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ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 7Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx
Investigation of the impact of micro-cracks onproducts using wedge splitting test and d
Y. Belrhiti a,, O. Pop b, A. Germaneau c, P. DH. Harmuth d, M. Huger a,, T. Ch
a Sc 7315oges,
Curiunner
lle Amber
Abstract
For refracto ove tindustry. Their microstructure (micro-cracked) induces a non-linear mechanical behavior.
The present paper aims at applying digital image correlation (DIC) during wedge splitting test on magnesia spinel sample and comparing it topure magnesia sample so as to study the influence of spinel addition on fracture behavior. From strain measurements based on DIC, the initiationand the propagation of the macro-crack are investigated and the development of micro-cracks network in the case of magnesia spinel which isbehind crackThe experim 2014 Else
Keywords: Fr
1. Introdu
In refrashocks is oof the refracharacteriof specificmaterials. magnesia rthermo-meature. Due
Correspon Correspon
de Surface (SCedex, Franc
E-mail admarc.huger@
http://dx.doi.o0955-2219/ this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of micro-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingitting test and digital image correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001
branching phenomenon is analyzed. The evolution of the fracture energy required in crack propagation is studied for each material.ental results highlight also their mechanical properties dependent on their microstructure.vier Ltd. All rights reserved.
acture; MgO; Spinels; Refractories; Digital image correlation
ction
ctory industry, the ability to sustain severe thermalf prime importance in order to increase the lengthctory material life and to avoid their failure. Thesestics are generally obtained by the development
microstructure patterns on well-chosen refractoryAmong the materials used in refractory industryefractories are to be good candidates due to theirchanical properties at room and elevated temper-
to their properties, pure magnesia and magnesia
ding authors. Tel.: +33 5 87 50 25 60.ding author at: Science des Procds Cramiques et Traitements
PCTS UMR CNRS 7315), CEC, 12 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limogese. Tel.: +33 5 87 50 25 60.dresses: younes.belrhiti@etu.unilim.fr (Y. Belrhiti),unilim.fr (M. Huger), thierry.chotard@unilim.fr (T. Chotard).
spinel materials showed a great interest for commercialsand researchers.1,2 Pure magnesia bricks are known by theirresistance to corrosion and their relatively low thermal shockresistance. Besides, the incorporation of spinel improves thethermal shock resistance and can extend to three times longerservice life of cement rotary kiln3 compared to conventionalmagnesia chrome bricks. Indeed, spinel addition, leads to a bet-ter adaptability of the material to severe solicitations generatedduring high and quick temperature variations. Magnesia spinelrefractories still preferable to magnesia chromite ones whichare not recommended because of their toxicity due to chromitecontain. These two types of refractory have nearly the sameproperties such as a high thermal shock resistance.
Even if their process of processing can affect the economy,but they still preferable to magnesia chromite refractories whichhave nearly the same properties such as their high resistanceagainst thermal shock damage, erosion and corrosion but are notrecommended due to the toxicity of waste refractories containingchrome.
rg/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.ience des Procds Cramiques et Traitements de Surface (SPCTS UMR CNRSb Groupe dEtude des Matriaux Htrognes (GEMH), Universit de Lim
c Institut Pprime, CNRS, Universit de Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierred Montanuniversitt Leoben, Department of Ceramics, Peter-T
e Institut Universitaire Technologique du limousin, Dpartement GMP, 2 AReceived 6 December 2013; received in revised form 1 Septe
ry materials, a large strain behavior before failure is desired to impr fracture behavior of magnesiaigital image correlationoumalin c, J.C. Dupr c,otard a,e,
), CEC, 12 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France 12 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, Francee, 86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France-Strasse 5, A-8700 Leoben, Austriandr Maurois, 87065 Limoges Cedex, France
2014; accepted 2 September 2014
heir thermal shock resistance during their service life in
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Please cite micro-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingwedge spl
ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 72 Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx
The behavior of magnesia spinel is related to their microstruc-ture and especially to the difference between the thermalexpansion of magnesia and spinel which is behind the devel-opment of micro-cracks around the spinel grains and canprevent crack propagation generated by thermal shock.47Moreover, their microstructure induces a significant non-linearstressstrain mechanical behavior allowing a high strain torupture, high fracture energy and as a consequence improvestheir thermal shock resistance. It has been reported that micro-cracking caused by the addition of spinel reduces both strengthand stiffness, and affect the fracture behavior.68 Both theknowledge of the mechanisms initiating such behavior and thepossibility to characterize those in the best accurate way areessential.
