birth & future of multi-scale modeling of … · computer simulation of protein folding fold...

Nobel Lectures, Stockholm8 December 2013

Michael LevittStructural Biology & Computer Science

Stanford

BIRTH & FUTURE OF MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF MACROMOLECULES

http://csb.stanford.edu/levitt ©Michael Levitt 13

SUMMARY1. How It All Began.

2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.

3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.

4. Some General Thoughts.©Michael Levitt 13

1.0 ©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

1951: PAULING THE GREAT CHEMIST

1951The alpha-helix 1901-1994

1953: FRANCIS CRICK

1916-2004

DNA Model and Experiment©Michael Levitt 13

First protein X-ray structure.

1959: KENDREW AND MYOGLOBINScientific American 1961

Painted by artist Irving Geis

1917-1997

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

1962: PERUTZ AND HEMOGLOBIN

The REAL HERO of structural biology.1914-2002

©Michael Levitt 13

1965: PHILLIPS AND LYSOZYME

Early supporter of Computational Biology

1924-1999

1943-1945: LOS ALAMOS

The Birth of the Monte Carlo Method.

http://trace.ntu.ac.uk/frame2/articles/borg/JvN.html ©Michael Levitt 13

LIQUIDS: ARGON & WATER

©Michael Levitt 13

Argon is like a collection of hard spheres. Each Argon has

12 to 14 neighbors.

Water has an open structure. Due to tetrahedral geometry,

each water has 4 to 5 neighbors.Molecular Simulation.

Aneesur Rahman1927-1987

1. How It All Began.

2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.

3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.

4. Some General Thoughts.

SUMMARY SO FAR

©Michael Levitt 13

2. BIRTH OF COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL

BIOLOGY©Michael Levitt 134.3

KENDREW, ME & ISRAEL

©Michael Levitt 13

Nobel Prize in 1962Gave TV Series in 1964

Sent me to Israel in 1967

BBC TV Winter 1964

SHNEIOR LIFSON 1914-2001

©Michael Levitt 13Weizmann Institute 1967-68

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

BIOLOGY IS DETAILED INTERACTIONS

Myoglobin 1961 Lysozyme 1966

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

MOLECULAR POTENTIAL ENERGY

UUSimple sumover manyterms

U

r

r+ -

rU

rU

T

All Bonds All Angles

All partial charges

All Nonbonded pairs

All Torsion Angles

Hooke 1635

Fourier 1768

Van der Waals 1837

Coulomb 1736

MOVING OVER ENERGY SURFACEx

Energ

y,U

Position

EM: Energy Minimizationdrops into local minimum.

MD: Molecular Dynamics uses thermal energy to move smoothly over surface.

MC: Monte Carlo Moves are random. Accept with probability exp (-ΔU/kT).

©Michael Levitt 13

NMD: Normal Mode Dynamics vibrates about minimum.

Euclid 325 BC

Galileo 1564

Newton 1643

Metropolis 1915

©Michael Levitt 13

EINSTEIN* ON SIMPLIFICATION

“Everything Should Be Made As SimpleAs It Can Be, But Not Simpler”

*Einstein may have crafted this aphorism, but there is no directevidence in his writings. He did express a similar idea in a lecture but not concisely. Roger Sessions was a key figure in the propagation of

the saying. In fact, he may have crafted it when he attempted toparaphrase an idea imparted by Einstein.

©Michael Levitt 13http://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/05/13/einstein-simple/

All Non-Hydrogen Atoms 1969Atom Groups 1975All Atoms & Electrons 1976All Atoms & Water 1988

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

MACROMOLECULAR ENERGY MINIMIZATION

First protein structure refinement

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PROTEIN FOLDING

Fold protein with 1000 steps of minimization.

Escape from local minima with normal modes jumps.

GLYψi

ASPVAL

ALA

φi φi+1

Reduced models

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMIC REACTIONS

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

THE FIRST MOVIE OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS (1979)

©Michael Levitt 13

PROTEIN MOLECULAR DYNAMICS IN WATER 1988

©Michael Levitt 1316.8

©Michael Levitt 13

ACCURATE SIMULATION OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS IN SOLUTION

In Water

In Vacuo

ñ-HELIX MOLECULAR DYNAMICS IN WATER 1990

©Michael Levitt 13

1. How It All Began.

2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.

