b. tech. m.tech. biotechnology (dual degree) semester vii
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B. TECH. M.TECH. BIOTECHNOLOGY (DUAL DEGREE)
SEMESTER VII
S.No. Course
Code
Subject Periods Evaluation Scheme
Subject Total Sessional Exam
Theory L T P CT TA Total ESE
1. BT-701 Environmental
Biotechnology 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150
2. BT-702 Fermentation
Engineering 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150
3. BT-703 Bioinformatics-III 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150
4. BT-704 Nanobiotechnology 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150
5. BT-705
Open Elective-I
E-1. Agriculture
Biotechnology
E-2. Food
Biotechnology
E-3. Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150
6. BT-706
Open Elective-II
E-1. Bioenergetics
and Metabolic
Engineering
E-2. Medical
Biotechnology
E-3. Animal
Biotechnology
2 1 0 15 10 25 75 100
Practical’s/ Design/ Drawing
6. BT-751 Environmental
Biotechnology Lab 0 0 03 10 10 20 30 50
7. BT-752
Fermentation
Engineering Lab
0 0 06 20 20 40 60 100
8. BT-753 Bioinformatics
Project
0 0 03 10 10 20 30 50
9. GP-701 General Proficiency 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 50
Total 17 06 12 205 150 405 695 1100
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BT-701 L T P
3 1 0
Unit I
[8]
Ecology and environment: The atmosphere, Ecosystems, Energy transfer,
Introduction to air, water, soil and noise pollution, their sources and control.
Global environmental issues.
Unit II
[8]
Classification and Characterization of Solid Waste: Management and
treatment of solid waste. Thermal and biological processes.
Vermicomposting.
Unit III
[8]
Structural and Functional dynamics of microbes: diversity, activity and
growth, community profiling, biosensors, bioreporters, Microchips.
Methanogenesis: methonogenic, acetogenic and fermentive bacteria-
technical processes and conditions.
Unit IV
[8]
Waste treatment methods, with advanced bioreactor configuration: activated
sludge process, trickling filter, fluidized expanded bed reactor, upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, contact process, fixed/packed bed reactor,
hybrid reactors, sequential batch reactors.
Unit V
[8]
Process strategies for bioremediation through microbes and plants.
exploiting microbial metabolism for bioremediation of organic
contaminants, heavy metals and nitrogenous wastes.
Biofuels: Energy crops, biogas, bioethanol and biohydrogen.
Books Recommended:
1. J. Winter-Environmental Processes I-III, 2
nd ed, Wiley Publications
2. Metcalf & Fuddy –Waste Water Engineering , 3rd
ed , TMH publications.
3. P.D. Sharma – Ecology & Environment, 8th
ed.
4. R.S. Ramalho – Introduction to Waste water treatment, Academic Press.
FERMENTATION ENGINEERING
BT-702
L T P
3 1 0
Unit I [8]
Fermentative production of organic acids: Acetic acid; Fermentative
production of enzymes: Proteases and amylases; Fermentative production of
antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin; Fermentative production organic
solvent: ethanol.
Unit II [8]
Heterogeneous reaction systems: Zero order and First order kinetics of
concentration profile with reference to spherical geometry and other shapes,
Effectiveness factor, External and internal mass transfer, General comments
on heterogeneous reactions in bioprocessing.
Unit III [8]
Downstream Processing: Filtration batch and continuous, Centrifugation
batch and continuous; Product Isolation: liquid liquid Extraction, and
Reverse osmosi.
Cell disruption: Physical, chemical methods
Unit IV [8]
Purification methods: Fractional precipitation, electrophoresis,
chromatography, adsorption, crystallization and drying; Dialysis,
Electrodialysis; Lyophilization.
Unit V [8]
Scale-up of microbial bioreactors: Various approaches to scale-up including
regime analysis and scale-down; Scale-up by rules-of-tIHUmb viz. constant
P/V, KLa etc. Problems associated with scale-up.
