arts of the renaissance. preface: arts of the middle ages most of the art that was created in the...
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Arts of the Renaissance
Preface: Arts of the Middle Ages
Most of the art that was created in the Middle Ages was funded by the Church, and made for public spaces
Stained glass artistry came with the large and high cathedral windows of Gothic Architecture
Most of the visual art, as with writing, was created by monks (Fra)
Conscripted labor performed the heaviest and most dangerous tasks in building the monuments of the age, although skilled stone masons were highly valued
Needlework was largely the province of women, often nuns, or high-born women and their ladies
By the late (High) Middle Ages, there was a concerted effort to marry faith and reason, in a movement called Scholasticism
Sant' Apollinare Nuovo:interior, detail of N. wall of nave showing mosaic of the Three Magi, ca. first quarter of 6th century Ravenna, Italy
CimabueThe Santa Trinita
Madonna
c1260/80 Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Simone Martini
Christ Discovered in the Temple
1342Liverpool, The Walker
Art Gallery.
Chartres Cathedralexterior, view from SE. showing towers of West front (begun mid-12th century; N.spire added 1507-1514)
Guillaume Dufay c. 1400-1474
Ave Regina Cœlorum The antiphon, Ave Regina Caelorum, is sung as the concluding antiphon in the The Liturgy of the Hours from the Presentation of the Lord until Holy Thursday. It was originally sung for None for the Feast of the Assumption. The author is unknown. The earliest plainchant manuscript stems from the 12th century.
Held in very high esteem by his contemporaries and regarded by modern experts as probably the greatest composer of the 15th century. His harmonies and melodies prefigure Renaissance composition.
DUFAYGREGORIAN
.
RENAISSANCE is a period during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries characterized by a revival of interest in the works of classical Greece and Rome, by a sharp increase in secular values, and by vigorous urban life. Both the forms and values of antiquity are held in highest esteem
Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt as Philosophy: Symbol, structure, and color are used to more realistically portray the temporal world.
Individualistic: Artistic styles vary widely, with much variation.
Classical: Classical themes and symbols of Antiquity often appear.
Realism: Portrays real people, as they are, but most often with an effort to describe their maximum or true potential . Linear perspective and anatomy are studied, as a means to achieve realism.
Emphasis on IndividualismEmphasis on IndividualismBatista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The
Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466
Jan van Eyck
Portrait of a Man 1433
Jan van Eyck
Arnolfini Portrait
1434
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Perspective
“What you are, I once was; what I
am, you will become.”
The Trinity Masaccio
1427
Ginevra de Benci Leonardo da Vinci 1474/1478
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato
'without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke'.
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI 1404-1472
The Dreyfus Madonna with the
PomegranateLeonardo da Vinci
1469
Italian Renaissance
Frequently artists were patronized by the religious leaders of the time; Italian Renaissance art is often characterized by religious themes
Frescoes: paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based pigments. (Example: Sistine Chapel)
Centered in Florence
Monumental Architecture
Early Renaissance
Concern with naturalistic settings and modelingPrivate commissions allow secular as well as religious worksClassical forms and themesLaws of linear perspective appliedOil painting allows detail and depthProduced largely by contract w/patron
Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 14361377 - 1436
Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fioreuppolo of St. Maria del FioreThe Cathedral of San LorenzoThe Cathedral of San Lorenzo
Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 14361377 - 1436
Used ribs for support
Interior Architecture
Domes
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
BotticelliBirth of Venus 1485
BotticelliThe Mystic
Nativity 1501
BotticelliThe Mystic
Nativity, detail 1501
Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
Deep knowledge/skill in one area.
Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
Leonardo da Vinci The “Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci Self Portrait 1512
Sculptor
Architect
Engineer
Inventor
Artist
Scientist
Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian
Man
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper 1498 (prior to restoration)
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper 1498 (restored)
da Vinci Mona Lisa 1503-4
A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona
A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona An Andy Warhol MonaAn Andy Warhol Mona
High Renaissance
Proportion, harmony, and balance strived forIntense study of the human figure allows fully resolved compositionSuperb depictions of reality, as underlying structures studied Idealization of nature
Michelangelo Buonorrati
1475 – 1564
The Pieta
1499,
Marble
David
1504, Marble
The Sistine Chapel
1508-12
Fresco
The Sistine Chapel, detail “The Creation of the Heavens” 1508-12 Fresco
The Sistine Chapel, detail “The Creation of Man” 1508-12 Fresco
MichelangeloPortrait of
Michelangelo
RaphaelSchool of Athens 1510-11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and
now].now].
PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or
the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].
Raphael Baldassare Castiglione
1514-15
Raphael
Portrait of Pope Julius II
1512-13
Raphael
Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi
1518-19
Raphael
Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna
Raphael
Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna
Bacchanalof the
Andrians Titian,
c. 1522-25
Venus of Urbino – Titian, 1558
Northern Renaissance
Oil paint. Jan van Eyck was one of the first to use them.
Masters of painting detail.
Some of the works are deeply religious, but often patrons were merchants or town officials, so secular paintings of portraits and everyday life also developed.
