bitc201 coursebook
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Bioethics Centre / Te Pokapū Matatika Koiora
University of Otago
BITC201
BIOETHICS AND THE LIFE SCIENCES
2014
CONTENTS
TIME 2
VENUE 2
COURSE COORDINATOR 2
LECTURERS 2
TUTOR 2
CONTACT INFORMATION 2
OFFICE HOURS 2
DISABILITY SUPPORT 3
CLASS REPRESENTATIVE 3
BLACKBOARD 3
COMMUNICATING WITH YOU 3
TIMETABLE 4
COURSE OBJECTIVES 6
COURSE EXPECTATIONS 6
USEFUL REFERENCES 7
ASSESSMENTS 8
ESSAYS 8
EXAMINATION 8
PRESENTATION OF ESSAYS 9
REFERENCES AND CITATIONS 9
SUBMISSION OF ESSAYS 9
EXTENSIONS, PENALTIES AND IMPAIRMENTS 9
Penalties 9
Extensions 9
Impairment 10
DISHONEST PRACTICE 10
READINGS 12
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TIME Lectures: Tuesday and Wednesday, 2-2:50pm
Tutorials: Wednesday, 3-3:50pm
VENUE Lectures and Tutorials:
Tuesdays: Burns Building, Seminar Room 5
Wednesdays: Commerce Building, Seminar Room 2.20
COURSE COORDINATOR Dr. Mike King (MK)
LECTURERS Dr. Lynley Anderson (LA)
Sandy Elkin (SE)
Associate Professor Colin Gavaghan (CG), Director of the
New Zealand Law Foundation Centre for Law and Policy in
Emerging Technologies, Faculty of Law
Professor Gareth Jones (GJ)
Associate Professor Jing-Bao Nie (JBN)
Dr. Mike King (MK)
Dr. Neil Pickering (NP)
TUTOR Mike King (MK)
CONTACT INFORMATION Mike King; Room 1.16A, 71 Frederick Street; Tel. 471 6130;
Email: mike.king@otago.ac.nz
Departmental Administrators:
Angela French; Room 1.02, 71 Frederick Street; Tel: 471
6120; Email: angela.french@otago.ac.nz
Rachel Bell Nash; Room 1.03, 71 Frederick St reet; Tel: 471
6122; Email: rachel.nash@otago.ac.nz
OFFICE HOURS Mondays & Tuesdays, 9-10am.
Room 1.16A, Bioethics Centre, 71 Frederick Street.
During these times the coordinator will be available for any
course-related enquiries, and an appointment is not
necessary. If a meeting is required outside these times,
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please discuss with the coordinator to see what may be
arranged.
DISABILITY SUPPORT If you have a disability that affects your learning in this paper, and which you would like support for,
please contact the coordinator and/or Disability Information and Support to discuss your needs
confidentially.
CLASS REPRESENTATIVE Early in the semester a class representative will be called for. This is an important role, which helps
to represent the interests of the class to the lecturers and coordinator, with the aim of fostering the
best learning environment possible. Please give some thought to whether you would like to be
considered for this role, and discuss your views freely with the class representative during the
semester, so that we can work to enhance your learning throughout the paper.
BLACKBOARD Blackboard will be an essential tool for this course:
All course related materials, including this course book, assessment details and all required
readings, will be made available on Blackboard as needed.
Distributing the Powerpoint presentations of lectures or other material that may be used in
class.
Blackboard should be used for the submission of assignments.
To log on to Blackboard you need your user ID and a password. The ITS Help Desk (479 8888) will be
able to help you if you run into difficulties.
ITS has a page which contains instructions for students working with Blackboard. If you have any
further difficulties, you can contact them for help.
COMMUNICATING WITH YOU The primary means of University communications with students is through the student email
address allocated by the University.
IMPORTANT - DO THIS NOW!
If you do not regularly use your University email address, please forward your University email
address to an email address that you do use regularly as follows (these instructions are provided
here, along with some further information):
Log into your StudentMail account using your student username and password
Click Options > See All Options
Under Account, select either the Forward your email shortcut or the Connected Accounts
tab.
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At the bottom of the screen, type in the email address you want your email to be forwarded
to. You can also choose to have a copy of these emails kept on your StudentMail account, so
please check the box if you would like this.