Books recommended:
1. McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriot P, "Unit operations of Chemical
Engineering", McGraw-Hill.
2. Cussler EL, "Diffusion", Cambridge University Press.
3. Pauline M, "Bioprocess Engineering Principles".
4. Bailey JE, Ollis DF, "Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals",
McGraw-Hill.
5. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, "Principles of Fermentation Technology",
Pergamon press.
6. Principles of Cell Energetics, BIOTOL series, Butterworth -
Heinemann.
7. Moser A, "Bioprocess Technology - Kinetics & Reactors", Springer-
Verlag.
8. ScIHUgerl K, "Biotechnology" Vol.4: Meaning Modeling and
Control, VCH.
9. Atkinson B, Mavituna F, "Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology Handbook", Stockton Press.
10. Aiba S, IHUmphrey AE, “Biochemical Engineering”, University of
Tokyo Press.
11. Moo-Young M, “Comprehensive Biotechnology”.
12. Cruger, Cruger, “Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial
Microbiology”.
13. Prescott, Dunn, “Industrial Microbiology”.
14. Rittman B, McCarty PL, “Environmental Biotechnology: Principles
and Applications”.
BIOINFORMATICS-III
BT-703
L T P
3 1 0
Unit I [8]
Protein classification: Structural elements and terminology- phi & psi bonds,
Letter code for amino acids, Helix, Sheet, Strand, Loop and coil, Active site,
Architecture, Blocks, Classes and Domains, Fold, Motif, PSSM, Profile.
CATH – Classification by Class, Architecture, Topology, Homology, SCOP
– Structural Classification of Protein, FSSP – Fold classification based on
structure – structure alignment, MMDB – Molecular Modeling Database.
Unit II [8]
Methods of Secondary structure prediction: Chou – Fasman / GOR method.
Methods for Prediction of Tertiary structures of Proteins
Knowledge-based structure prediction
Fold recognition
Ab initio methods for structure prediction
Unit III [8]
Microarray data Analysis; Exploring the microarray data set, Spatial images
of microarray data, Statistics of the microarrays, Scatter plots of microarray
data; Exploring the data Set, Filtering the genes, Cluster analysis, Principal
component analysis (PCA), Self-Organizing Maps (SOM).
Unit IV [8]
In-silico gene identification; Gene finding: Gene finding in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. GENSCAN algorithm and its performance; VIEL (Viterbi Intron
Exon Locator) program.
Unit V [8]
Phylogenetic analysis; Introduction to phylogenetics and phylogenetic trees;
Reconstruction of Phylogenetic trees: Character based methods: Parsimony:
small parsimony (Fitch‟s Algorithm), weighted parsimony (Sankoff‟s
Algorithm) and Large parsimony problems and Compatibility; Distance
based methods: Jukes Cantor model.
Books recommended:
1. DW Mount ”Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis”.
2. Bruce EN “Biomedical signal processing and signal modeling”
3. Sharma S “Signal and System”.
4. Nawab SH “Signal and System”.
5. Stekel „Microarray Bioinformatics‟, Cambridge Press.
6. Salzberg SL et al. „Computational Methods in Biotechnology‟,
Elsevier Science.
7. Evens and Grants „Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics‟, Springer-
Verlag, NY.
8. Stemberg MJE „Protein Structure Prediction-A Practical Approach‟,
Oxford University Press.
9. Setubal and Meidanis ‟Computational Molecular Biology‟, PWS
Publishing Co.
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
(BT-704)
L T P
3 1 0
Unit I
[8]
Introduction: Introduction to nanotechnology and overview of nanoscale
materials, effect of length scale on properties, introduction to
bionanotechnology, challenges and opportunities associated with biology on
the Nanoscale, bionanotechnology systems, biological and medical
applications of Bionanomaterials.
