black & decker the complete guide to wiring
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WIRINGREPAIRS
Currentwith2011-2013ElectricalCodes
ContentsWiringRepairProjects
RepairingLightFixtures
RepairingChandeliers
RepairingCeilingFans
RepairingFluorescentLights
ReplacingPlugs&Cords
ReplacingaLampSocket
WiringRepairProjects
“Repair”and“wiring”aretwowordsyoudon’tseetogethertoomuchanymore.Inmostcasesofanelectricalfailure,therepairistoreplacethefaileddevice.Butitmayalsobereconnectedtoabadspliceoralooseconnection.
Theelectricalitemsthatmostfrequentlyrequireactualrepairsarelightfixtures.Ifyouincludelampsandcordsinthiscategory,you’veprettymuchcoveredit.Mostelectricalfailuresresultfrompoorlymadeconnectionsintheoriginalinstallation.Exceptionsareswitches,whichtendtowearoutovertimeandrequirereplacement,andceilingfans.Ceilingfansareuniqueinthat,likeswitches,theycontainmovingparts—andrapidlymovingpartsatthat.Catchingaswitchpullchainonamovingbladeisthecauseofmanyceilingfanproblems,alongwithbladesthathavefallenoutofbalanceandhavebeguntowobble.
Whenreplacingpartofanelectricalfixture,theruleofthumbforfindingthereplacementpartistoremovethebrokenpartandbringitwithyoutoalightingorelectricalsupplystore.Failingthat,takedownthemakeandserialnumberofthefixturesotheclerkcanlookuppartinformationforyou.
RepairingLightFixtures
Lightfixturesareattachedpermanentlytoceilingsorwalls.Theyincludewall-hungsconces,ceiling-hungglobefixtures,recessedlightfixtures,andchandeliers.Mostlightfixturesareeasytorepairusingbasictoolsandinexpensiveparts.
Ifalightfixturefails,alwaysmakesurethelightbulbisscrewedintightlyandisnotburnedout.Afaultylightbulbisthemostcommoncauseoflightfixturefailure.Ifthelightfixtureiscontrolledbyawallswitch,alsochecktheswitchasapossiblesourceofproblems.
Lightfixturescanfailbecausethesocketsorbuilt-inswitcheswearout.Somefixtureshavesocketsandswitchesthatcanberemovedforminorrepairs.Thesepartsareheldtothebaseofthefixturewithmountingscrewsorclips.Otherfixtureshavesocketsandswitchesthatarejoinedpermanentlytothebase.Ifthistypeoffixturefails,purchaseandinstallanewlightfixture.
Damagetolightfixturesoftenoccursbecausehomeownersinstalllightbulbswithwattageratingsthataretoohigh.Preventoverheatingandlightfixturefailuresbyusingonlylightbulbsthatmatchthewattageratingsprintedonthefixtures.
Techniquesforrepairingfluorescentlightsaredifferentfromthoseforincandescentlights.Refertopages308to313torepairorreplaceafluorescentlightfixture.
Tools&Materials
CircuittesterScrewdriverContinuitytesterCombinationtoolReplacementparts,asneeded
Inatypicalincandescentlightfixture,ablackhotwireisconnectedtoabrassscrewterminalonthesocket.Powerflowstoasmalltabatthebottomofthemetalsocketandthroughametalfilamentinsidethebulb.Thepowerheatsthefilamentandcausesittoglow.Thecurrentthenflowsthroughthethreadedportionofthesocketandthroughthewhiteneutralwirebacktothemainservicepanel.
Before1959,incandescentlightfixtures(showncutaway)oftenweremounteddirectlytoanelectricalboxortoplasterlath.Electricalcodesnowrequirethatfixturesbeattachedtomountingstrapsthatareanchoredtotheelectricalboxes.Ifyouhavealightfixtureattachedtoplasterlath,installanapprovedelectricalboxwithamountingstraptosupportthefixture.
PROBLEM REPAIRWall-orceiling-mountedfixtureflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testsocketandreplace,ifneeded(pages318to319).5.Replacelightfixture.
Built-inswitchonfixturedoesnotwork.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkforloosewireconnectionsonswitch.3.Replaceswitch.4.Replacelightfixture.
Chandelierflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testsocketsandfixturewires,andreplace,ifneeded.
Recessedfixtureflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testfixtureandreplace,ifneeded.
