behaviorism in philosophy of education

Behaviorism and Education

Tadeo A. Rosalia

Behaviorism (or behaviourism)

• Human and animal behavior. • It assumes that all behaviors are either

reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli.

• Thus, although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors. is a systematic approach to the understanding

What is Behaviorism?

What is Behaviorism? • Idea that behavior is acquired through conditioning. • Measures behavior by a learner’s response to stimuli. • A learner’s response to stimuli

can be reinforced using positive ornegative feedback.

• Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the belief that all human actions and responses can be explained in terms of reflexes conditioned by reward and punishment.

• Observation And Test experiments

Behaviorism connection to

• Realism

• It is concerned with the existence of things.

• Complete living is the aim of education and also the aim of life.

• Realism is the theory that holds the existence of objects is real.

• Relation between object and

thought.

Materialsm

Is the theory that reality can be explain by the Laws of mater and motion, material matter exis .

Beliefs about mind, consciousness soul they say, are relics of pre scientific age.

preoccupation with or emphasis on material objects only, comforts, and considerations,

rejection of spiritual, intellectual or cultural values.

Nothing is supernatural

Thomas Hobbes (1599-1679)

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

The State of Nature

Human NatureThe Laws of

NatureLeviathan?

Thomas Hobbes Born in 1588, Died in 1679 Oxford-educated Englishman

and political philosopher One of the first social contract

theorists• Famous work: Leviathan

• He applied some of their ideas about physical universe to human being and social institution.

• He said ; Life is Motion

Early behavioristsB.F SkinnerIvan Pavlov John Watson

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Pavlov did a famous experiment that demonstrate the theory of

• classical conditioning

• He is known for using dogs for behavioral tests. • He used a bell to teach the dogs to know that

food was being given and it resulted in the dogs salivating while waiting for the food.

• This became known as classical conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves pairing a naturally occurring stimulus with a response. Then a previous neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. The neutral stimulus begins to evoke the same response without the natural occurring stimulus.

John B. Watson(1878-1958)

• Watson believed that human behavior resulted

from specific stimuli that elicited certain responses.

• Watson's basic premise was that conclusions about human development should be based on observation of overt behavior rather than speculation about subconscious motives or latent cognitive processes.

• One experiments “little Albert”• Use Classical conditioning on Human

John B. Watson• “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-

formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

Jan. 1878- Sept. 1958• Known for publishing an article titled “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”•Little albert

• The little albert experiments presents and example of how classical conditioning can be use to condition an emotion response

• Neutral stimulus: The white Rat• Unconditioned stimulus: The Loud Noise• Unconditioned response: Fear• Condition res. The white Rat• Condition response: Fear

John B. Watson

• Watson’s work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who had studied animals’ responses to conditioning.

• He became interested in the work of Ivan Pavlov and included a brief summary of Pavlov’s works in his major works.

• Pavlov believed, as Watson was later to emphasize, that humans react to stimuli in the same way.

Ivan Pavlov’s Influence

Ivan Pavlov

B.F Skinner (1904-1990)

• Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.

• He called this approach operant conditioning.

• Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

• It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments.

• Rewards cause an increase in behaviour, while punishment decrease the behaviour.

• Aspects in Operant Conditioning:– Positive Reinforcer– Negative Reinforcer– Positive Punishment– Negative Punishment

Important People in Behaviorism• Ivan Pavlov- Did the experiment with the dogs. Came

up with the theory of classical conditioning.

• B.F. Skinner- Developed the theory of operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior.

• John B. Watson- The “Little Albert” experiment. He gets credit for establishing the psychological school of behaviorism.