basic microbiology
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Basic Microbiology
Chapter 3, Section 4Health Technologies IIMr. Kestner
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Basic Microbiology
The science that studies living organisms
that cannot be seen with the naked eye
A microscope is only way to view the millionsof tiny creatures living in our environment
They are found almost everywhere on planet
They are on our skin, in the air we breathe,on every surface we touch, and even inside
our bodies
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Microbiology
Are also referred to as microbes, or more
commonly, germs, especially to laypeople
(layperson: one not in the fieldin this case,
those without a science background)
Usually do not notice microorganisms until
they cause physical illness
We often forget microbes play beneficial role
in human health; benefits are greater than
problems created by microbes
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Problems v. Benefits
PROBLEMS
Various infections in human
beings and animals are causedby microorganisms
BENEFITS
They prevent exposure to other
harmful microorganisms
They support production of
bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, and
several other foods and
beverages
They contribute to health of soil
for farming
They aid in purifying waste water
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Nature of Microorganisms
Small number of microorganisms, called
pathogens, cause disease
Most are harmless, called non-pathogens
Some may be pathogenic in one situation, and not
in others (e.g., Escherichia coli (E. coli)bacterium),
certain varieties cause diarrhea
Normally in intestinal tract, breaks down waste, aids insynthesis of Vit K (helps control bleeding)
If E. colimoves to another part of body, major
problems result
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Factors influencing growth
Whether microorganism is harmful or
beneficial, it needs favorable conditions to
grow
Conditions vary with type of microbe
Temperature
pH (acidity versus alkalinity)
Food
Moisture
Oxygen (for certain bacteria)
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Factors influencing growth
Conditions vary all over human body
All microbes need food and moisture to survive
Most pathogens prefer warm, dark environment
Only few tolerate acidic environment (low pH)
Some live only in presence of O2: aerobic
Others grow in absence of O2: anaerobic
Some consume only living matter tissues
Others prefer dead matter tissues
Altering living environment is a way to destroy
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Methods of Destruction
Three common practices used to prevent
growth and spread of microorganisms:
Antiseptics
Disinfection
Sterilization
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Antiseptics
Solutions applied directly to skin
Prevent or slow down growth
Alcohol and betadine are often used
Not useful against all microorganisms
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Disinfection
Uses strong chemicals such as bleach solution and
zephirin to kill many pathogens
Used mainly on objects and not on the skin
because they may cause skin irritation and trauma
Disinfectants and antiseptics have limited effectsagainst viruses and spores
Spores are cells produced by bacteria either to
reproduce or to be resistant to a harsh environment
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Sterilization
Best way to kill all microbes and their spores
Autoclave is used to sterilize medical instruments Uses steam under pressure
Other methods include use of chemicals, radiation,and gas
Not all microbes require sterilization to becomenontoxic or non-pathogenic, many microbes can beeliminated by disinfecting procedures
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Types of Microorganisms
Microorganisms are tiny living plants or
animals
The five major types are: Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae (parasites)
Viruses
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Bacteria
Most familiar of microbes that infect humans
One-celled plants classified by shape and
arrangement Diseases such as strep throat and
pneumonia are caused by form of bacteria
Can be categorized according to howarranged; arrangement is way to identify
exact species
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Bacteria
Some are:
Roundcocci
Streptococci
chains
Staphlococciin
groups or clusters
Diplococciin
pairs
Micrococci
Strep Staph
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/StreptococcusImages.htm
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/StreptococcusImages.htmhttp://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/StreptococcusImages.htm -
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Bacteria
Some are:
Rod-shapedbacilli
In pairs, single or in chains
Flagellatail
Salmonella
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/mbiology/ug/ugteach/icu8/uti/gnb.html
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/mbiology/ug/ugteach/icu8/uti/gnb.htmlhttp://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/mbiology/ug/ugteach/icu8/uti/gnb.html -
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Bacteria
Some are:
Spiral, or corkscrew-
shapedspirilla
Vibrios Spirochetes
http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/201L/CellTypes/ http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/201L/CellTypes/
Which picture is yogurt?
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Fungi
Also contribute to illness
Is a plantlike organism that lives on dead
matter Responsible for conditions such as
ringworm, athletes foot, and yeast infections
http://www.swedishmedical.org/PERT/images/thrush.jpg
Say ahhh
http://www.swedishmedical.org/PERT/images/thrush.jpghttp://www.swedishmedical.org/PERT/images/thrush.jpg -
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Protozoa
Tiny animals
found in
contaminated
water supplies Microorganisms
that cause
diseases such as
malaria,trichomoniasis,
and amebic
dysenteryhttp://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/exhibits/leuckart/virtual_tour/images/protoza_large13.jpg
http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/exhibits/leuckart/virtual_tour/images/protoza_large13.jpghttp://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/exhibits/leuckart/virtual_tour/images/protoza_large13.jpg -
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Rickettsiae
Parasites that must live inside cells of otherliving organisms
One type of bacteria
Diseases caused by these microbes aretransmitted to humans by the animalparasite inhabits, such as fleas, lice, and
ticks Humans bitten by infected insect may
contract diseases such as Rocky Mountainspotted fever, Lyme disease, or Typhus
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Viruses
Smallest of all microorganisms
Only be seen through electron microscope
Difficult to destroy
Grow and reproduce only inside other living cells Humans are infected by contact with other living
beings
Spread by contact with blood and body fluids
Diseases associated with viruses are commoncold, chickenpox, herpes, hepatitis B, andHIV/AIDS
Health care workers are at great risk of beingexposed to blood and body fluidsPPE!
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Video Clips
Various microscopic clips from
Microbiologybytes.com
13 Minute video clip about 1918 flu from
PBS.org
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/motility.htmlhttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/motility.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/02.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/02.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/02.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/02.htmlhttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/motility.htmlhttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/motility.html
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