From thing to undethe non-linals and com
The frasplitting teity to prodThis meantest evaluat
To assessurface, diThis full-fiplacement now widelyimental medigital imadeformatiophenomenoin which crbranchesnomenon o
magnesia s
2. Materia
2.1. Mater
Pure mthis study of industri01 mm; 1
Magnesiamatrix
MicrocracksSpinel inclusion
Fig. 1. Microstructure of magnesia-spinel material.
spinel (13 mm) in the case of MSp. Spinel grains replaced thesame content of magnesia aggregates having the same amount.
ir pPa anrma
nsity to gnes
) andO4 =crac
appeteriam eaectioper or.
edge
ore
requthodst.1
h ceactorshowa we
V righef the
ly thce thed, t
Table 1Granulometry les.
Pure MgO MgO-15% spinel
Granulometry
0 1513.5 13.534.0 19.024.0 24.028.5 28.5
Properties 2.98 2.9517.5 15.3 this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of
ese considerations, this study is a part of a work aim-rstand the relationship between microstructure andear mechanical behavior of magnesia-spinel materi-pared to pure magnesia materials.
cture characterization is conducted through wedgest (WST) results. This test is well known for its abil-uce reliable data on stable crack propagation.915s that material characterization quality depends onion.s to strain measurements based on DIC on material
gital image correlation technique has been chosen.elds practical and effective tool for quantitative dis-and strain measurement of a planar sample surface is
accepted and commonly used in the field of exper-chanics. This non-contact optical method comparesges of the sample surface obtained before and duringn.1626 It allows highlighting the crack branchingn. It is a complex process of heterogeneous materialsack propagation induces the coalescence of existing
that correspond to existing micro-cracks. Such phe-ccurs due to the particularity of the microstructure ofpinel materials.
ls and methods
ials
agnesia and magnesia 15%-spinel (MSp) used inwere processed from different grain distribution
al magnesia with low iron content (fines < 0.1 mm;3 mm; 35 mm) and additional sub-stoichiometric
The140 M
Infotry, de
Duethe masionsMgAl2micro-cracksthe ma
Frocross-s
this pasimila
2.2. W
A mused fthe meting teresearc
of refrAs
using force Fmuch hmode oto app
Sinimprov
and properties of MgO-15% spinel samples compared to pure magnesia samp
Spinel 13 mm (%) MgO 35 mm (%) MgO 13 mm (%) MgO 01 mm (%) MgO fines (
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Please citewedge spl
ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 7Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx 3
try (a
the deformthe microst
Then, fdisplacemeas the meato propagaenergies cotic energy spinel intemechanism
GF = 1A
where A ishorizontal face fractuthe displacload.
The horFV neglect
FH = F2 tanwhere is tFV reducesless elastic
AnotherWST is th
ess atrati.Fig. 2. Principle of wedge splitting test with samples geome
ation before cracking has to be higher by modifyingructure of the refractory.rom the experimental data in terms of load-
the strconcen
Eq. (3) this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of microitting test and digital image correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc (2014), http://dx.d
nt, the surface fracture energy GF (N m1) is definedn work per unit of projected fracture area requiredte a crack, and represented by the sum of distinctnsumed during the crack propagation process (elas-and dissipated one) due to the crack bridging, therlocking, shear in zigzag fracture planes and others. GF is calculated using Eq. (1).max
0
FH dH (1)
the area of the crack surface projection, FH is theforce and H is the horizontal deformation. This sur-re energy is calculated for values from zero up toement max corresponding to 10% of the maximum
izontal force FH is calculated from the vertical forceing any friction effects using the Eq. (2).
V(/2) (2)
he wedge angle. The fact that FH is much higher than the load applied on the machines frame and storing
energy in it and helping stable crack propagation. mechanical property of material estimated from thee nominal notch tensile strength NT. It represents
NT = 6
Where bis the distaFig. 2a.
