biology and the hierarchies of life common names are confusing with respect to...
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 1
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
Common names are confusing with
respect to taxonomy
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 2
Biology and the hierarchies of life
http://mikami.image.pbase.com/u46/adventuresofstar/small/29443355.HealesvilleBlackBuzzard.jpg www.nps.gov/bicy/bvulture.htm
www.barrywales.co.uk/hawkingcentre/buzzard.htm
www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/projects/buzzard
What is a “buzzard?”
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 3
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Genus: related organisms
Species: consistently distinguishable from
other organisms
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Two species of genus Pinus
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 4
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Same specific name does not imply same species
…the combination of genus and species is unique
Quercus alba Chionis alba
http://www.guiamarina.com/chile/01%20animals/18%20Aves/Chionis%20alba.htm illinois.state-capitals.com/state_misc/
illinois_tree.jpeg
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 5
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 6
Biology and the hierarchies of life
What constitutes a species?
Lomolino et al. 2006
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 7
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
What constitutes a species?
1. phylogenetic: organisms with at least one
diagnostic characteristic that is present in all
members but absent in other species
Note: MacDonald calls this “phylogenetic” Lomolino et al. 2006
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 8
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
What constitutes a species?
2.biological: can interbreed freely under natural
conditions and are reproductively isolated
• “classical” definition of species
Polargrizz: DNA tests confirm hybrid
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 9
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
What constitutes a species?
3. evolutionary: direct ancestor-descendant
relationship traceable in the fossil record
• based on morphological traits (size, shape)
and so on…
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 10
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
Species can be reclassified over time
Example: brontosaurus => apatosaurus
www.oursci.org
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 11
Biology and the hierarchies of life Biology and the hierarchies of life
Example: birding lumpers vs. splitters
Northern Oriole, Icterus galbula
www.massaudubon.org
www.hoglezoo.org
Bullock’s Oriole, Icterus bullockii Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula
Species can be reclassified over time
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 12
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Populations of mountain pine beetle exhibit
variability in important life history traits
Development time southern population
northern
populations
Bentz et al., 2001
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 13
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Communities
www.environment.act.gov.au/nativeplantsandanimals
Eucalypt woodland in Australia
www.alpine-club.mb.ca
Alpine meadows in Canada
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 14
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Hicke, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2005
www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html
Ecosystems
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 15
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Biomes
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 16
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Biosphere
(compare with atmosphere, lithosphere, etc.)
people.hofstra.edu/.../conc8en/envisys.html
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 17
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Bakker 1971
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 18
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Food webs (not linear chains)
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 19
Biology and the hierarchies of life
autotrophs = derive
energy with self
heterotrophs = derive
energy from other
organisms
Food webs (not linear chains)
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 20
Biology and the hierarchies of life
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
Food webs (not linear chains)
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 21
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Which are herbivores?
Carnivores?
Omnivores?
Food webs (not linear chains)
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 22
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Still et al., 2003
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 23
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Gross Primary
Productivity (GPP):
C fixed by plants
Heterotrophic
Respiration (Rh):
decomposition of litter,
roots, debris
Roughly = to NPP
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = GPP – Ra
Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) = NPP – Rh
Autotrophic
Respiration (Ra):
C respired by plants
about of GPP
Photosynthesis and energy flow
energy available to ecosystem
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 24
Biology and the hierarchies of life
How to compute NPP
1. light-use efficiency model
NPP = PAR x fPAR x * x
• PAR: photosynthetically active radiation
• fPAR: fraction of absorbed PAR
• *: maximum light-use efficiency
• : reduces NPP in unfavorable climate conditions
radiation absorbed by
vegetation
conversion to C
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 25
Biology and the hierarchies of life
NPP estimated from satellite observations
Hicke, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2005
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 26
Biology and the hierarchies of life
How to compute NPP
2. biomass difference
NPP = B2 – B1 + L + G
• B1: biomass at time 1
• B2: biomass at time 2
• L: losses associated with mortality
between times 1, 2
• G: losses from herbivory
www.avonwildlifetrust.org.uk/level1/photo_library/
photo_lib_reserves/stockwood/photo2.htm
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 27
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Jenkins et al. 2001
Forest NPP estimated from inventories
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 28
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Chemosynthesis
Energy source: chemical reactions
Locations: Hydrothermal vents, whale
falls 2500 m below ocean surface
Large biomass, numbers of species
Mineral-laden sites
Base of food web: Bacteria oxidize
sulfur from H2S through chemical
reactions instead of using sunlight and
photosynthesis
ocean-ridge.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/subgeol/hot_springs
© Craig Smith and Mike Degruy
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 29
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Residence times of energy in food webs
In living plants grasslands: 3 years
forests: 22-25 years
In plant litter
tropics: 3 months
extratropical forests: 100 years
Typically, some of energy from photosynthesis moves to
highest trophic levels in a few weeks
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 30
Biology and the hierarchies of life
Efficiencies
Bird/mammals 3% of received energy is assimilated
Insects 39%
Fish 10%
Why are birds and mammals relatively inefficient?
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