assessment for learning definition assessment any systematic method of obtaining evidence from...

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

DEFINITION

Assessment

Any systematic method of obtaining

evidence from posing questions to draw inferences

about the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other

characteristics of people for a specific purposeAssessment is the systematic process that allows us to

answer the question, “Are we accomplishing what we have set out to do?”

ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Assessment of learning refers to strategies

designed to

Confirm what students know,

Demonstrate whether or not they have met

curriculum outcomes or the goals of their

individualized programs, or

To certify proficiency and make decisions about

students’ future programs or placements.

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

The term 'Assessment for Learning' (AfL)

was coined in 2002 by The Assessment

Reform Group (ARG), based on research

that had begun in 1998 by Black and

Wiliam.

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

Assessment for learning is the process of

seeking and interpreting evidence for use

by teachers and learners

To decide, where learners are in there

learning

Where they need to go

How best to get there

CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT

Assessment is inherently a process of professional judgement.

Assessment is based on separate but related principles of measurement evidence and evaluation

Assessment decision-

making is influenced

by a series of tensions

CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT (Contd..)

Assessment influences student motivation and learning

Assessment contains error Good assessment enhances instructionGood assessment is valid

CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT (Contd..)

Good assessment is fair and ethical Good assessments use multiple methodsGood assessment is efficient and feasibleGood assessment appropriately

incorporates technology

PURPOSES

Cont……. Compare learner performance to learning

outcome.

Help learners make decisions about their next

action.

Monitor students’ ongoing progress

Assess teaching methods

Revise the program

Cont…

Provide information to stakeholders.

Assess a learner’s background knowledge.

Determine learner satisfaction.

Develop self-assessment in learners.

Seven strategies for assessment for learning

KNOW WHERE THEY ARE GOING

1.Clear vision of the learning target

2. Example for the strong and weak work

KNOW WHERE THEY ARE NOW

3.Offer regarding descriptive feed back

4.Teach students to self assess and set goals

KNOW HOW TO CLOSE THE GAP

5. Focus on one aspect of quality at a time

6.Teach students focused revision

7.Engage students in self reflection

CRITERIA IN CHOOSING ASSESSMENT

Cont…….

It should be reliable

It should be valid

It should be simple to use and should not

to be costly

It should be seen by students and society

in general

It should be benefit all students

  THE MEMBERS INVOLVED IN ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Cont…

The teacher

Student

Student’s peer

Administrator

Parents

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

AND ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

Cont….

PURPOSE

AOL AFL

To find out what students know understand and can do. To measure the progress they have made

To help the students learn . it enhances learning process

TIMING Terminal(after learning)

Ongoing (during learning)

EXAMPLES Test and exams Questioning FeedbackPeer and self assessment

CONTROL Teacher and external Teacher and student

ASSESSMENT PROCESS

FLOW CHART DESCRIBING THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS

PLAN

CONT..

Review information

Monitor change and compare results

Implement change

Provide feed back

Analyze results

Collect data DO

CHECKCHECK

ACTACT

TYPES OF ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Cont…. Need assessment

To determine the knowledge, skills, abilities

and attitudes

To assist with gap analysis and courseware

development

Determines the variance between what a

student knows and what they are required to

know.

Cont…

Criterion-referenced assessment

It is related to agreed criteria

Examples

Intended learning outcomes

level descriptions

Cont…

Norm-referenced assessment

To measure a student’s performance in

relation to the achievements of other

students.

Cont…

Reaction assessment

1. Assess the reactions and opinions of students

about their learning experience.

2. Gathers opinions from the students about what they

thought of the course materials, the instructor, the learning

environment,

3. The directions to the facility and any audio-visual support.

Cont…

Diagnostic assessment

An assessment that is used to identify

participants

The needs

Prior knowledge

Cont….

Formative assessment

Conducted throughout teaching and learning

Plan the next steps in instruction

Provide students with feedback

Help students see and feel how they are in control

of their journey to success

e.g. practice tests and exams

Cont…

Summative assessment

They sum up the knowledge or the skills of the

person taking the test.

Provides a quantitative grade and

Makes a judgment about a person’s knowledge

Which provide a quantitative score

  THE STAKES OF AN

ASSESSMENT

Cont...