HowtoRemoveaLightFixture&TestaSocket
Turnoffthepowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removethelightbulbandanyshadeorglobe,thenremovethemountingscrewsholdingthefixturebasetotheelectricalboxormountingstrap.Carefullypullthefixturebaseawayfromthebox.
Testforpowerbytouchingoneprobeofacircuittestertothegreengroundingscrew,theninsertingtheotherprobeintoeachwireconnector.Testershouldnotglow.Ifitdoes,thereisstillpowerenteringthebox.Returntotheservicepanelandturnoffpowertothecorrectcircuit.
Disconnectthelightfixturebasebylooseningthescrewterminals.Iffixturehaswireleadsinsteadofscrewterminals,removethelightfixturebasebyunscrewingthewireconnectors.
Adjustthemetaltabatthebottomofthefixturesocketbypryingitupslightlywithasmallscrewdriver.Thisadjustmentwillimprovethecontactbetweenthesocketandthelightbulb.
Testthesocket(showncutaway)byattachingtheclipofacontinuitytestertothehotscrewterminal(orblackwirelead)andtouchingprobeoftestertometaltabinbottomofsocket.Testershouldglow.Ifnot,socketisfaultyandmustbereplaced.
Attachtestercliptoneutralscrewterminal(orwhitewirelead),andtouchprobetothreadedportionofsocket.Testershouldglow.Ifnot,socketisfaultyandmustbereplaced.Ifsocketispermanentlyattached,replacethefixture.
HowtoReplaceaSocket
Removetheoldlightfixture.Removethesocketfromthefixture.Thesocketmaybeheldbyascrew,clip,orretainingring.Disconnectwiresattachedtothesocket.
Purchaseanidenticalreplacementsocket.Connectthewhitewiretothesilverscrewterminalonthesocket,andconnecttheblackwiretothebrassscrewterminal.Attachthesockettothefixturebase,andreinstallthefixture.
HowtoTest&ReplaceaBuilt-inLightSwitch
Removethelightfixture.Unscrewtheretainingringholdingtheswitch.
Labelthewiresconnectedtotheswitchleads.Disconnecttheswitchleadsand
removetheswitch.
Testtheswitchbyattachingtheclipofthecontinuitytestertooneoftheswitchleadsandholdingthetesterprobetotheotherlead.Operatetheswitchcontrol.Iftheswitchisgood,thetesterwillglowwhentheswitchisinoneposition,butnotboth.
Iftheswitchisfaulty,purchaseandinstallanexactduplicateswitch.Remountthelightfixture,andturnonthepoweratthemainservicepanel.
RepairingChandeliers
Repairingachandelierrequiresspecialcare.Becausechandeliersareheavy,itisagoodideatoworkwithahelperwhenremovingachandelier.Supportthefixturetopreventitsweightfrompullingagainstthewires.
Chandeliershavetwofixturewiresthatarethreadedthroughthesupportchainfromtheelectricalboxtothehollowbaseofthechandelier.Thesocketwiresconnecttothefixturewiresinsidethisbase.
Fixturewiresareidentifiedashotandneutral.Look
closelyforaraisedstripeononeofthewires.Thisistheneutralwirethatisconnectedtothewhitecircuitwireandwhitesocketwire.Theothersmoothfixturewireishotandisconnectedtotheblackwires.
Ifyouhaveanewchandelier,itmayhaveagroundingwirethatrunsthroughthesupportchaintotheelectricalbox.Ifthiswireispresent,makesureitisconnectedtothegroundingwiresintheelectricalbox.
HowtoRepairaChandelier
Labelanylightsthatarenotworkingusingmaskingtape.Turnoffpowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removelightbulbsandallshadesorglobes.
Unscrewtheretainingnutandlowerthedecorativecoverplateawayfromtheelectricalbox.Mostchandeliersaresupportedbyathreadednippleattachedtoamountingstrap.
Mountingvariation:Somechandeliersaresupportedonlybythecoverplatethatisboltedtotheelectricalboxmountingstrap.Thesetypesdonothaveathreadednipple.
Testforpowerwithacircuittester.Testershouldnotglow.Ifitdoes,turnoffpowertothecorrectcircuitatthepanel.
Disconnectfixturewiresbyremovingthewireconnectors.Unscrewthreadednippleandcarefullyplacechandelieronaflatsurface.
