bonding patterns
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Building Design & Construction І
BE-1101
B.Sc. (Hons) in Quantity Surveying
&
B.Sc. (Hons) in Facilities Management
Level 1 – Semester 1
Project Work ІI
Wijekoon K.A.D.N.C. 092451E
Dissanayake D.M.A. 092412L
Lakmal D.M.K. 092656L
Dissanayake E.P. 092622F
Surenthr N. 092447X
Fernando P.G. 092626V
Poshananthy S. 092671D
Meegahakotuwa M.G.A.L.I.B. 092710A
Date of Assignment: 21st of October 2009
Date of Submission: 11th of November 2009
Academic Year 2009/2010
Department of Building Economics
Faculty of Architecture
University of Moratuwa
Acknowledgment
We would like to acknowledge and extend our gratitude to the Building Design and
Construction lecturers Archt. Lalith De Silva and Ms. Saranga Weerawardhana
enlightening us by giving a wise knowledge about the subject and related areas. Also the
Project work lecturer Ms. H. Chandani, who made this project work a success by giving
her helping hand in all the time we race our problems. Equally, we thank the librarian and
the staff of the computer lab who helped us with finding resources to make this project
more meaningful.
More gratefully we like to appreciate the support given by our own batch mates, friends
and family members. Last but not least our gratitude comes to all our group members,
who always stood behind and helped to make a better outcome.
i
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................1
2.0 Preface to Brick Bonding and Patterns...........................................................2
3.0 Brickwork Terminology.................................................................................3
4.0 Construction Concept.....................................................................................4
5.0 Brick Bonding Patterns...................................................................................5
5.1 Stretcher Bond..................................................................................................................5
5.2 The Procedure for Building a Stretcher Bond Brick Wall...............................................7
5.3 English Bond....................................................................................................................8
5.4 The Procedure for Building an English Bond Brick Wall................................................9
5.5 Flemish Bond..................................................................................................................10
5.5.1 Double Flemish..................................................................................................10
5.5.2 Single Flemish....................................................................................................10
6.0 Other Common Bond Patterns......................................................................12
7.0 Pier Brick Bonds...........................................................................................16
7.1 Half-Brick Wall with Pier..............................................................................................16
7.2 Projecting Bricks............................................................................................................16
8.0 Conclusion....................................................................................................17
9.0 References.....................................................................................................18
ii
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
1.0 Introduction
When the building construction starts blooming; man invented different types of materials
which were helpful for the long run of the industry. One of these inventions was bricks.
Bricks began to give birth to new methods of building construction. Specially in wall
construction. The brick was named in different ways according to the elevation.
In the very first stage in wall construction bricks were use in small numbers, but after the
industrial revolution it became a major material used in wall construction. Also in this
priority was given to strength and durability in the beginning, afterwards with the high usage
of bricks and blocks; bonding patterns of these gave the opportunity to many employees in
bonding designs. Therefore, except for strength and durability, appearance added into wall
construction.
There are several bonding patterns in brick work. Mainly we will be focusing here on some
major patterns such as, Stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Under these bonding
patterns, several sub patterns have been introduced to the industry. Some of these bonding
patterns have similar appearance except for some small changes. However, all these patterns
have been created according to the way of bricks were place on the wall. Accordingly,
construction methods of these patterns give us a clear idea about the differences in each
pattern.
Further, bonding methods were not only used for the appearance but also to spread the impact
load which wall has to bear. Due to these reasons different types of bonding patterns have
been introduced to the wall construction with the development of the industry.
Department of Building Economics 1
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
2.0 Preface to Brick Bonding and Patterns
When the necessity of dwellings arrived, early human were in search for places which could
give shelter and security. Then they required the dwellings to be built as their wishes.
Through various materials such as timber, wattle and daub they identify bricks. Masonry also
spontaneously begins with this.
In earliest times stacking stones or pieces of caked mud taken from dried puddles were used
as bricks. But they were different in sizes and weights, so did not give any quality for a wall.
Mortar was originally the mud. They preferred bricks when stones are unavailable and the
bricks were made from local clay and silts. In 4000 BC, people of Mesopotamia erected
buildings of sun dried bricks.