These stakes are identified as:

• High

• Medium

• Low

FACTORS DETERMINING THE STAKES OF AN ASSESSMENT

FACTORS DETERMINING THE STAKES OF AN ASSESSMENT

CONSEQUENCESLOW MEDIUM HIGH

Few Some Major

DECISIONS Few and easily reversed

Can be reversed Difficult to reverse

OPTIONS FOR PRACTIONER

Refine studies Pass fail or work hard

Pass or fail

MOTIVATION TO CHEAT

Low Medium High

ID INDIVIDUAL No important May be important Very importantPROCTORING REQUIRED

No Some times Always and constant

DEVELOPMENT EFFORT

Minor Medium Major

CHECK RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Rarely SME Psychometrician

ASSESSMENT TYPE

ASSESSMENT USE ASSESSMENT STAKES

EXAM SUMMATIVE MEDIUM,HIGH

TEST DIAGNOSTIC LOW ,MEDIUM

QUIZ FORMATIVE LOW

SURVEY NEEDS, REACTION & DIAGNOSTIC

LOW

NATURE OF ASSESSMENTS

ASSESSMENT METHODS

1. Direct assessment method

2. Indirect assessment method

Direct assessment method

Course-related assessment

Capstone Course

Assignments/projects

Case Studies

Classroom Assessment

Content Analysis

Cont…..

Course-embedded Questions and

Assignments

Portfolios

Essays

Theses, research and projects,

publications

Awards/grants received

Cont…

Standardized assessments

Other

Transcript analysis

Placement record of graduates

Indirect Assessment Methods

Institutional and Program Surveys

Alumni Surveys

Employer Surveys

Graduating Seniors and Graduates Surveys

Student Satisfaction Surveys

Cont…..

Other

Focus groups

Interviews( faculty members, graduating students,

alumni)

Interactive - eAssessment involves assessment

mediated through ICT, for instance quizzes, online texts,

etc. That allows students to demonstrate their advanced

skills, to role-play and to construct responses developed

through social interactions.

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING ASSESSMENT METHODS

The evidence you collect depends on the

questions

Use multiple methods to assess each learning

outcome

Include both direct and indirect measures

Include qualitative as well as quantitative

measures.

Cont…

assessment should assess the strengths and

weaknesses of the program.

Enlist the assistance of assessment and testing

specialists to create, adapt, or revise assessment

instruments

Use established accreditation criteria for

assessment program

PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

Cont….Emphasises the interactions between learning and

manageable assessment strategies that promote

learning

Clearly expresses for the student and teacher the

goals of the learning activity

Reflects a view of learning in which assessment

helps students learn better, rather than just achieve

a better mark

Cont…

Provides ways for students to use feedback from

assessment

Helps students take responsibility for their own

learning

Is inclusive of all learners

Levels of assessment

 APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Cont….

1. Classroom assessment

2. Assessment of concept

3. Assessment of generalization

4. Assessment of attitudes

5. Assessment of habits and hobbies

6. Assessment of individuals

1.Classroom Assessment

Three issues are important for assessment for

student learning in the classroom.

Data: The data indicate whether learning has

occurred or not

The Reference : An assessment requires a

reference that is used for comparison

Cont…

Tools and Techniques :collected by using

Paper/pencil Tests

Systematic observation

Participant observation

Clinical Tools

2.Assessment of Concept

The assessment of a concept could be done by:

Seeking examples through the process of

recall or recognition;

Asking students to identify a non-example

from a given list;

Cont..

Seeking the characteristics /attributes of a

concept;

Asking students to identify similarities and

differences between two related /Unrelated

concepts;

Asking them to supply either part or full

definition of a concept

3.Assessment of Generalization

Relationships between two or more concepts or

statements about a concept.

Based on a set of observations, evidences,

events, and examples

Generalizations are abstractions made from

concrete experiences.

4.Assessment of Attitudes

The attitude towards

what they learn

how they learn,

teachers and peers,

the educational set up

5.Assessment of Habits and Hobbies

Behaviour which one acquires through repetitive

practice.

One would be aware and analytical at the time of

its acquisition

Most of our psychomotor behaviours' are

acquired through repetitive practice

6.Assessment of individuals

4 major approaches to the assessment of

individuals:

Psycho educational assessment

Include assessment of intelligence as well as

achievement.

Cont…

Assessment of behavior

Rely on direct observation of the behavior(s) of

concern using techniques

Assessment of adaptive behavior

Typically yields much detailed information about

the level of adaptive functioning

CONT…

Functional behavioral assessment

To identify relationships between

personal and/or environmental events

occurrence or non occurrence of target

behaviours.

THE BENEFITS OF COMPUTERISING ASSESSMENTS

Cont..

Possible to obtain valuable results almost instantly

Improves the quality of learning and satisfaction of

the learners

Provide practice exercises with instant feedback

Can have an enormous impact upon the bottom line and

regulatory compliance.

Improve customer service, improve response times,

CONCLUSION

Current assessment systems tend to be un-economical,

time consuming, not cost effective and

demotivating both for learners and teachers. They

generally do not take into account individual

learner differences and needs, Re-thinking

assessment forms part of a larger drive to effect

change across the curriculum.