In additi(1600 19the specklethanks to ding crack garound the
2.3. Digita
The damcrack advaobtained bthe analysiing a mechmeasuring the image cimage recowhich the pixel of theat the surfa) and image acquisition setup (b).
t the point of beginning of rupture when the stresson at the notch tip is neglected, is calculated by the-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingoi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001
y FH,maxb h2 +
FH,max
b h (3)
(mm), h (mm) are samples dimensions and y (mm)nce between FH,max and the middle of h as shown in
on to the experimental setup, a 8-bits CMOS camera00 pixels2) used to record images is placed in front ofd surface in order to perform optical measurementsigital image correlation (Fig. 2b). This allows study-rowth during mechanical tests and the strain statecrack tip. The acquisition frequency was 1 image/s.
l image correlation technique
age level neighborhood to the crack tip and thencement are estimated from the strain cartographiesy DIC. This full fields optical method is based ons of successive digital images of a same sample dur-anical test. The displacement fields are obtained bythe degree of similarity of series of subsets betweenorresponding to an unloaded state and the deformedrded during the test. The zone of interest (ZOI), oncalculation is done, is represented in Fig. 2a. Eachse images stores a gray level value due to a patternce. To avoid ambiguities in the similarity process a
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Please cite micro-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingwedge spl
ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 74 Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx
random distribution of gray levels can be used called specklepattern. This pattern can be the natural texture of the speci-men surfacpaints. As aopaque paidried. Afteusing spray
The useon specificFrom theseciple of thisfor the calcstudy.29
3. Results
3.1. Mecha
Fig. 4 displacemematerials o
Horizonnon-linear post-peak rthe increasimum loadmechanicalow mechathis can be case of MSanisms occwake regiogation. As in the casethe thermalleads to the
In additthe peak, ain compari
In the twcharacterizbehavior, acoupled wthis phase and the las
Only thearly apparmicro-cracvisible. Thfields werethe presenc
Thanks strains aloncorrespondcorresponding to DIC32 32 pix
Table 2Nominal notched tensile strength and surface fracture energy values.
O
%
m/presvaluescale
ordgray
colo thansure
the ttake
reac
ne inone gnd thsia icenc
inah sa
repse fchan
ses wrameal is,. 4a a
the der
splim of
thap tha
MS the
rack
unded alsatio
growrocess, featuring many different physical mechanisms. Inmaterials, the damage is quite absent or confined in a
area. To underline its presence, different maps of strains and Y axis were obtained using digital image correlationrent loads (Figs. 5 and 6).ike pure magnesia, in addition to X-axis strains whichhe same direction as the crack opening, we notice the this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of
e or artificially made by spraying black and/or whiten example for samples surface preparation, a blacknt layer is deposited on the surface of sample thenr that, white speckles will be carefully projected on
paint.d DIC process consists in calculating displacements
points of several subsets which constitute a grid. displacements, strains will be calculated. The prin-
technique is represented in Fig. 3 and equations usedulation of displacements are detailed in the previous
and discussion
nical properties
represents the characteristic horizontal load vs.nt curves of pure magnesia and magnesia spinelbtained by wedge splitting test.tal load vs. displacement curve of MSp presents amechanical behavior up to the peak with a significantegion and residual strain when unloading. Moreover,e of spinel content seems mainly to lower the max-
and to enhance the pre-peak non-linearity of thel behavior. This material has a higher strain and anical resistance in comparison with pure magnesia;explained by the higher volume of micro-cracks in thep developed during cooling and toughening mech-urring around the crack, especially in the followingn, which may increase the resistance to crack propa-explained before, the higher volume of micro-cracks
of magnesia spinel is due to the difference between expansion coefficient of magnesia and spinel which
apparition of micro-cracks around the grain of spinel.ion to that, pure magnesia affords a lower strain atnd a thinner peak due to a smaller post-peak regionson with MSp.o cases, the mechanical behavior of these materials ised by three phases. One corresponding to the elastic
second one characterized by the elastic behaviorith damage increased by the addition of spinel andis usually referred as localization of macro-crack,t one corresponding to the crack growth.e main macro-crack can be easily observed, but theition of the macro-crack, as well as all the stressedks pre-existing around the middle plane, is not reallyat is why; strain fields calculated from displacement
chosen so as to analyze the crack propagation ande of damage process.to digital image correlation, the evolution of theg X-axis has been represented for different instantsing to different loading states (Fig. 4). These maps
to the zone of interest ZOI defined in Fig. 2a. Accord- principle, this area is subdivided using subsets ofels2 with a gap of 8 8 pixels2 and a scale factor of
Pure Mg
MgO-15spinel
0.067 mCrack strain color first in(from (blackhigherof mea
Forcrack beforeage zoThis zload amagnecoales
Nomfor eac(3) and
Thethe meincreais a pamateri
Figduringarea un
wedgethe suconfirmof MScase ofduring
