biology exam iv for dec 9-2013 monday
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Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/975% new material
25% old
Gram-negative
• meningococcal menintus
• Thin cell wall• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans• sensitive to osmotic
pressure• antibiotic tolerant• thin peptidoglycan layer
Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan layer
• resistant to osmotic pressure
Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile2. coliform: your
digestive tract3. thermophile4. acidophile
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic 2. anaerobe
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative) 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria (photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
capsule: sugar material that covers cell wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H. influenza
• protect against phagocytosis
• protect against desiccation
• allow adherence
fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose structures
• pile: used for conjugation (sexual reproduction)
slime layer: sticky matrix of polysaccharides that protects the bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decays
taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus
internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)• no organelles• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic processes
• Some bacteria have additional genomes, circular DNA, plasmids
binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to two
• mitosis: split nucleus
endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
endospore
• botulism
endospore
• tetanus
endospore
• gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringen)
classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1. photoautotrophy2. chemoautotrophy3. photoheterotrophy4. chemoheterotrophy
photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight• carob from CO2
chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2
photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic sources (other organisms)
chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from organic sources
eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Archae
• cell wall made of pseudomurein
methanogen
• anaerobic Archae• remove excess
hydrogen, O2
symbiotic categories
1. mutualism2. commensalism3. parasitism
Genus of bacterial diseases!
1. Borelia2. Treponema3. Staphylococcus4. Mycobacterium5. Yersinia6. Neisseria
1. Lyme2. syphilis3. toxic shock (MRSA)4. tuberculosis5. plague6. gonorrhea
Lyme
• Borelia
syphilis
• Treponema
MRSA
• Staphylococcus
tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium
plague
1. Bubonic2. pneumonic
• Yersinia
gonorrhea
• Neisseria
exotoxin
• G positive
botulin
• exotoxin• Gram positive
tetanus
• exotoxin• Gram positive
endotoxin
• Gram negative• you get more sick• bacteria has outer
membrane
Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin
Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin• have outer membrane
Gram
• exotoxin– made of G positive– botulin and tetanin are
examples– can elicit immune
response – can be vaccinated
against
• endotoxin– made of G-negative– made of outer
membrane (OM)– are released when
bacteria die– does NOT elicit an
immune response – you get more sick – vaccination is difficult
Chlamydomonas
• eyespot• pyrenoid• protist
Diatom
• protist
Algae
• photosynthetic protist
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