Unit II
[8]
Nanomaterials: Introduction to nanomaterials, General surface and colloid
chemistry, principles, experimental techniques, surface potential, DVLO
theory; Characteristics of nanoparticles, chemical speciation of dissolved
species, Environmental behaviour of nanoparticles, biological activity of
nanomaterial.
Unit III
[8]
Biosensors: Introduction to biosensors, the biological component, the sensor
surface, Immobilization of the sensor molecule, Transduction of the sensor
signal: Optical, Electrochemical and Mechanical sensors, Sensor
stabilization, Basics of Amperometric sensors; Potentiometric sensors;
Optical sensors; Optical waveguide sensors; Surface Plasmon Resonance
sensors; Resonant Mirror sensors; Capillary Fill devices; Electro-mechanical
devices.
Unit IV
[8]
Biophotonics and Bioimaging: Overview of imaging biological systems,
from the cellular level through to whole-body medical imaging, Introduction
to biophysics, basic physical concepts in imaging, Major techniques using
ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: fluorescence and multi-photon
microscopy, spectroscopy, OCT, MRI, X-ray CT, PET and SPECT imaging.
Unit V
[8]
Nanotoxicology: Principles of toxicology; toxicology models, experimental
toxicology studies; activation and detoxification mechanisms, importance of
biological membrane in toxicology; Toxicology and bioaccumulation of
particles.
Books Recommended:
1. Engines of Creation, KE Drexler, Oxford Paperbacks, New York ISBN
0192861492.
2. Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manfuacturing and Computation,
K E Drexler, Wiley, ISBN 0471575186.
3. Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics and
Artificial Intelligence will Transform the World, Prometheus ISBN
1573929921
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BT-705 (E1)
L T P
3 1 0
Unit I [8]
Brief overview of in vitro regeneration methods of plants; Production of
disease free plants: shoot - tip and meristem cultures; Protoplast isolation,
culture and fusion, selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid
plants, somatic hybridization, cybrids; Tissue culture as a source of genetic
variability: somaclonal and gametoclonal variant selection, sources and
causes of variation, application in crop improvement.
Unit II [8]
In vitro selection of mutants; Plant cell cultures for the production of useful
chemicals: pigments perfumes, flavors, insecticides, anticancer agents and
pharmacologically important compounds; Biotransformation using plant cell
cultures; Hairy root culture and cell suspension.
Unit III [8]
Molecular Markers: RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, ARDRA, SCAR, STS, ESTs,
Microsatellites, ISSR, SSCP, QTL; Brief overview of Arabidopsis and Rice
Genome Projects.
Unit IV [8]
Ti, Ri and viral vectors for plant transformation; Brief overview of the
methods for introduction of DNA into living cells with details of
transformation mediated by Agrobacterium, microprojectile bombardment,
electroporation and microinjection; Techniques for recombinant selection
and screening: Functional (genetic) complementation, Nutritional
complementation, Colony hybridization, Plaque hybridization, Southern
hybridization, Dot blot, Northern blotting, Immunological screening,
Western blotting, HART, HAT.
Unit V [8]
Brief overview of Bioremediation, Biodegradable plastics, Biofuels/
Biodiesel, Bioinsecticides/Biopesticides, Biofertilizers; Edible vaccines.
Books recommended:
1. Chawla HS, “Plant Biotechnology: A Practical Approach”.
2. Slater A, Scott NW, Fowler MR “Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic
Manipulation of Plants”.
3. Dixon RA, Gonzales RA, “Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach”.
4. Mantell SH, Matthews JA, McKee RA, “Principles of Plant
Biotechnology: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Plants”.
5. Stafford A, Warren G, “Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (Biotechnology
Series)”.
6. Brown TA, “Gene cloning: An Introduction”.
7. Old and Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.
8. Bhojwani SS, Razdan, “Plant Tissue Culture”.
9. Sambrook and Russell “Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory Manual”.
10. Lele S “Biodiesel”.
11. Ranjen R “Transgenic plants”.
12. Kavikishor “Plant tissue culture and biotechnology”, Universities
Press.