Removethecapfromthebottomofthechandelier,exposingthewireconnectionsinsidethehollowbase.Disconnectthesocketwiresandfixturewires.
Testsocketbyattachingclipofcontinuitytestertoblacksocketwireandtouchingprobetotabinsocket.Repeatwithsocketthreadsandwhitesocketwire.Iftesterdoesnotglow,thesocketmustbereplaced.
Removeafaultysocketbylooseninganymountingscrewsorclipsandpullingthesocketandsocketwiresoutofthefixturearm.Purchaseandinstallanewchandeliersocket,threadingthesocketwiresthroughthefixturearm.
Testeachfixturewirebyattachingclipofcontinuitytestertooneendofwireandtouchingprobetootherend.Iftesterdoesnotglow,wiremustbereplaced.Installnewwires,ifneeded,thenreassembleandrehangthechandelier.
RepairingCeilingFans
Ceilingfanscontainrapidlymovingparts,makingthemmoresusceptibletotroublethanmanyotherelectricalfixtures.Installationisarelativelysimplematter,butrepairingaceilingfancanbeveryfrustrating.Themostcommonproblemsyou’llencounterarebalanceandnoiseissuesandswitchfailure,usuallyprecipitatedbythepullchainbreaking.Inmostcases,bothproblemscanbecorrectedwithoutremovingthefanfromtheceiling.But
ifyouhavedifficultyonladdersorsimplydon’tcaretoworkoverhead,considerremovingthefanwhenreplacingtheswitch.
Tools&Materials
ScrewdriverCombinationtoolReplacementswitchVoltageSensor
Ceilingfansaresubjecttoagreatdealofvibrationandstress,soit’snotuncommonforswitchesandmotorstofail.Minimizewearandtearbymakingsurebladesareinbalancesothefandoesn’twobble.
HowtoTroubleshootBladeWobble
Startbycheckingandtighteningallhardwareusedtoattachthebladestothemountingarmsandthemountingarmstothemotor.Hardwaretendstoloosenovertime,andthisisfrequentlythecauseofwobble.
Ifwobblepersists,tryswitchingaroundtwooftheblades.Often,thisisallittakestogetthefanbackintobalance.Ifabladeisdamagedorwarped,replaceit.
Ifthebladesaretightandyoustillhavewobble,turnthepoweroffatthepanel,removethefancanopy,andinspectthemountingbraceandtheconnectionbetweenthemountingpoleandthefanmotor.Ifanyconnectionsareloose,tightenthemandthenreplacethecanopy.
HowtoFixaLooseWireConnection
Aleadingcauseoffanfailureisloosewireconnections.Toinspecttheseconnections,firstshutoffthepowertothefan.Removethefanbladestogainaccess,thenremovethecanopythatcoverstheceilingboxandfanmountingbracket.Mostcanopiesaresecuredwithscrewsontheoutsideshell.Haveahelperholdthefanwhileyouremovethescrewssoitwon’tfall.
Oncethecanopyislowered,you’llseeblack,white,green,copper,andpossiblybluewires.Holdavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthesewireswiththewallswitchthatcontrolsthefanintheONposition.Theblackandbluewiresshouldcausethesensortobeepifpowerispresent.
Whenyouhaveconfirmedthatthereisnopower,checkallthewireconnectionstomakecertaineachistightandmakinggoodcontact.Youmaybeabletoseethataconnectionhascomeapartandneedstoberemade.Butevenifyouseeonebadconnection,checkthemallbygentlytuggingonthewireconnectors.Ifthewirespulloutofthewireconnectorortheconnectionfeelsloose,unscrewthewireconnectorfromthewires.
Testthewiresbyplacingavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthewires.Ifthesensorbeepsorlightsup,thenthecircuitisstillliveandisnotsafetowork.Whenthesensordoesnotbeeporlightup,thecircuitisdeadandmaybeworkedupon.Ifeverythingworks,reinstallthecanopybyreplacingthescrewsthatwereholdingitinplace.Reattachthefanbladesandthenrestorepower.
HowtoReplaceaCeilingFanPull-ChainSwitch
Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel.Useascrewdrivertoremovethethreetofourscrewsthatsecurethebottomcaponthefanswitchhousing.Lowerthecaptoexposethewiresthatsupplypowertothepull-chainswitch.
Testthewiresbyplacingavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthewires.Ifthesensorbeepsorlightsup,thenthecircuitisstillliveandisnotsafetowork.Whenthesensordoesnotbeeporlightup,thecircuitisdeadandmaybeworkedupon.
Locatetheswitchunit(thepartthatthepullchainusedtobeattachedtoifitbrokeoff);it’sprobablymadeofplastic.You’llneedtoreplacethewholeswitch.Fanswitchesareconnectedwithfromthreetoeightwires,dependingonthenumberofspeedsettings.
Attachasmallpieceoftapetoeachwirethatenterstheswitchandwriteanidentifyingnumberonthetape.Startatonesideoftheswitchandlabelthewiresintheorderthey’reattached.
Disconnecttheoldswitchwires,inmostcasesbycuttingthewiresoffasclosetotheoldswitchaspossible.Unscrewtheretainingnutthatsecurestheswitchtotheswitchhousing.
Buyer’sTip
Here’showtobuyanewswitch.Bringtheoldswitchtothehardwarestoreorhomecenter,andfindanidenticalnewswitch—onewiththesamenumberandcolorofwires.Itshouldalsoattachtothefanmotorwiresinthesameway(slotsorscrewterminalsorwithintegralwiresandwireconnectors)andattachtothefaninthesameway.Ifyouareunabletolocateanidenticalswitch,findtheownersmanualforyourceilingfanandcontactthemanufacturer.Or,findthebrandandmodelnumberofthefanandorderaswitchfromaceilingfandealerorelectronicssupplystore.
Removetheswitch.Theremaybeoneortwoscrewsthatholditinplaceoritmaybesecuredtotheoutsideofthefanwithasmallknurlednut,whichyoucanloosenwithneedlenosepliers.Purchaseanidenticalnewswitch.
Connectthenewswitchusingthesamewiringconfigurationasontheoldmodel.Tomakeconnections,firstuseawirestrippertostrip3/4"ofinsulationfromtheendsofeachofthewirescomingfromthefanmotor(theonesyoucutinstep5).Attachthewirestothenewswitchinthesameorderandconfiguraionastheywereattachedtotheoldswitch.Securethenewswitchinthehousingandmakesureallwiresaretuckedneatlyinside.Reattachthebottomcap.Testallthefan’sspeedstomakesurealltheconnectionsaregood.
RepairingFluorescentLights
Fluorescentlightsarerelativelytroublefreeanduselessenergythanincandescentlights.Atypicalfluorescenttubelastsaboutthreeyearsandproducestwotofourtimesasmuchlightperwattasastandardincandescentlightbulb.
Themostfrequentproblemwithafluorescentlightfixtureisaworn-outtube.Ifafluorescentlightfixturebeginstoflickerordoesnotlightfully,removeandexaminethetube.Ifthetubehasbentorbrokenpinsorblackdiscolorationneartheends,replaceit.Lightgraydiscolorationisnormalinworkingfluorescenttubes.Whenreplacinganoldtube,readthewattageratingprintedontheglasssurface,andbuyanewtubewithamatchingrating.Neverdisposeofoldtubesbybreakingthem.Fluorescenttubescontainasmallamountofhazardousmercury.Checkwithyourlocalenvironmentalcontrolagencyorhealthdepartmentfordisposalguidelines.
Fluorescentlightfixturesalsocanmalfunctionifthesocketsarecrackedorworn.Inexpensivereplacementsocketsareavailableatanyhardwarestoreandcanbeinstalledinafewminutes.Ifafixturedoesnotworkevenafterthetubeandsocketshavebeenserviced,theballastprobablyisdefective.Faultyballastsmayleakablack,
oilysubstanceandcancauseafluorescentlightfixturetomakealoudhummingsound.Althoughballastscanbereplaced,alwayscheckpricesbeforebuyinganewballast.Itmaybecheapertopurchaseandinstallanewfluorescentfixtureratherthantoreplacetheballastinanoldfluorescentlightfixture.
Afluorescentlightworksbydirectingelectricalcurrentthroughaspecialgas-filledtubethatglowswhenenergized.Awhitetranslucentdiffuserprotectsthefluorescenttubeandsoftensthelight.Acoverplateprotectsaspecialtransformer,calledaballast.Theballastregulatestheflowof120-volthouseholdcurrenttothesockets.Thesocketstransferpowertometalpinsthatextendintothetube.
PROBLEM REPAIRTubeflickers,orlightspartially.
