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Approach• Get the BIG picture before
programming• “Why?” then “How?”• Principles and practices: know the
concepts and know how to design and implement an application.
• In the industry: design then coding
What is a Computer?
From the Webster’s New World Dictionary: 1. A person who computes.2. A device used for computing (an electronic machine which by means of stored instructions and information, perform rapid, often complex calculations or compiles, correlates, and selects data).
What is a program and what is programming?
Programs: stored computer instructions for data processing.
Programming = Data Structures + Algorithms
Professor Donald E. Knuth
What Types of Programs?(1) Stand Alone:
MS PowerPoint(2) Web/Internet-based:
(a) Client-side: client-side JavaScript (b) Server Side:
ASP.NET, JSP, Web Services3-Tir Enterprise Applications
(c) Both-sides: Apps(3) Cloud: Applications on the Cloud. Everything
is on the Internet and the Internet is “a’ huge computer.
Why? Code Reuse!
Traditional Compilation/Linking (C/C++)Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
Binary Code for OS1
OS1
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2
OS2
Common Binary Code?
Java Intermediate Language: Java Bytecode
Java Source Code (.java)
Java Compiler (javac) on OS1
Java Bytecode (.class)
OS1
Java Interpreter on OS1 (java)
OS2
Java Compiler (javac) on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
Java Interpreter on OS2 (java)
Program statements are interpreted one at a time during the run-time.
JIT Compiler
An interpreter interprets intermediate code one line at a time. Slow execution.
A JIT (Just-In-Time) Compiler compiles the complete code all at once just into native binary code before execution. Faster execution.
JIT Complier: Java Bytecode Compiler
Java Source Code (.java)
Java Compiler (javac) on OS1
Java Bytecode (.class)
OS1
Java JIT Compiler on OS1
OS2
Java Compiler (javac) on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
Java JIT Compiler on OS2
All programming statements are compiled at compile time.
OS-Independent Code: Intermediate Languages
The trend to support OS-independent binary code is to compile the source code into the binary format of an intermediate language.
And to provide an interpreter for the intermediate language on each OS to translate the binary code of the intermediate language into the native binary code of the OS.
OS-Independent Compilation: Intermediate Language
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
Intermediate Binary Code
OS1
Intermediate Code Interpreter OS1
OS2
Language 1 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
Intermediate Code Interpreter OS2
.NET OS-Platform-Independence
MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
MSIL Code
OS1
MSIL JIT Compiler on OS1
OS2
Language 1 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
MSIL JIT Compiler on OS2
The Programming Language for .NET: C#C#: (0) C^+^2n; n = 0, 1, 2, => C, C++, C#(1) The most advanced programming language to date(3) OOP (Object-oriented Programming)(4) EDP (Event Driven Programming)(5) Dynamic type generation(6) Platform-independent?: Code runs on any platform with .NET runtime(7) Visual Studio
A Common Language?
.NET Common Language Runtime
To make .NET language independent, CLR (Common Language Runtime) is defined as the runtime environment.
CLR defines CTS (Common Type System) which should be followed by all languages to be used in the .NET framework.
Syntax: int, for, .. Semantics: multiple inheritance is not allowed in CTS The code that follows CTS standard is called managed code.
regular C++ supports multiple inheritancemanaged C++ does not support multiple inheritance
.NET Language-Independence
CLR: Common Language Runtime
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code)
OS1
CLR on OS1
OS2
Language 2 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
CLR on OS2
Source Code for Language 2
.NET Architecture for Language and Platform Independence(fan-in and fan-out on MSIL)
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
OS1
CLR on OS1
OS2
Language 2 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
CLR on OS2
Source Code for Language 2
MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code)
CLI (Common Language Infrastructure)CLR/CTS for Everyone?
CLI : Common Language Infrastructure
A specification defines an environment for multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms.
Created by Microsoft based on .NET, standardized by MS, Intel, HP and others, ratified by ECMA and ISO.