Click the “start forwarding” link at the bottom of the page.
TIMETABLE
Lecture Human experimentation and the birth of bioethics
1 Wartime experimentation JBN Tuesday 25 February
2 The Unfortunate Experiment SE Wednesday 26
February
Tutorial 1 MK & AL Wednesday 26
February
The regulatory challenge of science and technology
3 Tensions and disconnections CG Tuesday 4 March
4 Targets and tools CG Wednesday 5 March
Tutorial 2 MK & AL Wednesday 5 March
Ethical theories
5 Utilitarianism, virtue ethics MK Tuesday 11 March
6 Deontology & principlism MK Wednesday 12
March
Tutorial 3 MK & AL Wednesday 12
March
Science & the environment
7 Environmental values MK Tuesday 18 March
8 Climate change science & skepticism NP Wednesday 19
March
Tutorial 4 MK & AL Wednesday 19
March
ESSAY 1 DUE Friday 21 March,
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5pm
Animals in science
9 Ethics of animal experimentation MK Tuesday 25 March
10 Manipulation of animals in science MK Wednesday 26
March
Tutorial 5 MK & AL Wednesday 26
March
Scientific responsibility
11 The responsibilities of scientists MK Tuesday 1 April
12 Scientific fraud GJ Wednesday 2 April
Tutorial 6 MK & AL Wednesday 2 April
Science and embryos
13 IVF: its rise and ethical debate GJ Tuesday 8 April
14 Moral status of the embryo MK Wednesday 9 April
Tutorial 7 MK & AL Wednesday 9 April
15 Abortion MK Tuesday 15 April
16 Sex-selective abortion in Asia JBN Wednesday 16 April
Tutorial 8 MK & AL Wednesday 16 April
MIDSEMESTER BREAK
17 Regulation of assisted reproductive technology in NZ LA Tuesday 29 April
18 Stem cell research GJ Wednesday 30 April
Tutorial 9 MK & AL Wednesday 30 April
19 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to avoid disease GJ Tuesday 6 May
20 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to enhance GJ Wednesday 7 May
Tutorial 10 MK & AL Wednesday 7 May
ESSAY 2 DUE Friday 10 May, 5pm
Science & the brain
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21 Treating the brain GJ Tuesday 13 May
22 Manipulating the brain GJ Wednesday 14 May
Tutorial 11 MK & AL Wednesday 14 May
Use of dead humans and their tissue
23 Respecting the dead human body GJ Tuesday 20 May
24 Preserving the dead human body GJ Wednesday 21 May
Tutorial 12 MK & AL Wednesday 21 May
Emerging issues in science
25 Bodily and moral enhancement GJ Tuesday 27 May
26 The complex role of science in enhancement MK Wednesday 28 May
Tutorial 13 – course wrap-up MK & AL Wednesday 28 May
COURSE OBJECTIVES The main aim of this paper is to introduce students to different ways of thinking about
contemporary ethical issues, beyond the confines of particular disciplinary perspectives.
The paper will encourage students to:
• Be able to identify key ethical concepts
• Identify moral claims and distinguish them from other sorts of claims
• Identify reasons given in support of particular moral claims
• Compare and contrast alternative analyses of topics
• Identify strengths and weaknesses of alternative analyses of topics
• Review key approaches and literature relating to bioethics of the biosciences, including
topics concerning the beginning of life
• Use reasoned argument to present preferred analysis/approach
• Begin to recognize implications of ethical reasoning for scientific practice
COURSE EXPECTATIONS Studying bioethics is exciting and rewarding. It is also demanding and needs commitment,
enthusiasm, and hard work. In general, you are expected to be an active learner, rather than a
passive receiver of information.
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Any reading required for a lecture will be provided in advance on Blackboard. This will generally
contain a summary of the ideas being discussed in the lecture. It is expected that you will have read
this before the lecture, and begin to reflect on what you’ve read.
The summary will often quote liberally from one or two readings, which will also be provided for you
on Blackboard. It may also list further reading that you can do to increase the depth of your
understanding of the topic. The more of this reading you can do, the greater your understanding will
be, and this will likely be reflected in the quality of your work and the mark it receives.