13. Bhojwani SS “Agrotechnology and plant tissue culture”, Oxford and
IBH.
BT-705 (E-2)
Food Biotechnology
(Revised) L T P
3 1 0
Unit 1 8
Food as substrate for microorganisms: pH, Water content (water activity)
and O-R potential. Microbial role in food process and production of new
protein foods: Single Cell Protein (SCP), mushroom, food yeast, algal
proteins.
Unit 2 8
General principles underlying spoilage of foods and different methods of
preservation of foods, Microbial food poisoning and its prevention or
control, food borne infection and food toxins. Spoilage of meat and meat
products, fish, poultry, egg, canned foods.
Unit 3 8
Organisms and their use for production of fermented foods and beverages:
pickling, and alcoholic beverages. Physico-chemical properties of milk,
toned, double toned and skimmed milk. Nutritive value of fermented milk
products: cream, butter, cheese, curd and yogurt. Antimicrobial systems in
milk.
Unit 4 8
Food adulteration and diseases caused due to food adulteration.RDA
(Recommended Dietary Allowances). Relevant Food laws: PFA, AgMark,
FSSA, ISO, BIS standard with Laboratory Services and Certification by
BIS. HACCP system, NABL and quality control and quality assurance.
Unit 5 8
Starter culture, pure culture technique: steak plate, pour plate, maintenance
of culture. Microscope colony counts, most probable numbers (MPN).
MBRT test, Saponification value, Iodine Value, RM value, Polanski Value,
Rancidity.
Books recommended: 1. Potter N and Hotchikiss “Food Science” CBS Publ.
2. Potter N “Technology of Food preservation”, CBS.
3. Eckles CH “Milk and Milk Products”, TMH Publ.
4. Frazier “Food Microbiology”.
5. De J and De “Food Microbiology”.
6 Marwaha SS and Arora “Food processing: Biotechnological
Applications”, Asitech Publ.
7. Sukumar De “Outlines of Dairy Technology”.
8. Adams MR and Moss MO “Food Microbiology”, The Royal Society
of Chemistry, Cambridge.
9. Andrews AT, Varley J “Biochemistry of milk products”, Royal
Society of Chemistry.
10. Banwart GJ “Basic food microbiology”, Chapman & Hall, New York.
11. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC “Food microbiology”, TATA McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.
12. Hobbs BC and Roberts D “Food poisoning and food hygiene”, Edward
Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton), London.
13. May JM “Modern food microbiology”, CBS Publishers and
distributors, New Delhi.
14. Robinson RK “The microbiology of milk”, Elsevier Applied Science,
London.
15. Robinson RK “Dairy Microbiology”, Elsevier Applied Science,
London.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BT-705 (E3)
L T P
3 1 0
Unit I [8]
Monoclonal antibodies: applications, generation, recombinant antibodies,
production methods, Pharmaceutical, regulatory and commercial aspects.
Unit II [8]
Formulation of proteins and peptides: making small protein particles,
precipitation of proteins, quality control issues, multi-phase drug delivery
system; Preparation of collagen, gelatin particles, albumin microparticles.
Unit III [8]
Proteins and phospholipids: structural properties of phospholipids, injectable
lipid emulsions, liposomes, cochleal phospholipids structures; Polymeric
systems for oral protein and peptide delivery.
Unit IV [8]
Pulmonary drug delivery systems for biomacromolecules; Lipid based
pulmonary delivery; Solid colloidal particles; Polycyanoacrylates; Poly
(ether-anhydrides); Diketopiperazine derivatives; Poly ethylene glycol
conjugates; Factors affecting pulmonary dosing.
Unit V [8]
Polymers used for controlled drug delivery: Hydrophobic polymers
poly(esters), poly(cyanoacrylate), poly (ortho esters), poly (phosphazenes),
Hydrophobic polymers poly (alkyl methacrylates), poly (methacrylates),
poly (acrylates)], alginates, chitosan, polyethylene glycol. Gene therapy: the
current viral and non-viral vectors.