1.Rotatetubetomakesureitisseatedproperlyinthesockets.2.Replacetubeandthestarter(wherepresent)iftubeisdiscoloredorifpinsarebentorbroken.3.Replacetheballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Tubedoesnotlight.
1.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.2.Rotatethetubetomakesureitisseatedproperlyinsockets.3.Replacetubeandthestarter(wherepresent)iftubeisdiscoloredorifpinsarebentorbroken.4.Replacesocketsiftheyarechippedoriftubedoesnotseatproperly.5.Replacetheballastortheentirefixture.
Noticeableblacksubstancearoundballast.
Replaceballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Fixturehums. Replaceballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Tools&Materials
ScrewdriverRatchetwrenchCombinationtoolCircuittesterReplacementtubesStarters,orballast(ifneeded)Replacementfluorescentlightfixture(ifneeded)
Olderfluorescentlightsmayhaveasmallcylindricaldevice,calledastarter,locatednearoneofthesockets.Whenatubebeginstoflicker,replaceboththe
tubeandthestarter.Turnoffthepower,thenremovethestarterbypushingitslightlyandturningcounterclockwise.Installareplacementthatmatchestheoldstarter.
HowtoReplaceaFluorescentTube
Turnoffpowertothelightfixtureattheswitch.Removethediffusertoexpose
thefluorescenttube.
Removethefluorescenttubebyrotatingit1/4turnineitherdirectionandslidingthetubeoutofthesockets.Inspectthepinsattheendofthetube.Tubeswithbentorbrokenpinsshouldbereplaced.
Inspecttheendsofthefluorescenttubefordiscoloration.Newtubeingoodworkingorder(top)showsnodiscoloration.Normal,workingtube(middle)mayhavegraycolor.Aworn-outtube(bottom)showsblackdiscoloration.
Installanewtubewiththesamewattageratingastheoldtube.Insertthetubesothatpinsslidefullyintosockets,thentwisttube1/4turnineitherdirectionuntilitislockedsecurely.Reattachthediffuser,andturnonthepoweratthemainservicepanel.
HowtoReplaceaSocket
Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel.Removethediffuser,fluorescenttube,andthecoverplate.Testforpowerbytouchingoneprobeofaneoncircuittestertothegroundingscrewandinsertingtheotherprobeintothehotwireconnector.Iftesterglows,returntotheservicepanelandturnoffcorrectcircuit.
Removethefaultysocketfromthefixturehousing.Somesocketsslideout,whileothersmustbeunscrewed.
Disconnectwiresattachedtosocket.Forpush-infittings(above)removethewiresbyinsertingasmallscrewdriverintothereleaseopenings.Somesocketshavescrewterminalconnections,whileothershavepreattachedwiresthatmustbecutbeforethesocketcanberemoved.
Purchaseandinstallanewsocket.Ifsockethaspreattachedwireleads,connecttheleadstotheballastwiresusingwireconnectors.Replacecoverplate,andthenthefluorescenttube,makingsurethatitseatsproperly.Replacethediffuser.Restorepowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanelandtest.
HowtoReplaceaBallast
Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel,thenremovethediffuser,fluorescenttube,andcoverplate.Testforpowerusingacircuittester(page303,step3).
Removethesocketsfromthefixturehousingbyslidingthemout,orbyremovingthemountingscrewsandliftingthesocketsout.
Disconnectthewiresattachedtothesocketsbypushingasmallscrewdriverintothereleaseopenings(above),bylooseningthescrewterminals,orbycuttingwirestowithin2"ofsockets.
Removetheoldballastusingaratchetwrenchorscrewdriver.Makesuretosupporttheballastsoitdoesnotfall.
Installanewballastthathasthesameratingsastheoldballast.
Attachtheballastwirestothesocketwiresusingwireconnectors,screwterminalconnections,orpush-infittings.Reinstallthecoverplate,fluorescenttube,anddiffuser.Turnonpowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.
HowtoReplaceaFluorescentLightFixture
Turnoffpowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removethediffuser,tube,andcoverplate.Testforpowerusingacircuittester.
Disconnecttheinsulatedcircuitwiresandthebarecoppergroundingwirefromthelightfixture.Loosenthecableclampholdingthecircuitwires.
Unscrewthefixturefromthewallorceilingandcarefullyremoveit.Makesuretosupportthefixturesoitdoesnotfall.