Bear in mind that this paper does not have lengthy labs to occupy your time – you only have three
contact hours each week. It is expected that you’ll devote further time during the week to reading
and working on your assessments. This likely means that you will be doing more reading than you
might in some of your other papers. Although you have numerous demands on your time, I strongly
recommend that you do set aside the time for this paper outside of your contact hours, and use it
effectively.
USEFUL REFERENCES While the required and recommended readings are available on Blackboard, you are recommended
to make use of other relevant sources in your work (especially your assignment work), such as these
bioethical textbooks and anthologies reserved in the Medical Library and/or Bioethics Centre Library.
These may be useful as research material for your assignment work.
Ashcroft, R., Dawson, A., Draper, H. & McMillan J.R. eds. 2007. Principles ofHealth Care Ethics, 2nd
Edition. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Beauchamp, T.L. & Childress, J. F. 2012. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. (The 2008 6th edition is also very good.)
Bulger, R.E., Heitman, E. & Reiser, S.J. 1993. The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological Sciences.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kuhse, H. & Singer, P. eds. 2006. Bioethics: An Anthology. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Khuse, H. & Singer, P. eds. 2001. A Companion to Bioethics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mepham, B. Bioethics: An introduction for the biosciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Post, S. G. ed. 2003. Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd Edition, (5 Volumes). New York: Macmillan
Reference USA.
Singer, P. 1993. Practical Ethics, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steinbock, B. eds. 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
There are many bioethics journals include Journal of Medical Ethics, Hastings Centre Report,
Bioethics, American Journal of Bioethics, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. These journals are
available online and/or physically from the University of Otago Library.
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NOTE: The Bioethics Centre Library (Room 116 in the Bioethics Centre) is a departmental reference
library, not a lending library. You are welcome and encouraged to read the publications in this library
but not allowed to borrow any item. You can scan material for free and email it to yourself using the
photocopier outside the administrator’s office. Instructions are on the wall by the photocopier.
Please see the administrators if you have problems.
ASSESSMENTS You will be assessed by your performance in two essays and a final exam:
Assessment Word Length* Due Date %
Essay 1 1500 5pm Friday, 21st March 15%
Essay 2 1500 5pm Friday 10th May 35%
Examination TBA 50%
* ±10%
ESSAYS
Essays will be returned within 3 weeks of their submission.
Word lengths for essays are ±10% (150 words). So the acceptable word limit range is 1350-1650 for
both essays. You will be penalized 5% if your word count is outside this range. Word count does not
include reference list.
Essay questions and further details for the first essay will be provided on Blackboard in the first week
of semester.
Instruction on how to research and write a bioethics essay will be covered in your tutorials and a
learning module on essay writing is provide on Blackboard in the library resources section. There you
will also find details on how to make best use of the library in your research.
EXAMINATION
The exam is designed to develop and assess the student’s understanding of bioethical issues covered
in this course and his or her skills of bioethical analysis. Questions will be drawn from the material
taught during the course. The exam will conclude the course, and you will be notified of the place,
date and time when it is set. The exam will be 2 hours in length and will contribute 50% of your total
mark for the paper.
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PRESENTATION OF ESSAYS
All assignments must be typed. Use 1 ½ or double line spacing.
• Include a coversheet for your assessment (a template will be provided on Blackboard), with your student ID as your identifier, not your name. It is preferred that the authorship of assessments remains anonymous for marking purposes.
• The coversheet should also contain the following: paper code, paper coordinator, assignment question or title, and assignment due date.
• Number each page. Put your ID number at the top right corner of each page.
• Check that the word count complies with the assignment limit. Word limits for essays do not include the reference list.
• Proof-read your final copy carefully. Ensure that spelling, punctuation and grammar are correct, language is appropriate and expression is clear.
• FINALLY: KEEP A COPY! All care is taken with your assignments, but they can get lost.
REFERENCES AND CITATIONS
You need to search and refer to literature in completing your course work, especially for research
essay. There are many different referencing (citation) styles. They all contain details of author, title,
publisher details and date of publication. Sources include books, journals & periodicals, the internet,
and occasional publications such as technical reports. All sources must be acknowledged in short
form within the text and in full standard bibliographical form under a heading “References” at the
end of the assignment.
