih stanica raste

zona korijenovih dlačica •površinske stanice stvaraju dlačice za upijanje vode iz tla

zona izduživanja•stanice koje se izdužuju (rastu u dužinu)

zona korijenove kapicezona korijenove kapice površinski sloj grade mrtve, površinski sloj grade mrtve,

osluznjavele stanice koje se osluznjavele stanice koje se ljušte i tako smanjuju trenje ljušte i tako smanjuju trenje pri rastu korenpri rastu koren

Stanice korijenove kapice se Stanice korijenove kapice se stalno obnavljaju diobom stalno obnavljaju diobom stanica vegetacijskog vrhastanica vegetacijskog vrha

Građa korijena

Zona korijenove kapice

Zona rasta

simplast

apoplast Stanična stjenka

Uzdužni presjek korijena u zoni korjenovih dlačica

Kut geotropizmaKut geotropizma

Rodna mladica

Zimski pup

Pucanje

ljuskica

pupa

1 god. rozgva i mladica1 god. rozgva i mladica

ListListTipičan list s 5 sinusa

Građa lista

Epiderma lica

Epiderma naličja

Kutikula lica

Kutikula naličja

Ksilem

Floem

Palisadni parenhim

Spužvasti parenhim

O2, H2O

CO2

Ksilem i floem

Funkcija lista

Important Physiological ProcessesImportant Physiological Processes

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration TranslocationTranslocation TranspirationTranspiration

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Conversion of CO2, H20 into plant food via Conversion of CO2, H20 into plant food via

sunlight sunlight = 6CO= 6CO2 2 + 12 H+ 12 H22O + Sunlight O + Sunlight

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 + 6 H + 6 H22OO Compounds produced called Compounds produced called

“photosynthates”; primarily sucrose“photosynthates”; primarily sucrose Sucrose changed to proteins, fats, other carbs, Sucrose changed to proteins, fats, other carbs,

etc. via other chemical processesetc. via other chemical processes Sunlight @ 1/3Sunlight @ 1/3rdrd max. gives best max. gives best

photosynthesis ratephotosynthesis rate Leaves primary sunlight receptorsLeaves primary sunlight receptors Canopy management utilized to create “ideal” Canopy management utilized to create “ideal”

sunlight conditions sunlight conditions

Factors that affect PhotosynthesisFactors that affect Photosynthesis

Leaf TemperatureLeaf Temperature• Ideal 77-95°FIdeal 77-95°F

Water status of plantWater status of plant• Water deficit= lose more water than takes upWater deficit= lose more water than takes up

Close stomata and decrease H20 loss and CO2 Close stomata and decrease H20 loss and CO2 uptakeuptake

• Water stress=water deficit impacts plant Water stress=water deficit impacts plant functions severelyfunctions severely

Plant nutrient availabilityPlant nutrient availability

RespirationRespiration Conversion of stored photosynthates into components Conversion of stored photosynthates into components

into water, COinto water, CO22 and energy and energy= C= C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O + energy O + energy (heat, ATP, etc.)(heat, ATP, etc.)

Substrates= Carbohydrates, fats, amino acids and Substrates= Carbohydrates, fats, amino acids and organic acids organic acids • Decrease in acid as increase in berry growthDecrease in acid as increase in berry growth

Energy used for growth or plant maintenanceEnergy used for growth or plant maintenance• Plant growthPlant growth

Berry development, shoot growth, etc.Berry development, shoot growth, etc. Amount of activity dictates needAmount of activity dictates need

• Plant maintenancePlant maintenance Carbohydrate translocation, protein turnover, etc.Carbohydrate translocation, protein turnover, etc. Dependent upon grapevine size, Dependent upon grapevine size,

Q10- Q10- • Plant respiration is VERY temperature dependentPlant respiration is VERY temperature dependent• 50°F (10°C)- rate is close to zero; but respiration rate 50°F (10°C)- rate is close to zero; but respiration rate

doubles with every 10°C increasedoubles with every 10°C increase

TranslocationTranslocation Movement of water and nutrients in plant via Movement of water and nutrients in plant via

vasculaturevasculature Xylem- water and minerals Xylem- water and minerals Phloem- photosynthates and compoundsPhloem- photosynthates and compounds Sucrose is transported compoundSucrose is transported compound Source vs. Sink; Photosynthate producer vs. userSource vs. Sink; Photosynthate producer vs. user

• Root to shoot; shoots 2 ways; mature leaves to shoot Root to shoot; shoots 2 ways; mature leaves to shoot tips and parent vine; leaves to shoot tips, parent vine tips and parent vine; leaves to shoot tips, parent vine and fruit; leaves to fruit from verasion onto harvest; and fruit; leaves to fruit from verasion onto harvest; shoots and leaves to storage @ end of season shoots and leaves to storage @ end of season

TranspirationTranspiration

Water loss via plant stomataWater loss via plant stomata• Transpirational pull= passive movement Transpirational pull= passive movement

of water from roots to leaves to outside of water from roots to leaves to outside of leafof leaf

• Dependent upon temperature, wind, Dependent upon temperature, wind, humidity, light levelshumidity, light levels

Can cool leaf in hot tempsCan cool leaf in hot temps

CvatCvat

Građa cvijetaGrađa cvijeta

Cvat i cvatnjaCvat i cvatnja

Stadiji cvijetaStadiji cvijeta

CvatnjaCvatnja

OplodnjaOplodnja

Građa bobiceGrađa bobice

Rodna mladica / grozdRodna mladica / grozd

GrozdGrozd