asian architecture case study s11
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Asian Architecture Project : Case Study Paper
The Contribution of Passive Design of S11 House in Maintaining Thermal
Comfort of the Building
Name: Siew John LoongID: 0315871
Tutor: Mr. Koh Jing How
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Table Content 1.Cover……………………………………………………
……………………1
2.Table
Content…………………………………………………
…………2-3
3.Abstract…………………………………………………
………………….4
4.Diagram………………………………………………
…………………….5
5.1.0
Introduction……………………………………………
…………..6-7
6.2.0 Natural
Cooling…………………………………………………
…8
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
2.1 Building
Orientation…………………………………………….
9
2.2 Cross
Ventilation……………………………………………
…10-12
2.3 Stack
Ventilation……………………………………………
…13-14
7. 3.0 Building
Structures…………………………………………..15
3.1 Overhang
roof………………………………………............15-16
8. 4.0 Thermal Effective of Building
Materials…………...17-18
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
4.1 Lightweight materials VS Heavyweight
materials.19-21
9. 5.0 Site
Context………………………………………………………
22-23
10. 6.0
Conclusion…………………………………………………
……24
11. 7.0
Reference……………………………………………………
….25-26
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
AbstractThe research paper is to study the contribution of passive cooling methods
in achieving optimum thermal comfort in S11 House. Thermal comfort is
one of the most important section in a building which determines whether
the building achieve the standard comfort for the user to live in. So,
passive cooling is designed accordingly in S11 House in few different ways
in order to achieve effective natural ventilation. When we talk about green
architecture, it actually means to reduce the negative environment impact
and increase environment friendly to the surrounding. Design approaches
such as building orientation, overhang roof, building spatial layout, site
context details and so on have to be considered carefully to create a
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
building that achieve thermal comfort. Besides, one of the most important
role to optimize thermal comfort is to allow the maximum air ventilation to
take place into the building. By having this method, the building will not
only receive the maximum passive cooling, but also it helps to reduce
operational cost and conserve energy as there is no need to apply
electrical appliances like air conditioner inside the building. Online
resources and electronic articles are used to assist in the topic selected.
Furthermore, when it comes to environment factors, S11 House is located
in a clear north-south orientation for the openings and windows which
allows natural ventilation to take place. With the help of tree canopies
around the building as shading device, the temperature is minimized
significantly. The position of swimming pool and koi pond in S11 House
helps in the evaporation process and that increases relative humidity of
the surrounding. Other than that, under the help of overhang roof, the
sliding windows can be opened all the time in order to allow air to flow
across the building. Meanwhile, wind turbines are designed on the
overhang roof help to eliminate the building heat as well. As a conclusion,
S11 House is considered as a well-planned building in providing optimum
thermal comfort based on different passive cooling strategies which work
effectively in the building.
Diagram
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
1.0 Introduction
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 1: Exterior view of S11 House
S11 House is Malaysia’s first Green Building Index Platinum rated house
that won the Tropical Building Category of the Asean Ebergy Awards in
2013. It is located in Petaling Jaya, Selangor and it is designed by Ar. Dr.
Tan Loke Mun. It is a green tropical house which is conceptualized along
the lines of a tree. A lot of sustainable design strategies and passive
designs are used in order to maintain thermal comfort of the building such
as the stack ventilation, cross ventilation, overhang roof, building
orientation and building material.
The research paper is conducted about S11 House to focus on the
relationship between passive designs and thermal comfort with the
research topic of ‘contribution of passive design of S11 House in
maintaining thermal comfort of the building’ with the following research
questions:
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
1. How does spatial layout planning help in natural ventilation to obtain
thermal comfort?
2. How do passive cooling work together effectively to achieve thermal
comfort?
3. What is the significant feature of the building in order to create
passive design to achieve thermal comfort?
4. How do building materials enhance the natural ventilation to
achieve thermal comfort?
5. How do passive cooling work together effectively to achieve thermal
comfort?
6. How does the site context serve as part of the natural ventilation to
obtain thermal comfort?
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
2.0 Natural CoolingNatural cooling is an very important element to be considered in a
building. It can help to reduce the use of mechanical ventilation like air
conditioning and this helps to conserve the nature, as well as saving tons
of electricity consumption and energy used like fossil fuel. Meanwhile, it
can reduce the emission of gas (greenhouse effect) from the elctrical
generating plant. In S11 House, the natural ventilation uses the wind
force to pull air through the building. In traditional Malay House, few
methods are being used to create an effective passive cooling such as the
elevation of house, fully openable windows, holed carvings around the
walls , open interior space with minimal partitions and high ventilated roof
tiles. Natural cooling can only be achieved with the fully used of site
contect and landscaping features, building form, building envelope design,
building internal planning and room design.
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 2.0: The Passive Cooling of Malay House
2.1 Building Orientation
In order to allow passve cooling taking place effectively in S11
House, there are few elements and detailing to be included in order
successfully circulate the indoor and outdoor air.
N N
W E W E
S
S
Figure 3.0 The oreintation of Buiding S11 House
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
In S11 House, the building is arranged in a way to receive the
maximum air cooling. it is clear north-south orientated as shown in
Figure 4.