Books recommended:
1. Groves MJ „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟, Taylor and Francis
Group.
2. Crommelin DJA, Robert D, Sindelar „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟.
3. Kayser O, Muller R „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟.
4. Banga AK „Therapeutic peptides and proteins‟.
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING
BT-706 (E1)
L T P
2 1 0
Unit I
[8]
Principles of Thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics, The
definition of enthalpy and heat capacity, Hess's law,, Kirchhoff s law, the
second law of thermodynamics, The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Calculation
of entropy and Gibbs energy change, The physical nature of entropy. The
third law of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium,
The law of mass action and the equilibrium constant, The Van't Hoff
equation. Numerical problems.
Unit II
[8]
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (NET): Linear non-equilibrium
thermodynamics (LNET), Formulation of the relationships between forces
and flows, Multiple inflection points, Coupling in bioenergetics,
Thermodynamic regulation in bioenergetics. Numerical problems.
Biological applications of LNET: Oxidative phosphorylation (OP),
Facilitated transport, Active transport, photosynthesis.
Unit III
[8]
ATP and it requirements: ATP the molecule, The Multiple Ionization
States of ATP and the pH Dependence of ΔG°, The Effect of Metal Ions on
the Free, Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP, The Effect of Concentration on the
Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP, Daily IHUman Requirement for ATP,
Numerical problems.
Unit IV
[8]
Modeling for Metabolic Engineering: Aims and Scope of Metabolic
Models, Ingredients of a Metabolic Model, Model Validation.
Stoichiometric Network Models: Basic assumptions and measured data,
Matrix generation, Metabolic flux analysis, Extreme flux patterns, Optimal
flux patterns, Elementary flux modes. Stationary Mechanistic Models: Basic
assumptions, Available data, Modeling, Simulation, Metabolic control
analysis, Branch node classification, Large parameter variations, Optimal
regulatory architectures.
References
D. Jou and J.E. Llebot., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Biological
Processes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.
S.R. Caplan and A. Essig, Bioenergetics and Linear Nonequilibrium
Thermodynamics, The Steady State, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
1983.
J. T. Edsall and H. Gutfreund, Biothermodynamics: To study of
Biochemical Processes at Equihbrium, Wiley, Chichester, 1983.
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BT-706 (E2)
(Revised)
L T P
2 1 0
UNIT I 8
Cell renewal by stem cells, stem cell therapy and its applications; genesis,
modulation and regeneration of skeletal muscle, marrow transplantation.
Basics of gene therapy, replacement therapy, hormone therapy.
Hemopheresis procedures, Hemopoietic stem cell disorders: classification
and manifestations; Aplastic, Myelo dysplastic, myeloproliferative
syndromes; Immunological principles, preservation and clinical use of blood
and blood components.
UNIT II 8
Techniques in clinical and laboratory diagnosis: hematology, biochemistry,
microbiology and serology. Molecular diagnostic techniques.
UNIT III 8
Principles, working and applications of Electrical Impedence
Cephalography; Biotelemetry; CT scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
assisting the heart and kidney; Electrocardiogram; Ultrasonography, X-Ray.
UNIT IV 8
Types of spoilage of pharmaceutical products: factors responsible,
assessment of spoilage, means of preservation, evaluation of microbial
stability of formulations.
Books recommended:
1. Chaechter M. Medoff G. and Eisenstein BC. (1993) Mechanism of
Microbial Diseases 2nd
edition. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
2. Collee, JG. Duguid JP, Fraser AG, Marimon BP. (1989) Mackie and
Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th Edition. CIHUrchill
Livingstone.
3. David Greenwood, Richard CD, Slack, John Forrest Peutherer. (1992)
Medical Microbiology. 14th edition. ELBS with CIHUrchill
Livingstone.