Fires occurred against mud brick walls brought a knowledge of burnt bricks which advanced
later creations.
There after stones and bricks governed the constructions for many centuries. The invention of
lime mortar gradually replaced mud and cluster of abilities emerged with bricks as providing
various shapes and patterns made bricks the common material.
During the Industrial Revolution machines were created to produce bricks with similar in size
and in weights according to various uses. These bricks with cement enabled the construction
of masonry buildings of greater strengths and durability. Apart from that many bond types,
patterns came to use adding different appearances, strengths and lifetimes. Some are yet in
use and many new types are arriving.
In the late 19th century, masonry began to loose its primacy among the materials of
construction invented such as reinforced concrete, steel and etc. Wide use of them began to
replace brick and masonry.
Department of Building Economics 2
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
3.0 Brickwork Terminology
Bond
Bond means the arrangement of bricks overlapping one another as to;
1) Distribute the load through the mass of the brickwork.
2) Tie mass together so as no individual brick is easily displace.
3) Provide uniform and pleasant arrangement appears on the face of the wall.
Course and Wythe
A course is a horizontal
layer of bricks
A Wythe is a vertical
layer of bricks
Stretcher and Header
A stretcher is a brick laid parallel to the wall
A header is a brick laid so as to bond two wythes together
Soldier
A soldier is a brick laid on its end with its face
parallel to the wall
Department of Building Economics 3
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Rowlock
A rowlock is a brick laid on its face with its end visible in the wall
face
Bond Patterns
It is the design observed on the wall through stretchers and headers after laying bricks in
various orders or the distinctive difference in the appearance of the face.
4.0 Construction Concept
To ensure maximum strength and adequate distribution of load, bond must be arranged across
the width of the wall as longitudinally greater than one half a brick in thickness.
a. Weak Construction b. Strong Construction
Wall bonded across the thickness only Wall bonded across the thickness and
longitudinally
It can be seen that brick wall bonded across its width only, carries the load directly below. It
is not a good enough method to transfer loads downward. The other figure clearly indicates a
load being carried by a brick wall which is bonded longitudinally as well as across its
thickness, offering greater distribution of load and maximum strength.
Department of Building Economics 4
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
5.0 Brick Bonding Patterns
There are many named varieties of bonds in use recent time. But few centuries ago, bricks
were not consistent in size or weight and therefore the overlapping did not imply a regular
pattern. This arrangement is called haphazard bonding. Bricks of reasonably consistent
dimensions can be laid regular bonding arrangements and thus the pattern of headers and
stretches employed gives rise to different bonds. There are number of configurations which
are based on three major arrangements.
1. Stretcher bond
2. English bond
3. Flemish bond
5.1 Stretcher Bond
Stretcher bond or stretching is widely used in modern buildings, predominantly in cavity wall
construction. This is also called as running bond too. End to end laid bricks in courses with
the stretchers showing in the face of the work. Each brick laps over two bricks in the course
below.
For simplicity, this bond is generally built with bricks overlapping by half their length. Due
to this it sometimes refer to as ½ bonds. Except this some other patterns could be obtained by
doing variations to placement of the bricks on below course. Because they require a greater
attention in laying in addition to special cutting at corners and ends, they are not common to
see.
One-brick-thick walls which needed to be fair-faced on both sides are often built as two
stretcher bonded “leaves”. This is called a collar-jointed wall with the leaves fixed together
by flat stainless steel ties that are laid at the same frequency as ties in a cavity wall. Other
than this, welded stainless steel wire, ladder-pattern reinforcement built in across the wall in
every third or forth bed joint is convenient for straight work.
Department of Building Economics 5
Stretcher Bond
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Flat shear ties
Collar-jointed brick wall
In recent times stretcher bond has predominated, mainly because of the speed with which it
can be laid in wall construction. This is one of the sturdiest and the easiest pattern to install.
But it gives a least interesting in appearance.
Stretcher with Snap Headers
This arrangement is an easy way to improve the appearance of half-brick walling. Pieces of
bricks as headers are laid in between two complete bricks in a course and each even course
member has this characteristic in a brickwork.
Snap header Stretcher with Snap Headers
Raking Stretcher Bond
This is formed by overlapping of a third or a quarter of the brick length on the below brick.