Positionthenewfixture,threadingthecircuitwiresthroughtheknockoutopeninginthebackofthefixture.Screwthefixtureinplacesoitisfirmlyanchoredtoframingmembers.
Connectthecircuitwirestothefixturewiresusingwireconnectors.Followthewiringdiagramincludedwiththenewfixture.Tightenthecableclampholdingthecircuitwires.
Attachthefixturecoverplate,theninstallthefluorescenttubesandattachthediffuser.Turnonpowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanelandtest.
ReplacingPlugs&Cords
Replaceanelectricalplugwheneveryounoticebentorlooseprongs,acrackedordamagedcasing,oramissing
insulatingfaceplate.Adamagedplugposesashockandfirehazard.
Replacementplugsareavailableindifferentstylestomatchcommonappliancecords.Alwayschooseareplacementthatissimilartotheoriginalplug.Flat-cordandquick-connectplugsareusedwithlight-dutyappliances,likelampsandradios.Round-cordplugsareusedwithlargerappliances,includingthosethathavethree-pronggroundingplugs.
Sometoolsandappliancesusepolarizedplugs.Apolarizedplughasonewideprongandonenarrowprong,correspondingtothehotandneutralslotsfoundinastandardreceptacle.
Ifthereisroomintheplugbody,tietheindividualwiresinanunderwriter’sknottosecuretheplugtothecord.
Tools&Materials
CombinationtoolNeedlenosepliersScrewdriverReplacementplug
HowtoInstallaQuick-connectPlug
Squeezetheprongsofthenewquick-connectplugtogetherslightlyandpulltheplugcorefromthecasing.Cuttheoldplugfromtheflat-cordwirewithacombinationtool,leavingacleancutend.
Feedunstrippedwirethroughrearofplugcasing.Spreadprongs,theninsertwireintoopeninginrearofcore.Squeezeprongstogether;spikesinsidecorepenetratecord.Slidecasingovercoreuntilitsnapsintoplace.
Whenreplacingapolarizedplug,makesurethattheridgedhalfofthecordlinesupwiththewider(neutral)prongoftheplug.
HowtoReplaceaRound-cordPlug
Cutoffroundcordneartheoldplugusingacombinationtool.Removetheinsulatingfaceplateonthenewplugandfeedcordthroughrearofplug.Stripabout3"ofouterinsulationfromtheroundcord.Strip3/4"insulationfromtheindividualwires.
Tieanunderwriter’sknotwiththeblackandthewhitewires.Makesuretheknotislocatedclosetotheedgeofthestrippedouterinsulation.Pullthecordso
thattheknotslidesintotheplugbody.
Hookendofblackwireclockwisearoundbrassscrewandwhitewirearoundsilverscrew.Onathree-prongplug,attachthirdwiretogroundingscrew.Ifnecessary,excessgroundingwirecanbecutaway.
Tightenthescrewssecurely,makingsurethecopperwiresdonottoucheach
other.Replacetheinsulatingfaceplate.
HowtoReplaceaFlat-cordPlug
Cutoldplugfromcordusingacombinationtool.Pullapartthetwohalvesoftheflatcordsothatabout2"ofwireareseparated.Strip3/4"insulationfromeachhalf.Removecasingcoveronnewplug.
Hookendsofwiresclockwisearoundthescrewterminals,andtightenthescrewterminalssecurely.Reassembletheplugcasing.Someplugsmayhaveaninsulatingfaceplatethatmustbeinstalled.
HowtoReplaceaLampCord
Withthelampunplugged,theshadeoff,andthebulbout,youcanremovethesocket.Squeezetheoutershellofthesocketjustabovethebaseandpulltheshelloutofthebase.TheshellisoftenmarkedPressatsomepointalongitsperimeter.Pressthereandthenpull.
Undertheoutershellthereisacardboardinsulatingsleeve.Pullthisoffandyou’llrevealthesocketattachedtotheendofthecord.
Withtheshellandinsulationsetaside,pullthesocketawayfromthelamp(itwillstillbeconnectedtothecord).Unscrewthetwoscrewstocompletelydisconnectthesocketfromthecord.Setthesocketasidewithitsshell(you’llneedthemtoreassemblethelamp)
Removetheoldcordfromthelampbygraspingthecordnearthebaseandpullingthecordthroughthelamp.