For this paper, the Harvard referencing and citation style is preferred. To find details of the Harvard
style, visit the citation styles page at the University of Otago Library website. A guide to the Harvard
style will also be provided on Blackboard.
SUBMISSION OF ESSAYS
Blackboard must be used for the submission of essays. Essay submission will be via the SafeAssign
services in Blackboard. This automatically checks all essays for plagiarism. It also allows you to check
a draft of your essay for plagiarism before submitting. More details on how to submit your essay
using SafeAssign in Blackboard can be found on the ITS website. If you experience difficulties with
essay submission, contact the ITS helpdesk and paper coordinator immediately.
EXTENSIONS, PENALTIES AND IMPAIRMENTS
Extensions
Requests for and extension to assessment deadlines must be made in writing to the course
coordinator at the earliest opportunity. Depending on the nature of the extension request, a medical
certificate may be required. The amount of extension allowed will be made based on the student’s
circumstances, taking into account the restrictions on deadlines provided in (5). Where the
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extension requested seems likely to significantly affect the student’s satisfactory completion of
other work in the paper, the coordinator should discuss other possibilities with the student, such as
withdrawing from the paper. Any disagreement over extensions will be decided by the Centre
Director.
Penalties
Essays handed in after the assessment deadline will incur a penalty of 2% per working day, unless an
extension has been granted. This penalty will apply after extended deadlines if an extended deadline
is not met.
Impairment
Extensions should be arranged to minimize the effect of impairments on student performance in
written assessments. Despite this, where a student’s performance in a written assessment has been
impaired, this should be taken into consideration in the mark it receives. Claims of impairment must
be made in writing to the Centre Director, and must be made within 5 days of completion of the
written assessment (adapted from Administration of Examinations, Including Departmental
Responsibilities Policy, 5.2, 5.8).
The amount of certification required from the student will vary in proportion to the significance of
the assessment (with a weighting of 20% or above considered significant). “For example, should the
assignment or internal assessment test count significantly towards the final result then a formal
Health Declaration should be required […]. On the other hand, should the weighting be minor then
the issue should be dealt with entirely at departmental level with no requirement for a Health
Declaration unless the Head of Department concerned sees a special need to require such
documentation.” (Administration of Examinations, Including Departmental Responsibilities Policy,
5.8)
With appropriate adaptation, policy guiding claims of impairment in final exams (Administration of
Examinations, Including Departmental Responsibilities Policy, 5) will be applied to determine the
mark given to an essay under conditions of impairment.
DISHONEST PRACTICE
The University of Otago plagiarism statement is as follows:
Students should make sure that all submitted work is their own. Plagiarism is a form of dishonest
practice. Plagiarism is defined as copying or paraphrasing another’s work and presenting it as one’s
own (University of Otago Calendar 2011 page 224). In practice this means plagiarism includes any
attempt in any piece of submitted work (e.g. an assignment or test) to present as one’s own work the
work of another (whether of another student or a published authority). Any student found
responsible for plagiarism in any piece of work submitted for assessment shall be subject to the
University’s dishonest practice regulations which may result in various penalties, including forfeiture
of marks for the piece of work submitted, a zero grade for the paper, or in extreme cases exclusion
from the University. The University of Otago reserves the right to use plagiarism detection tools.
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All essays submitted for this paper will be checked for plagiarism using the SafeAssign service within
Blackboard. Here is more information on plagiarism, including University of Otago policy and
procedures. A helpful learning module about plagiarism is provided for you in Blackboard within the
library resources section.