The overall finish produces an attractive diagonal deflection than normal stretcher bond.
Raked bricks
Raking Stretcher/ ¾ bond
Department of Building Economics 6
The construction begins with laying of leads which establish the wall planes and heights.
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
5.2 The Procedure for Building a Stretcher Bond Brick Wall
When the entire wall is laid to the top level of the
Leads, a second set of leads is laid and this process repeats many times as necessary.
Department of Building Economics 7
The bricks between leads are laid t a line using a string stretched taut between line blocks at
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
5.3 English Bond
English bond is considered as the strongest bond among the other bond types. It is said that
this particular type of bond is one of the oldest bonds in use. This also called as the Old
English Bond too. This contains of one course of stretchers and one course of headers
alternatively throughout the wall and with the headers centered over and under the vertical
joints of the stretchers. Therefore the wall is one brick thick.
English Bond
English Garden Wall Bond
This is more economical in facing bricks than a true English bond because the frequency of
header course can vary as it comes once after three stretcher courses.
English Garden Wall Bond
Department of Building Economics 8
Queen closer
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
English Cross or Dutch Bond
English cross bond is very much similar to old English bond as it consist alternate stretcher
and header courses. The joints of the stretchers center on the stretchers two courses above and
below; headers center on headers. This type of bond is used where strength and beauty are
required.
5.4 The Procedure for Building an English Bond Brick Wall
When choosing bricks for an English bond wall construction, we have to understand
that the bricks must have at least 3/8 inch of mortar to join them to their neighbors.
They must also be leveled with the vertical joints scattered.
The pattern begins by laying a row of stretchers. This should begin at the corner and
the pattern is laid without mortar, leaving 3/8 inch between the bricks. After the
pattern is formed bricks are laid with mortar.
A row of headers is added to the top of this layer. The pattern continues with each row
alternating.
Then the joints are centered on the stretchers to the middle of the headers.
It is important to keep the direction and spacing of the brick stretchers
when laying the English bond by using two quarter bricks to
maintain the appropriate spacing for the joints.
English/ Old English Bond
Department of Building Economics 9
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
5.5 Flemish Bond
This is a simple pattern which can give a more attractive appearance than English bond.
There are two types.
5.5.1 Double Flemish
This consists of alternative headers and stretchers as shown. The term ‘double’ indicates that
the Flemish arrangement appears on both sides. This is weaker than English bond due to the
number of bats and stretchers.
Elevation of a Double Flemish Bond
5.5.2 Single Flemish
In here, bricks are arrangement as Flemish bond on the face and English bond as backing.
This is applicable to walls one and one half bricks in thickness. It is generally used where
more expensive bricks are specified for facing.
Plan of 18” wall
Department of Building Economics 10
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Flemish Garden Wall Bond
A fair area of wall is needed to show the pattern and perpends need to be kept true. That is
because this bond distinguishes from original Flemish bond by using headers and stretchers
in different colours randomly in the wall.
Flemish garden wall bond
Flemish Cross Bond
This pattern is much same as the Flemish Garden wall bond, but with two additional headers
in place of a stretcher at intervals. This also needs a large wall area to show well.
Flemish Cross Bond
Department of Building Economics 11
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
6.0 Other Common Bond Patterns
Header Bond
As it spells, this bond consists of headers in each and every course presenting the end of the
brick to the face of the wall. Though the transverse strength is good, longitudinally it is not
good. Most commonly this bond is used for walls curved in plan, where the curve is not sharp
enough to require the bricks being cut since this enables the curve to be more easily created
than any other bond.
It is advisable to use purpose made or tapered bricks when the curve is small. If common
bricks are used tapered joints have to be used and therefore wide perpends are emerged.
Tapered Bricks Tapered joints and
common bricks
Header Bond
a. Small Radius b. Large Radius
American Bond/ Common Bond
This is a variation of the stretcher bond with a header course in every 5th, 6th or 7th course.
Another special feature is the header courses are centered on each other. This ties the wall to
the backing masonry material. When it is the 5th, sometimes it is called the Scottish Bond.
American Bond Header course in 6th course
Department of Building Economics 12
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Stack Bond
In stack bond all courses are stretchers and all joins are inline. Preliminary use of this is the
aesthetic appearance. But this has relatively a lower structural value.