Figure 4.0: North-south Orientation of S11 House (Floor Plan)
2.2 Cross Ventilation
Plenty of light can be captured through the openings and cross
ventilation takes place. In order to allow hot air to flow out of the
building easily, the whole building structures are heightened by the
designer of S11 House. Therefore, the air in the structure will not
become too enclosed and stifling which might affect the optimum
thermal comfort of the building.
For cross ventilation, the building uses pressure diffference across
the space to create air movement. The building has vents opening at
2 sides which allow air moves through the building. It helps to lower
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
the temperature of the building and cool the areas. With this design,
cross ventilation can occur effectively, especially in a open floor plan
like in Figure 6.0. The flow of air (direction) can also be seen in
Figure 5.0.
Figure 5.0 : Flow of Air Figure
6.0 : Floor Plan
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Besides, the building has same level of openings at 2 sides which
allow air to enter smoothly into and out of the building as shown in
Figure 7.0 and Figure 8.0.
Figure 7.0 and Figure 8.0 : Building Openings
The smaller inlet and larger outlet of the building provides higher air
speed and air flow to the building (Figure 9.0). The design also works
more efficiently than the Malay house which uses the similar way of
air ventilation as shown in Figure 10.0. At the same time, the
openings are situated in the same building level which helps to
enhance the air ventilation as well (Figure 11.0 and Figure 12.0)
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 9.0: Inlet and outlet
(Floor Plan) Figure 10.0: Cross Ventilation (Malay House)
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 11.0: Flow of air Figure 12.0
Same level openings
2.3 Stack Ventilation
Besides, in order to further ventilate the building spaces, S11 house
has fully made used of operable glass windows and sliding doors.
The operable glass windows act as shelters during rainfall and allow
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
light to enter into the building, as well as ventilating the interior
spaces when they are opened. Other than that, air vents are built
between building roofing and walls as to let the hot air to flow out of
the building as shown in Figure 13.0.
Figure 13.0: Cross Ventilation of S11 House
Cross ventilation is formed through the fully usage of these building
elements. By using cross ventilation, hot air rises up within the
building and it flows out of the building through the vents on the
roof. At the same time, the internal air is replaced by the cooler air
from the outside which enters the building through openings like the
windows. It helps to conserve the nature as the usage of air
conditioning is further reduced by the usage of wind turbines (Figure
15.0)that provide stack ventilation. S11 House’s cross ventilation is
similar to the Malay House as well which also provides effective
ventilation throughout the building (Figure 14.0).
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 14.0 :Vernacular Malay House
Figure 15.0: Wind Turbine
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
3.0 Building Structures
3.1 Overhang Roof
Figure 16.0: Functions of Overhang Roof
Overhang roof is one of the most important building component in a
building (Figure 16.0). It serves as the top part of a building which
helps to protect the building. It acts as a shelter to protect the
building from over-exposed to the sunlight, as well as preventing the
rainwater from getting inside the building. Windows can also be
shaded by overhang roof when the solar heat gain is undesirable. A
building may suffer from water entry problems at windows and
doors, as well as having premature siding rot if improper overhang
roof is used . The most important function of overhang roof is to
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
keep water off the wall. The building wall can only be protected by
having a proper and standard overhang roof.
Figure 17.0: How a roof overhang can prevent hot summer sun from
getting in.
Figure 18.0: S11 House Overhang Roof
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
4.0 Thermal Effect of Building Materials
Figure 19.0: The Thermal Mass of Building Material
The optimum thermal comfort can be affected by the building material as
well. Thermal mass is the basic characteristic of building material in order
to absorb heat or cool, store it and release it later. The rate of the heat
loss or gain is called as U-value. In tropical country like Malaysia, walls and
floors will directly absorb heat on their surfaces. The storing heat will be
kept and exposed to the cooler air during the evening or night by
conducting it inwards. The heat will then flow back to the surface and be
released again. The cycle will be repeated again and again from day to
day.
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 20.0: The process of heat absorbing and releasing
In order to provide a largely self-regulating environment and stabilize the
internal temperature, the building material must be able to respond to the
changing condition naturally. The thermal effect of building material in S11
House which help to absorb and release heat will directly affect the
thermal comfort of the buildjng significantly.
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 21.0: How Thermal Mass Work
4.1 Lightweight Materials vs Heavyweight
Materials
Lightweight Material Heavyweight Material
Low thermal mass High thermal mass
React faster and follow external
temperature
React slowly with internal
temperature response
Figure 22.0 : Lightweight material vs Heavyweight material
The building material used in east-west wall must be low in heat
capacity and high in thermal insulation. This is because low heat
capacity will only allow a small amount if heat absoprtion, while high
thermal insulation allows small amount of heat to be transffered
through the materials. Also, they must have good direct reflection or
screening solar radiation so that direct heat gain can be reduced.