Bringyourdamagedcordtoahardwarestoreorhomecenterandpurchaseasimilarcordset.(Acordsetissimplyareplacementcordwithaplugalreadyattached.)Snaketheendofthecordupfromthebaseofthelampthroughthetopsothatabout3"ofcordisvisibleabovethetop.
Carefullyseparatethetwohalvesofthecord.Ifthehalveswon’tpullapart,youcancarefullymakeacutinthemiddlewithaknife.Stripawayabout3/4"ofinsulationfromtheendofeachwire.
Connecttheendsofthenewcordtothetwoscrewsonthesideofthesocket(oneofwhichwillbesilverincolor,theotherbrass-colored).Onehalfofthecordwillhaveribbingormarkingsalongitslength;wrapthatwireclockwisearoundthesilverscrewandtightenthescrew.Theotherhalfofthecordwillbesmooth;wrapitaroundthecopperscrewandtightenthescrew.
Setthesocketonthebase.Makesuretheswitchisn’tblockedbytheharp—thepartthatholdstheshadeonsomelamps.Slidethecardboardinsulatingsleeveoverthesocketsothesleeve’snotchalignswiththeswitch.Nowslidetheoutersleeveoverthesocket,aligningthenotchwiththeswitch.Itshouldsnapintothebasesecurely.Screwinalightbulb,plugthelampin,andtestit.
ReplacingaLampSocket
Nexttothecordplug,themostcommonsourceoftroubleinalampisawornlightbulbsocket.Whenalampsocketassemblyfails,theproblemisusuallywiththesocket-switchunit,althoughreplacementsocketsmayincludeotherpartsyoudonotneed.
Lampfailureisnotalwayscausedbyabadsocket.Youcanavoidunnecessaryrepairsbycheckingthelampcord,plug,andlightbulbbeforereplacingthesocket.
Tools&Materials
ReplacementsocketContinuitytesterScrewdriver
Socket-mountedswitchtypesareusuallyinterchangeable:chooseareplacementyouprefer.Clockwisefromtopleft:twistknob,remoteswitch,pullchain,pushlever.
Tip
Whenreplacingalampsocket,youcanimproveastandardON-OFFlampbyinstallingathree-waysocket.
HowtoRepairorReplaceaLampSocket
Unpluglamp.Removeshade,lightbulb,andharp(shadebracket).Scrapecontacttabcleanwithasmallscrewdriver.Prycontacttabupslightlyifflattenedinsidesocket.Replacebulb,pluginlamp,andtest.Iflampdoesnotwork,unplug,removebulb,andcontinuewithnextstep.
SqueezeoutershellofsocketnearPressmarking,andliftitoff.Onolderlamps,socketmaybeheldbyscrewsfoundatthebaseofthescrewsocket.Slipoffcardboardinsulatingsleeve.Ifsleeveisdamaged,replaceentiresocket.
Checkforloosewireconnectionsonscrewterminals.Refastenanylooseconnections,thenreassemblelamp,andtest.Ifconnectionsarenotloose,removethewires,liftoutthesocket,andcontinuewiththenextstep.
Testforlampcordproblemswithcontinuitytester.Placeclipoftesterononeprongofplug.Touchprobetooneexposedwire,thentotheotherwire.Repeattestwithotherprongofplug.Iftesterfailstolightforeitherprong,thenreplacethecordandplug.Retestthelamp.
Ifcordandplugarefunctional,thenchooseareplacementsocketmarkedwiththesameampandvoltratingsastheoldsocket.Onehalfofflat-cordlampwireiscoveredbyinsulationthatisridgedormarked:attachthiswiretothesilverscrewterminal.Connectotherwiretobrassscrew.
Slideinsulatingsleeveandoutershelloversocketsothatsocketandscrewterminalsarefullycoveredandswitchfitsintosleeveslot.Presssocketassemblydownintocapuntilsocketlocksintoplace.Replaceharp,lightbulb,andshade.