In lined bricks in Stack Bond
Vertical Stack Bond
The main use of this bond is infilling panels. Therefore it is not a good bond for strength.
Soldier courses
Monk Bond
Monk bond has two stretchers to one header in each course with headers staggered. The
construction is somewhat complicated but gives an interesting appearance.
Monk Bond
Department of Building Economics 13
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Quetta Bond
This is a particular type of a bond because it uses vertical voids for reinforcement. Generally
they are filled with mortar. The reinforcement is usually connected to foundations, roof and
floors.
Reinforcements
Rat-Trap Bond/ Chinese Bond
This is economical to construct and has an unusual appearance with headers and stretchers
laid on edge. Comparing to flat laid brickworks this is not much strong and does not ensure
resistance to rain.
Header Brick on Edge
This unusual bond gives a very strong horizontal emphasis.
Header Brick on Edge
Department of Building Economics 14
Quetta Bond
Rat-Trap Bond
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Herringbone Bond
The bricks are laid at 45 degrees in a zigzag pattern. This is often used as infill to timber
frame buildings.
Herringbone Bond
Basket Bond
Bricks are laid in squares of three at 90 degrees to each other square.
Basket Pattern
Raking Bonds
In this typical type Herringbone and diagonal bonds are effectively used within an exposed
framed construction or contained within restraining brick courses.
Diagonally arranged bricks
Department of Building Economics 15
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
Drunk Brick/ Hollywood Bond.
This figure shows a radical Drunk brick bond.
Bricks have no order
7.0 Pier Brick Bonds
7.1 Half-Brick Wall with Pier
This method results in a straight joint but bridges with reinforcement. It is difficult to obtain a
good appearance.
Pier
7.2 Projecting Bricks
Elevation of the brickwork is almost Flemish except projected headers from here and there.
Frequency and size of projections need relating to size of wall and distance from which it is
seen.
Projecting Bricks
Department of Building Economics 16
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
8.0 Conclusion
After introducing bricks and blocks to the building construction industry, it was able to bring
up major development in wall construction. Even before the industrial revolution bricks were
use for construction purposes.
We can find a variety of brick work patterns or designs, which are creative and pleasing to
the eye. These patterns or designs are called bonds. Some bonds are very simple and others
are complex. The way of the brick has overlap individually is important because it divides
and distributes any load imposed on the wall.
While keeping the main purposes of using bricks for wall construction (strength and
durability), the pattern of the bricks bond was able to give a better appearance to the wall.
Therefore, bonding pattern was concerned when building a wall.
There are three basic bonding patterns which have been identified according to the different
construction methods they used to place bricks on a wall. Under these three designs several
other patterns has been introduced in the modern age. Referring to the “Building with
masonry” and other websites which has been noted bellow, we were able to gain much
knowledge about these basic patterns and how it has developed up to the new methods.
Moreover, through group discussion and sharing our knowledge we were able to gain some
additional knowledge under the bonding patterns of in wall construction.
Not only the knowledge, but also we had an opportunity to improve our communication skills
and ability of working as a group. With the cooperation of all the group members we were
able to have good background knowledge about building construction field. Further, by
presenting this project we have not only achieved knowledge on bonding patterns but much
more about the construction field and how do deal with one another when working as a
group.
Department of Building Economics 17
Building Design and Construction I Construction of Brick Walls: Bond Patterns
9.0 References
Web Sites
1. www.gobrick.com
2. www.home.earthlink.net
3. www.danadmary.com
4. www.oldvirginiabrick.com
5. www.cmhpf.org
6. www.bossconstruction.com
Books
Hammond A., 1950, Practical Bricklaying, 5th ed, The Technical Press LTD: London.
The Brick Development Association, 1974, Bricks, Their Properties and use, The
construction Press Ltd: England
Edward A. & Joseph I., 1985, Fundamentals of Building Construction, 4th ed, John Wiley
& Sons’ Inco: USA
Varghese P.C., 2007, Building Construction, PHI Learning PVT Ltd : India
Seeley I.H., 1919, Building Technology, 4th Edition
Department of Building Economics 18
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