In S11 House, the eat and west walls were deliberate void of any
significant glazed openings. They were also constructed with better
insulated aerated lightweight concrete block. Windows and doors
have large impact on the thermal comfort of the building. Besides,
glazed windows which serve as an important component of
contemporary architectural style helps to reduce structural load and
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
allow natural light to penetrate into the building. They are coated
with heat reflecting paint and shaded by a wire netting screen of
vines and creepers as shown in Figure 23.0 and Figure 24.0. They
can reduce the heat gain through the building.
Figure 23.0: Left Elevation
Figure 24.0: Right Elevation
Furthermore, the old clay bricks were cleaned and re-used for
featured walls as shown in Figure 25.0. They are good heat insulator.
They have better thermal insulation and they are fire resistant
material. By re-using old clay bricks as part of the building materials,
it helps to save construction cost of the building.
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Wire netting screen
Wire netting screen
The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 25.0: Old Clay Bricks
In S11 House, the roof are constructed of lightweight recyclable
profiled steel metal sheets coated in a light off-white color to
minimize heat absorption as shown in Figure 26.0 and Figure 27.0.
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 26.0: Roof Plan Figure
27.0:Profiled Steel Metal Sheets
Meanwhile the old crushed concrete retained from the old house is
used for gravel fill as shown in Figure 28.0 and Figure 29.0.. They
are low in construction cost and are able to save natural resources.
The materials are fire resistant and can be used as stonework for
bathroom and ground floor living areas.
Figure 28.0 Ground Floor Plan Figure 29.0: Old
Crushed Concrete
5.0 Site Context
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Vegetation plays an important role in regulating surrounding temperature.
Lower part of the building can be shaded by vegetation and reflective heat
can be absorbed. S11 House conserves exisiting trees originated from the
site without cutting them down. The trees can be used as a primary
natural shading devices from the sun as they can absorb radiation.
There are 5 significant exisiting trees around S11 House as shown in
Figure 30.0. Besides, the plantations are tropical natives which are
suitable to Malaysia climate. The tree shading can be an effective shading
device as Malaysia is a hot and humid country. They help to cool the area
around.
Figure 30.0: Ground Floor Plan Figure 31.0 Plants on
site
Besides vegetation, there are Koi Pond and swimming pool which are
situated at the both end side of S11 House (Figure 32.0 and Figure 33.0).
They act as cooling device which cool the building passively (passive
cooling).
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
Figure 32.0: Ground Floor Plan Figure 33.0 Swimming Pool
6.0 ConclusionAsian Architecture ARC 2213/2234 Page 28
Koi Pond
Swimming pool
The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
As a conclusion, S11 House can be concluded as a successful green
building based on the aspect of passive cooling such as passive
ventilations (cross ventilations and stack ventilations), builidng orientation,
building material and building structure (overhang roof).
The cross ventilation and stack ventilation can work well together to
achieve effective passive cooling. They can achieve optimum thermal
comfort as well wothout affecting one another. Besides, S11 House has a
good building orientation (north-south orientation) which allows air
ventilation to take place in the building effectively. Other than that, S11
House has a standard effective overhang roof which act as a shelter
against sunlight and rainwater. Aprt from that, building materials such as
old clay bricks, recyclable profiled steel metal sheets and old crushed
concrete (reused material) help to save construction cost and conserve
energy as there will be no extra fee. Finally, the there are lots of
plantations which surround the S11 House. They act as shading device for
the building and lower down the temperature. Meanwhile, the Koi Pond
and swimming pool which are situated at the both end of S11 House help
in passive cooling as well (evaporating).
By having these standards of passive coolings, optimum thermal comfort
can be achieved successfully in S11 House. The occupants can have a
comfortable environement to live in and the environement impact can be
reduced to its minimum.
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The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
7.0 Reference
1.Overhang Roof- Cooling Your Home Efficiently. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27,
2016, from http://www.homepower.com/articles/home-efficiency/design-
construction/cooling-your-home-efficiently
2. Overhang Roof- Every House Needs Roof Overhangs. (n.d.). Retrieved
June 27, 2016, from
http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/every-house-
needs-roof-overhangs
3. Thermal mass- Passive Solar Building Design - 360 Building Solutions.
(2015). Retrieved June 27, 2016, from
http://www.360building.com.au/passive-solar-building-design/
4. Building Materials- No 7. Density of Building Materials - Liveability.
(n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2016, from
http://www.liveability.com.au/17things/7-density-of-building-materials/
#fndtn-panel1
5. S11 House / ArchiCentre. (2013). Retrieved June 27, 2016, from
http://www.archdaily.com/313041/s11-house-archicentre
6. Natural Ventilation. (2015). Retrieved June 27, 2016, from
http://greendatabase.org/2015/07/07/natural-ventilation /
Asian Architecture ARC 2213/2234 Page 30
The Contribution of Passive Cooling Methods in Achieving Optimum Thermal Comfort in S11 House
7. Asian Architecture Presentation Slide. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2016,
from http:// www.slideshare.net/zhijun/asian-architecture-presentation-slide
8. Wind Ventilation | Sustainability Workshop. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27,
2016, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/264234703112726733/
9.Asian Architecture - S11 House. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from
http://www.slideshare.net/devila94/asian-architecture-s11-house
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