4. IHUgo WB and Russell AD. (1989) Pharmaceutical Microbiology IV
edition. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
5. Joan Stokes E, Ridgway GL and Wren MWD. (1993). Clinical
Microbiology. 7th
edition. Edward Arnold. A division of Hodder and
Stoughton.
6. Ronald M. Atlas. (1989) Microbiology. Fundamentals and
Applications. II edition. Maxwell Macmillan international editions
7. Topley & Wilsons‟s. (1990) Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and
Immunity, VIII edition, Vol. III Bacterial Diseases, Edward Arnold,
London.
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BT-706 (E3)
L T P
2 1 0
Unit I [8]
History of animal cell culture and development, Basic techniques in
mammalian cell culture; Cell culture media; Serum free media; maintenance
of the culture and cell lines; Development of primary culture, Development
of cell line methods for primary cell & organ culture (from explants by
enzymatic disaggregation, mechanical disaggregation, EDTA treatment),
organ culture.
Unit II [8]
Permanent cell lines: cell strains (Monolayer culture, suspension culture,
stationary suspension culture, agar culture and agitated micro carrier
suspension culture, hollow fiber systems). Measurement of growth and
viability, cell synchronization, cell transformation, cryo-preservation,
application of cell cultures, Animal Tissue Engineering.
Unit III [8]
Immunity to virus, bacteria and parasites, infectious diseases: tuberculosis,
AIDS. Dysfunctions of immune system and their modulation, Approaches
for correcting immune dysfunction. Principles and strategy for developing
vaccines, Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production
Applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research and in clinical
diagnosis and treatment.
Unit IV [8]
Stem cell culture, Embryonic and adult stem cells and their applications.
Animal virus vectors; cloning in mammalian cells, Integration of DNA into
mammalian genome, Methods of transformation :( Microinjection,
Electroporation, Microprojectile bombardment, Liposomal packaging). Gene
knockout technology, gene transfers, transgenic animals and embryo transfer
technology. Gene therapy, Human genome project, DNA
MicroarrayTechnology.
Books recommended:
1. Ian Freshney “Animal cell culture”
2. Davis “Basic cell culture”
3. Brown TA “Gene cloning: An introduction”
4. Old and Primrose “Principles of Gene Manipulation”
5. Davis D “Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based
Concerns”
6. Atala A, Robert P. Lanza “Methods of Tissue
Engineering”
7. Jenkins N “Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and
Protocols”
8. Pinkert C “Transgenic Animal Technology: A Laboratory
Handbook”
9. Riott “Immunology”.
10. Potten “Stem cells”, Elsevier.
11. Baveja and Rewari “Diagnosis and management
of HIV / AIDS”, BI publications.
12. Dracopoli et al. “Short protocols in IHUman genetics”,
Wiley.
13. Animal Cell Culture Course Manual, Cold Spring Harbour
Lab, New York.
14. Kruse PE, Patterson MK „Tissue Culture Methods &
Application‟.
15. Pollard „Basic Cell Culture Protocols‟, Blackwell
publications.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB
BT-751
L T P
0 0 3
1. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of waste water.
2. Determination of heavy metal concentration in soil.
3. Determination of sludge volume index and food to microorganisms.
4. Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen.
5. Determination of BOD of wastewater samples.
6. Determination of COD of wastewater samples.
7. Enumeration of contaminating pathogenic organisms.
Books recommended:
1. Winter J „Environmental Processes series‟, Wiley Publications
2. Metcalf and Fuddy „Waste Water Engineering‟, TMH publications.
3. Sharma PD „Ecology and Environment‟.
4. Ramalho RS „Introduction to waste water treatment‟, Academic Press.
FERMENTATION ENGINEERING LAB
BT-752
L T P
0 0
6
1. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of
kinetic equation explaining biomass formation.
2. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of
kinetic equation explaining Product formation.
3. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of
kinetic equation explaining Substrate consumption.
4. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of
kinetic equation explaining Biomass formation and Product formation
considering non ideal mixing.
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