3.2. C
To focusepropagcrack plex pbrittle small along Xat diffe
Unlhave titting test and digital image correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc (2014), http://dx.NT (MPa) GF (N m1) GF/NT (mm) 103
14.36 206.50 14.3914.38 182.00 12.66
6.65 361.00 54.256.75 396.00 58.63
pixels. Four maps were represented in Fig. 4a and b.ence and its opening correspond to the local highers (Fig. 4). To underline these latter, a specific strain
has been chosen. The choice of colors was doneer to identify the evolution of local higher strains
to red) and to eliminate measurement disturbancer). A presence of a crack corresponds to a threshold
0.001 (gray color) taking into account the accuracyment.wo materials, the initiation and the propagation of theplace after reaching critical load (FH,max). Besides,hing this critical load, there is a development of dam-
the neighborhood of the crack tip in the case of MSp.ets larger and moves with the increase of the appliede propagation of the crack unlike the case of pure
n which there is a lack of damage associated to thee of the micro-cracks.l notch tensile strength and surface fracture energymple have been calculated thanks to the Eqs. (1) andresented in Table 2.racture parameters introduced in Table 2 show thatical resistance decreases and the fracture resistanceith the increase of the spinel rate. The ratio GF/NTter of the brittleness of the material: the more brittle
the lower value of the ratio is.nd b represent also the evolution of the total energytest. The total energies are deduced from the totalhorizontal load vs. displacement curves obtained bytting test divided by final crack surface and represent
the elastic energy and dissipated one. The curvest during the test, the total energy is higher in the casen pure magnesia. The high dissipated energy in thep is due to the dense network of micro-cracks createdcrack initiation and propagation.
branching phenomenon
rline the presence of damage process, this studyo on the strains along X and Y axis created by the
n of the crack during wedge splitting test. Indeed,th in heterogeneous materials is often a very com-doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001
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Please citewedge spl
ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 7Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx 5
Fig. 3. Principle of digital image correlation method.
presence of strains along Y-axis perpendicular to the crack open-ing direction. However, their intensity stills lower than X-axisstrains. Y-axis strains are related to the creation of micro-cracksaround grains of spinel during mechanical test. This is due tothe difference of the expansion coefficient of MgO and spinel.
In the case of MSp, thanks to xx strains obtained by digitalimage correlation results, we notice the complexity of crackgrowth in hmechanism
many interacting micro-cracks or micro-branches (coalescenceof micro-cracks). Besides, the branches evolve from the micro-cracks which are initially parallel to the main crack, but deviatesmoothly from the original crack orientation.
As perspectives, it is worth mentioning that experimentalresults obtained by digital image correlation can be coupledwith numerical results by finite element simulation in order
e ac
ram
eterogeneous materials which feature many physicals such as crack branching phenomenon. It results of
to havture pa this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of microitting test and digital image correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc (2014), http://dx.d
Fig. 4. Horizontal load vs. displacement and energy curves of pure magnesia (a) andcess to nonlinear stressstrain laws. Besides, frac-eters could be determined also using digital image-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingoi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001
magnesia-15% spinel (b) obtained thanks to WST.
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Please cite this article in press as: Belrhiti Y, et al. Investigation of the impact of micro-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products usingwedge splitting test and digital image correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.001
ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 76 Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx
Fig. 5. Maps of longitudinal strains along X axis (a) and Y axis (b) for pure magnesia sample.
Fig. 6. Maps of longitudinal strains along X axis (a) and Y axis (b) for magnesia spinel sample.
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ARTICLE IN PRESS+ModelJECS-9809; No. of Pages 7Y. Belrhiti et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society xxx (2014) xxxxxx 7
correlation using energetic methods such as the integral invariantmethod.
4. Conclusion
This study was dedicated for a better understanding of therelationshipmicrostrucinvestigateference beis due to tthe case ofthe thermagrains. To influence ohas been asIndeed, by inal notch the measurof spinel ition of spinnon-linearihigh level oto digital iallows an is considerresistance.
Acknowled
This wothrough c(Austria) anetwork. Tmaterials.
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Investigation of the impact of micro-cracks on fracture behavior of magnesia products using wedge splitting test and digit...1 Introduction2 Materials and methods2.1 Materials2.2 Wedge splitting test2.3 Digital image correlation technique
3 Results and discussion3.1 Mechanical properties3.2 Crack branching phenomenon
4 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences
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