.NET is an implementation of CLI for desktop systems. .NET Compact Framework is an implementation of CLI
for portable devices. Open Source implementations: Mono development
platform (Novell), Portable .NET (dotGNU)
CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) SpecificationOpen Architecture for Language and Platform Independent Programming
Source Code for Language 1
Language 1 Compiler on OS1
OS1
CLR for OS1
OS2
Language 2 Compiler on OS2
Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1
CLR for OS2
Source Code for Language 2
CIL (Common Intermediate Language) Code
Confirming CTS (Common Type System)
Even though, CLI/CTS/CLR can make a program written in any language to run on any platform, the entire program (including all libraries used) has to be on the platform before running.
Can we have part of a program on one computer and another part of the same program on another computer?
Distributed Computing. A program is divided into multiple parts and different parts are distribute on different computers.
e.g. virtual surgery.
Web Enabled & Distributed.NET
What is .NET? .Net is a framework for developing OS-platform-independent, programming- language-independent, web-enabled, distributed applications.
.Net is Web-enabled and Distributed
To run distributed code on the web, we need a standard way to register the code and a standard way to access the code.
Registration:UDDI Registry: Universal Description,
Discovery, and Integration. Access:
SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol WSDL: Web Service Description Language
.NET Architecture for Web-based Distributed Computing
Client 1
Client 2
Web Service 1
UDDI Registry 1
WSDL Interface 1
UDDI Registry 2
Web Service 2 WSDL Interface 2
SOAP
SOAP
WEB
.NET Framework Composition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework
.NET Framework Compositions
Common Language Runtime (CLR ): provides the runtime environment for MSIL code.
Framework Class Library (FCL) : provides standard libraries for developing common .Net applications.
.NET runtime environment comes with Windows
.NET development environment comes with Visual Studio
OS
Web Services
Distributed
Applications
Common Language Runtime
.Net Framework Class Library
Browser
Accessible
Remote Applications
(ASP.NET)
Other Applications
(Mobile, …)
Local
Applications
(Windows Forms or Console
Applications)
.NET Application Types
.Net Framework Class Library
System
Windows
Forms
(GUI)
Web Data
(Database)
Enterprise Services
XML
(Data Description)
String,
…
UI ServicesConnection
DataSet XmlDocument
Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Communication Foundation, …
.NET Enterprise Servers Internet Information Services (IIS): web server Commerce Server: e-commerce server SQL Server: database server Exchange Server: MS exchange services Mobile Information Server: wireless server Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server:
firewall, proxy, … BizTalk: B2B (Business-to-Business) server
History: .Net & COM : Code Reuse
MFC: Microsoft Foundation Class, code reuse within an application (process)
COM: Component Object Model, code reuse across applications (processes)
DCOM: Distributed COM, code reuse across systems
COM+: Internet-based Enterprise COM, code reuse across the Internet
.NET: COM+ 2.0, all COM+ services are available in .NET, even those not in managed code, interoperable with COM-based applications
Versions of .NET.Net is evolving. 1.0: fundamentals
CLR, FCL2.0: http://forums.asp.net/t/1115522.aspx
partial classes, profile object, ACL 3.0: http://forums.asp.net/t/1115522.aspx
WCF (Communication), WWF (Workflow), WPF (Presentation)
4.0: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms171868.aspx
DLR (dynamic language runtime)improved security modelparallel processing (PLINQ)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework
Latest .NET Frameworkhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/aa496123
Current version: framework 4.5 (08/2012) Framework 4.5 for Windows 8. ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) support in 4.5
on Windows 8 in addition to x86 SIMD (single instruction, multiple data), multi
and many core processors (GPUs). Some support through Direct3D. No support yet for SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions to x86)
A Common Language for the Internet (free of compilation and
translation)?
A Common Language for the Internet• Tim Berners-Lee• ASCII text (ISO/IEC 8859-1) is platform-independent. • HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol)
e.g. GET wp.html
Assembly Language for the Internet• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
High-level language for the Internet)hyper text: text that describes other texttags: type definition of text in text
<title>WP</title>all tags are predefined in HTMLonly system defined types, no user defined types
Recognizable by all types of computers. (World Wide Web)
A Common Language for the InternetXML (eXtensible Markup Language)
Allow user defined tags (types)
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)Standards for defining objects for the InternetBased on XML
WSDL (Web Service Description Language)Standards for describing web services for the InternetBased on XML
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