bleeding with antiplatelet agents

Bleeding with antiplatelet agents

Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, MD

Sapienza University of Rome, Italygiuseppe.biondizoccai@uniroma1.it

Learning goals

• Scope of the problem• Definitions• Pragmatic approach to bleeding• Specific recommendations

Learning goals

• Scope of the problem• Definitions• Pragmatic approach to bleeding• Specific recommendations

Coagulation

Platelets<- Aspirin

<-

<-

PAR inhibitors

<-

P2Y12inhibitors

<-Anticoagulants

IIb/IIIainhibitors

Jackson et al, Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003

Bleeding is commond and kills, irrespective of definition

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

Bleeding kills after PCI

Chhatriwalla et al, JAMA 2013

GI bleeding kills in the ICU

Cook et al, Crit Care 2001

Learning goals

• Scope of the problem• Definitions• Pragmatic approach to bleeding• Specific recommendations

Historical definition: TIMI

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

New-entries: GUSTO, CURE, ACUITY, HORIZONS

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

Bleeding Academic Research ConsortiumType 0: no bleedingType 1: bleeding that is not actionable and does not cause the

patient to seek unscheduled performance of studies, hospitalization, or treatment by a healthcare professional; may include episodes leading to self-discontinuation of medical therapy

Type 2: any overt, actionable sign of hemorrhage (eg, more bleeding than would be expected for a clinical circumstance, including bleeding found by imaging alone) that does not fit the criteria for type 3, 4, or 5, but does meet at least one of the following criteria: (1) requiring nonsurgical, medical intervention by a healthcare professional, (2) leading to hospitalization or increased level of care, or (3) prompting evaluation

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

Bleeding Academic Research ConsortiumType 3a: Overt bleeding plus hemoglobin drop of 3 to 5 g/dL*

(provided hemoglobin drop is related to bleed), or any transfusion with overt bleeding

Type 3b: Overt bleeding plus hemoglobin drop 5 g/dL* (provided hemoglobin drop is related to bleed), cardiac tamponade, bleeding requiring surgery (excluding dental, nasal, skin, hemorrhoid), or bleeding requiring intravenous vasoactive agents

Type 3c: Intracranial hemorrhage (does not include microbleeds or hemorrhagic transformation, does include intraspinal), subcategories confirmed by autopsy or imaging or lumbar puncture, or intraocular bleed compromising vision

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

Bleeding Academic Research ConsortiumType 4 - CABG-related bleeding: Perioperative intracranial bleeding

within 48 h, reoperation after closure of sternotomy for the purpose of controlling bleeding, transfusion of 5 U whole blood or packed red blood cells within a 48-h period, or chest tube output 2L within a 24-h period

Type 5a - Probable fatal bleeding: no autopsy or imaging confirmation but clinically suspicious

Type 5b - Definite fatal bleeding: overt bleeding or autopsy or imaging confirmation

Mehran et al, Circulation 2011

Clinical impact

Ndrepepa et al, Circulation 2012

Access site versus non-access site bleeding

US CathPCI Registry (2004-2011):57,246 bleeding events (1.7%) in 3,386,688 PCI procedures

Chhatriwalla et al, JAMA 2013

Clarifying the mechanism

Peddinghaus et al, Clin Lab Med 2009

Learning goals

• Scope of the problem• Definitions• Pragmatic approach to bleeding• Specific recommendations

Comprehensive approach to bleeding

Risk-stratification of patient/procedure

Preventing bleeding

Monitoring for bleeding

Limiting bleeding

Transfusion of RBC

Discontinuation of antiplatelet agent

Reversal of antiplatelet effect

Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012

Bleeding scores

www.crusadebleedingscore.com

UK guidelines

Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012

UK guidelines

Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012

UK guidelines

Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012

Usefulness of thromboelastography-guided transfusions

Schulman, Hematology 2012

Many platelet function tests are available

Peddinghaus et al, Clin Lab Med 2009

But beware of variability in assays

Santilli et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2009

Also avoid overtreating: hazards of anti-fibrinolytics

Hutton et al, BMJ 2012

Learning goals

• Scope of the problem• Definitions• Pragmatic approach to bleeding• Specific recommendations

Activation and clearance

Tan et al, Cardiovasc Ther 2012

Time to normal platelet function

Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012

Aspirin

• Oral drug• Irreversibly inactivates

cyclooxygenase• Reversal possible with

platelet transfusion, desmopressin, or rFVIIa

Schulman, Hematology 2012; Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012; Altman et al, J Thromb Haemost 2006

Clopidogrel

• Oral drug• Irreversibly inactivates

the P2Y12 platelet receptor for ADP

• Reversal possible with platelet transfusions, desmopressin, methyl prednisolone or rFVIIa

Schulman, Hematology 2012; Levine et al, J Med Toxicol 2012; Makris et al, Br J Haematol 2012;

Leithäuser et al, Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2008

rFVIIa in healthy subjects receiving clopidogrel

Skolnick et al, Anesth Analg 2011

Prasugrel

• Oral drug• Irreversibly

inactivates the P2Y12 platelet receptor for ADP

• Reversal possible with platelet transfusions, or desmopressin

Zafar et al, J Thromb Haemost 2012

Effect of platelets on prasugrel

Zafar et al, J Thromb Haemost 2012

Ticagrelor

• Oral drug• Reversibly antagonizes

the P2Y12 platelet receptor for ADP

• Renal clearance• Reversal possible (only

animal/in vitro data) with rFVIIa an FII and platelet transfusion

Nylander et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2013

Adjusted indirect comparison

Biondi-Zoccai et al, Int J Cardiol 2011

What about intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors?

Abciximab:• IV monoclonal antibody• Irreversibly inactivates glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors• Plasma t1/2 30 minutes, but platelets remain inhibited 12-24 h• Reversal possible with platelet transfusions

Eptifibatide and tirofiban:• IV drugs• Reversibly inactivate glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors• Plasma t1/2 2.5 hours for eptifibatide and 1.5 hours for tirofiban• Renal clearance (thus t1/2 longer if renal failure)• Reversal may be achieved with dialysis

Pragmatic approach to platelet transfusion

Campbell et al, World Neurosurg 2010

Possible thresholds for platelet Rx

Peddinghaus et al, Clin Lab Med 2009

Take home messages• A comprehensive approach to bleeding is

recommended, from risk-stratification, to prediction, and management.

• When bleeding does occur, non-pharmacologic approaches should be envisioned first.

• If these are failing or unlikely to succeed, discontinuaton is possible, but it should be based on a multidisciplinary evaluation.

• In highly selected cases, reversal with platelet tranfusions, desmopressin, rFVIIa or other agents can be implemented, notwithstanding the major risk of iatrogenic thrombosis.

Many thanks for your attention

For these slides and further ones on similar topics feel free to visit:

www.metcardio.org/slides.html

For additional details or queries feel free to contact me directly:

giuseppe.biondizoccai@uniroma1.it