Jan van Eyck
The Virgin with Chancellor Rodin 1435
Jan van Eyck
The Crucifixion
and
The Last Judgment
1420-5
Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464) The Deposition (details) 1435
Quentin Massys (1465-1530)
Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus.Influenced by da Vinci.Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530
The Moneylender & His Wife Massys 1514The Moneylender & His Wife Massys 1514
Albrecht Dürer 1471-1528
Self Portrait in Fur-Collared
Robe 1500
Albrecht Dürer
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
woodcut 1498
Albrecht Dürer
The Last Supperwoodcut 1510
Hans Holbein, the
Younger
The Family of Burgomaster
Meyer Adoring the Virgin and
Child
Hans Holbein, the Younger
Jean de Dinteville and
Georges de Selve ('The
Ambassadors')1533
Hieronymus
Bosch 1450-1516
The Garden of Earthy Delights
1500
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Garden of Earthy Delights,
Detail1500
Pieter Bruegel The Harvesters, 1565
Pieter Bruegel Tower of Babel 1563
Pieter Bruegel The Beggars 1568
Pieter Bruegel The Triumph of Death 1562
Pieter Bruegel Hunters in the Snow 1565
Renaissance Writers
Chaucer
Made use of the English vernacular in his book The Canterbury Tales. Tells the stories of people traveling to Thomas a Becket's grave in Canterbury. It is important because the book allows us to see the spectrum of classes in England during the fifteenth century.
HumanismThe spirit of the Renaissance is reflected in Humanism, an intellectual movement initiated by secular men of letters during the fifteenth century. Humanism focused on developing the full potential of man. This included not only traditional virtues of love and honor but also virtues such as judgment, prudence and eloquence. The effect of Humanism was to inspire men to move away from the values and views of the Medieval Period, bringing about new thought and creations.
Humanism
Human nature is the primary study (as opposed to the Medieval focus of religion)Emphasized the Dignity of Man, and his potential to master nature, over the medieval values of penitence and forgiveness.Looked to the rebirth of the human spirit and wisdom gained over time.
Petrarch
Known for his sonnets of love, particularly to his love, Laura. His work is considered to be the "perfected" Italian sonnet.He was absorbed with the classics and introduced them to his contemporaries, championing the use of modern languages along with knowledge of the ancient ones “Father of Humanism”
The Ascent of Mount Ventoux To-day I made the ascent of the highest mountain in this region, which is not improperly called Ventosum. My only motive was the wish to see what so great an elevation had to offer. I have had the expedition in mind for many years; for, as you know, I have lived in this region from infancy, having been cast here by that fate which determines the affairs of men. Consequently the mountain, which is visible from a great distance, was ever before my eyes, and I conceived the plan of some time doing what I have at last accomplished to-day. The idea took hold upon me with especial force when, in re-reading Livy's History of Rome, yesterday, I happened upon the place where Philip of Macedon, the same who waged war against the Romans, ascended Mount Haemus in Thessaly, from whose summit he was able, it is said, to see two seas, the Adriatic and the Euxine. Whether this be true or false I have not been able to determine, for the mountain is too far away, and writers disagree. Pomponius Mela, the cosmographer - not to mention others who have spoken of this occurrence - admits its truth without hesitation; Titus Livius, on the other hand, considers it false. I, assuredly, should not have left the question long in doubt, had that mountain been as easy to explore as this one.
Pico della Mirandola and Oration on the Dignity of ManAt last the best of artisans ordained that the creature to whom He had been able to give nothing proper to himself should have joint possession of whatever had been peculiar to each of the different kinds of being. He therefore took man as a creature of indeterminate nature and, assigning him a place in the middle of the world, addressed him thus: “We have made you neither of Heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of yourself, you may fashion yourself in whatever shape you shall prefer. You shall have the power to degenerate into the lower forms of life, which are brutish. You shalt have the power out of your soul’s judgment, to be reborn into the high forms, which are divine.
O Supreme generosity of God the Father, O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills. Beast as soon as they are born bring with them from their mother’s womb all they will ever possess. Spiritual beings, either from the beginning or soon thereafter, become what they are to be for ever and ever. On man when he came into life the Father conferred the seeds of all kinds and the germs of every way of life. Whatever seeds each man cultivates will grow to maturity and bear in him their own fruit. If they be vegetative, he will be like a plant. If sensitive, he will become brutish. If rational, he will grow into a heavenly being. If intellectual, he will be an angel and the son of God.
Machiavelli
The Prince: Political satire. Develops the issue of political ethics through exploring such questions as “do the ends justify the means” and “is it safer to be feared or to be loved”?
“The Prince”That Which Concerns a Prince on the Subject of the Art of WarThe Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank. And, on the contrary, it is seen that when princes have thought more of ease than of arms they have lost their states. And the first cause of your losing it is to neglect this art; and what enables you to acquire a state is to be master of the art. Francesco Sforza, though being martial, from a private person became Duke of Milan; and the sons, through avoiding the hardships and troubles of arms, from dukes became private persons. For among other evils which being unarmed brings you, it causes you to be despised, and this is one of those ignominies against which a prince ought to guard himself, as is shown later on.
Desiderus ErasmusHe reflects the humanist desire to draw on all wisdom to create new works. “Praise of Folly” is one of his best-known works. In this work he is critical of the form (but not the values) of the Church of the time.
“Those who are the the closest to these [the theologians] in happiness are generally called “the religious” or “monks”, both of which are deceiving names since for the most part they stay as far away from religion as possible and frequent every sort of place. I cannot, however, see how any life could be more gloomy than the life of these monks if I [Folly] did not assist them in many ways.”
Baroque
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Judith et Holopherne, 1598-99
Artemisia GENTILESCHI,
Judith et Holopherne,
1612-1621
Gustav KLIMT, Judith and
Holopherne 1901
Michelangelo Merisi da
Caravaggio, The Calling of
St. Matthew1599-1600
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