ConversionsMetricEquivalent
ConvertingMeasurements
TOCONVERT: TO: MULTIPLYBY:Inches Millimeters 25.4Inches Centimeters 25.4Feet Meters 0.305Yards Meters 0.914Miles Kilometers 1.609Squareinches Squarecentimeters 6.45Squarefeet Squaremeters 0.093Squareyards Squaremeters 0.836Cubicinches Cubiccentimeters 16.4Cubicfeet Cubicmeters 0.0283Cubicyards Cubicmeters 0.765Pints(U.S.) Liters 0.473(lmp.0.568)Quarts(U.S.) Liters 0.946(lmp.1.136)Gallons(U.S.) Liters 3.785(lmp.4.546)Ounces Grams 28.4Pounds Kilograms 0.454Tons Metrictons 0.907Millimeters Inches 0.039Centimeters Inches 0.394Meters Feet 3.28Meters Yards 1.09Kilometers Miles 0.621Squarecentimeters Squareinches 0.155Squaremeters Squarefeet 10.8
Squaremeters Squareyards 1.2Cubiccentimeters Cubicinches 0.061Cubicmeters Cubicfeet 35.3Cubicmeters Cubicyards 1.31Liters Pints(U.S.) 2.114(lmp.1.76)Liters Quarts(U.S.) 1.057(lmp.0.88)Liters Gallons(U.S.) 0.264(lmp.0.22)Grams Ounces 0.035Kilograms Pounds 2.2Metrictons Tons 1.1
ConvertingTemperatures
ConvertdegreesFahrenheit(F)todegreesCelsius(C)byfollowingthissimpleformula:Subtract32fromtheFahrenheittemperaturereading.Thenmulitplythatnumberby5/9.Forexample,77°F-32=45.45×5/9=25°C.ToconvertdegreesCelsiustodegreesFahrenheit,multiplytheCelsiustemperaturereadingby9/5,thenadd32.Forexample,25°C×9/5=45.45+32=77°F.
Copyright©2013CreativePublishinginternational,Inc.400FirstAvenueNorth,Suite300Minneapolis,Minnesota554011-800-328-0590www.creativepub.comAllrightsreserved
10987654321
President/CEO:KenFund
Digitaledition:978-1-61058-724-2Softcoveredition:978-1-58923-601-1
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Thecompleteguidetowiring.--5thed.p.cm.“Currentwith2011-2013Electricalcodes.”“Black&Decker.”
Includesindex.Summary:“New5theditionisfullycompliantwiththe2013NationalElectricalCode.”--Providedbypublisher.ISBN-13:978-1-58923-601-1(softcover)ISBN-10:1-58923-601-7(softcover)1.Electricwiring,Interior--Amateurs’manuals.2.Dwellings--Maintenanceandrepair--Amateurs’manuals.3.Dwellings--Electricequipment--Amateurs’manuals.I.Black&DeckerCorporation(Towson,Md.)II.CreativePublishingInternational.III.Title:Black&Decker,thecompleteguidetowiring.
TK3284.C652011621.319’24--dc22
2011000820
HomeImprovementGroup
Publisher:BryanTrandemManagingEditor:TracyStanleySeniorEditor:MarkJohanson
CreativeDirector:MicheleLanci-AltomareArtDirection/Design:BradSpringer,JamesKegley,KimWinscher
LeadPhotographer:CoreanKomarecSetBuilder:JamesParmeterProductionManagers:LauraHokkanen,LindaHalls
EditionEditor:ChrisSibellPageLayoutArtist:DanielleSmithTechnicalConsultantandShopHelp:JohnKeaneProofreader:IngridSundstromLundegaard
TheCompleteGuidetoWiring5thEditionCreatedby:TheEditorsofCreativePublishinginternational,Inc.,incooperationwithBlack&Decker.Black&Decker®isatrademarkofTheBlack&DeckerCorporationandisusedunderlicense.
NOTICETOREADERSForsafety,usecaution,care,andgoodjudgmentwhenfollowingtheproceduresdescribedinthisbook.ThepublisherandBlack&Deckercannotassumeresponsibilityforanydamagetopropertyor
injurytopersonsasaresultofmisuseoftheinformationprovided.
Thetechniquesshowninthisbookaregeneraltechniquesforvariousapplications.Insomeinstances,additionaltechniquesnotshowninthisbookmayberequired.Alwaysfollowmanufacturers’instructionsincludedwithproducts,sincedeviatingfromthedirectionsmayvoidwarranties.Theprojectsinthisbookvarywidelyastoskilllevelsrequired:somemaynotbeappropriateforalldo-it-yourselfers,andsomemayrequireprofessionalhelp.
Consultyourlocalbuildingdepartmentforinformationonbuildingpermits,codes,andotherlawsastheyapplytoyourproject.
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