3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.

4. Some General Thoughts.©Michael Levitt 13

SUMMARY SO FAR

3. FUTURE: MULTI-SCALE DYNAMICS OF HUGE STRUCTURES

©Michael Levitt 1316.9

©Michael Levitt 13

MARKOV STATE DYNAMICS OF RNA POLYMERASE II

©Michael Levitt 13

Xuhui Huang

Daniel Silva

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

Jenelle Bray

Junjie Zhang

COARSE-GRAINED & ALL-ATOM NORMAL MODE DYNAMICS OF ENTIRE RIBOSOME

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

Peter Minary

Adelene Sim

NATURAL MOVE MONTE CARLO

Move any part of system:AtomsNucleotidesBase PairsHairpin HelicesMany Helices togetherAll of these

Natural Moves allow a hierarchy of moves.One calculation can combine all the different scales.

Bases Pairs Bases Pairs & Helices

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

ANTIBODY HUMANIZATION

©Michael Levitt 11

CDR Residues

Antibody

QUEEN

Antibody

CDR Residues

WINTER

Seven employees living in Nevada next to Lake Tahoe.

BREADTH OR LACK OF FOCUS?

Ivan Ufimtsev

Nir KalismanLarge Complexes.

Andrea Scaiewicz Compare Genomes.

Yana GofmanMembrane Proteins.

X Ray Phase Problem.

-

©Michael Levitt 13

1. How It All Began.

2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.

3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.

4. Some General Thoughts.

SUMMARY SO FAR

©Michael Levitt 1322.5

©Michael Levitt 13

LAPTOP10 GB1 GHz$4,0002013

HALL1 MB0.1 MHz$40M1967

SIZEMEMORYSPEEDCOSTDATE

HOW COMPUTERS HAVE CHANGED

10,00010,00010,00010,000CHANGE

If cars were like computers, then a new Volvo would cost $3, would have a top speed of 1,000,000 Km/hr, would carry 50,000

adults and would park in a shoebox.©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

MOM RINA

MY MOTHER, MY WIFE

©Michael Levitt 13

You know the old saying? “Behind every successful man

there is a

©Michael Levitt 13

surprised wife”

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13

BEGINNER SEA-KAYAKING ALONE

30.3 KmUtö

OrnöOrnö Kyrke

Store

“Paradise”

First Beach

Rest Stop

Kayak Rental

IT WAS A PARADISE

©Michael Levitt 13

ADVICE TO THE YOUNG

©Michael Levitt 13©Michael Levitt 13

BE ORIGINALBE PERSISTENTBE PASSIONATE

BE KIND & GOOD

©Michael Levitt 13

MENTOR IN ISRAEL

©Michael Levitt 13Shneior Lifson

MENTORS IN CAMBRIDGE

Bob Diamond Aaron Klug

Francis Crick

Max Perutz

John Kendrew

©Michael Levitt 13

UKUkraineUruguayUSA

RussiaSingaporeSpainSweden

HungaryIndia IsraelPakistan

CanadaChinaFranceGermany

Recent Research Support: NIH, NSF, HFSP

PAST & PRESENT GROUP

©Michael Levitt 13

PhD StudentsMiriam HirshbergChris LeeBritt ParkDave HindsEnoch HuangJerry TsaiYu XiaMichael SykesRachel KolodnyNizar BatadaSergio Moreno

Dahlia WeissGaurav ChopraAdelene Sim

Post DocsS. SubbiahValerie DaggettPeter DavidMark GersteinSteven BrennerBoris FainChen Keasar

Golan YonaRam SamudralaTanya RaschkePatrice KoehlErik SandelinChris Summa Erik Lindahl Julian Gough Peter Minary Gunnar Schroeder Karine Bastard

Avraham Samson Xuhui Huang Julie Bernauer Alena Shmygelska Mitul Saha Andrea ScaiewitzJenelle BrayMarie BrutJunjie ZhangLeonid PereyaslavetsYana GofmanIvan Ufimtsev

Sven Lidin

Måns Ehrenberg

Jan-Erling Bäckvall

Gunnar Karlström

Sara Snogerup Linse

Astrid Gräslund©Michael Levitt 13

NOBEL COMMITTEE IN CHEMISTRY

©Michael Levitt 13

©Michael Levitt 13