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READINGS Topic: Human experimentation and the birth of bioethics Wartime Medical Atrocities Barondess, J.A. (1996) Medicine Against Society: Lessons From the Third Reich. Journal of American Medical Association 276(20): 1657-1661. Nie, J.B. (2002) Japanese Doctors’ Experimentation in Wartime China. The Lancet 360: s5-s6. The Unfortunate Experiment Skegg, David (2009) The Cartwright Inquiry and its Legacy. In Manning, Joanna, ed. The Cartwright Papers. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2009.p7-10 Topic: The regulatory challenge of science and technology Tensions and disconnections Targets and tools Brownsword, R. & Goodwin, M. (2012) Four Key Regulatory Challenges. Law and the Technologies of the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 46-71 Topic: Ethical theories Utilitarianism and virtue ethics Deontology, Rights and Principlism Childress, J.F. (2007) Methods in bioethics. In: The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics. B. Steinbock (ed.), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 15-45. Topic: Animals in science Ethics of animal experimentation DeGrazia, D. 1999. The Ethics of Animal Research: What Are the Prospects for Agreement? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 8: 23-34. Lecture 10. Manipulation of animals in science Thompson, P., 2008. The Opposite of Human Enhancement: Nanotechnology and the Blind Chicken Problem. Nanoethics 2: 305-316. Topic: Scientific responsibility Scientific responsibility Forge J. 2000. Science and moral responsibility: an outline. Melbourne Studies in Education 41(2): 61-71. Lecture 11. Scientific fraud Cryanoski, D. 2012. Retraction record rocks community. Nature 489: 346-347. Martonson, B.C., Anderson, M.S., de Vries, R. 2005. Scientists behaving badly. Nature 435: 737-738. Topic: Science and embryos IVF – Its rise and ethical debate ESHRE 2001. I: The Moral status of the preimplantation embryo. Human Reproduction 16: 1046-1048. Moral status of the embryo Singer, P. 1997 The Moral Status of the embryo. In: Classic Works in Medical Ethics, G. Pence (ed.) McGraw-Hill: New York, 83-92. Abortion Warren, M.A. 2012. Abortion. In A Companion to Bioethics, H. Khuse and P. Singer (eds.). Wiley-Blackwell Chichester, 140-148. Sex-Selective Abortion in Asia Nie, J.B. (2011) Non-medical sex-selective abortion in China: Ethical and public policy issues in the context of 40 million missing females. British Medical Bulletin 98: 7-20.
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Regulation of assisted reproductive technology in NZ Anderson,L. Snelling, J. & Tomlins-Jahnke, H. 2012. The practice of surrogacy in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 52: 253–257. Stem cell research Towns, C.R. and Jones, D.G. 2006. Stem cells: public policy and ethics. In: The Stem Cell Controversy: Debating the Issues, 2nd Edition. Ruse, M. and Pynes, C.A. eds. Prometheus Books: Amherst, NY, pp. 329-341. Hammond-Browning, M. 2012. Stem cells. In: Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd Edition. Chadwick, R. ed. Elsevier, pp. 227-234. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to avoid disease Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to enhance (eugenics) Robertson, J.A. 2003. Extending preimplantation genetic diagnosis: the ethical debate. Ethical issues in new uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Human reproduction 18: 465-471. Savulescu, J. 2001. Procreative beneficence: Why we should select the best children. Bioethics 15: 413-426. Sparrow, R. 2007. Procreative beneficence, obligation, and eugenics. Genomics, Society and Policy 3(3): 43-59. Topic: Science and the environment Environmental values McShane, K., 2013. Environmental ethics. In: International Encyclopedia of Ethics, LaFollette, H. ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Climate change science & skepticism Jasanoff, S. (2010) Testing time for climate science. SCIENCE 328, 695-696. Topic: Science and the Brain Treating the brain McMillan, J. 2013. Psychosurgery. In: International Encyclopedia of Ethics, LaFollette, H. ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee064/full Manipulating the brain Singer, P., Sagan, A. 2012. Are we ready for a morality pill? New York Times, January 28. Available online at: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/are-we-ready-for-a-morality-pill/ Topic: Use of dead humans and their tissue Respecting the Dead Human Body Jones, D. G. 1994. Use of bequeathed and unclaimed bodies in the dissecting room. Clinical Anatomy 7: 102–107. Preserving the Dead Human Body Jones, D.G. and Whitaker, M.I. 2009. Engaging with plastination and the Body Worlds phenomenon: A cultural and intellectual challenge for anatomists. Clinical Anatomy 22: 770–776. doi: 10.1002/ca.20824 Topic: Emerging issues in science Human enhancement The complex role of science in enhancement Douglas, T. 2013. Biomedical enhancement. In: International Encyclopedia of Ethics, LaFollette, H. ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee560/pdf
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