apeis project: results in phase i and proposal in phase iiphase ii mikiko kainuma aim team, national...
Post on 09-Aug-2021
1 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
APEIS project: results in APEIS project: results in phase I and proposal in phase I and proposal in phase IIphase II
Mikiko KAINUMA Mikiko KAINUMA AIM Team, National Institute for Environmental StudiesAIM Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies(Integrated Environmental Assessment Group, APEIS)(Integrated Environmental Assessment Group, APEIS)
AIM/APEIS Workshop as a part of APEIS IEA activities AIM/APEIS Workshop as a part of APEIS IEA activities 77--12 November 2005, NIES, Japan12 November 2005, NIES, Japan
AIM, NIES 2
Objectives of APEIS IEAObjectives of APEIS IEA
Developing IEA tools to assess innovative optionsDiffusing and applying IEA tools for selected Asia-Pacific countries (China, India, Thailand, Korea)Developing quantitative innovative scenarios using IEA tools
Econ
omic
/soc
ial I
ndic
ator
Environmental QualityNational Environment Goals
Innovational strategies
Nat
iona
l Eco
nom
icTa
rget
s
AIM, NIES 3
Structure of phase I in APEIS IEAStructure of phase I in APEIS IEA
AIM Model Development for APEISAIM Model Development for APEIS
Land use
TemperaturePrecipitation
Sunshine
Water resource
Crop Productivity
Socio-economicindicator
Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy
AIM/ Impact/Ecosystem
Detailed process model for climate change impact assessment focused on surface water recycling, crop productivity and vegetation
Developed as a communication platform in orderto construct Asia -pacific regional environmental outlook supported with multi -regional environment
Futureeconomic trend
Futureenvironmental trend
India
Thailand
Korea
Japan
China
AIM/TrendIndustry
Green Purchase
Environ-mental Burden
Environment Fund
Environmental Industry (waste management, recycle)
Was
tes
Environmental Burden
Rec
ycle
Technology needsTechnology assessment
EnvironmentalIndustry
Environmentalburden
Consumer
Research on new technologies
AIM/MaterialOne country CGE model with CO2 and material balance, interface with environmental technology model
Emission Intensity of SO2 in China
AIM/ Local/Country/Inter
Developed for linking CO 2, SO 2, NO 2, SPM reduction program
AIM/End -useCountry Based
Technology Model
AIM/Top -downWorld Economic
Model
Land use
TemperaturePrecipitation
Sunshine
Water resource
Crop Productivity
Socio-economicindicator
Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy
Land use
TemperaturePrecipitation
Sunshine
Water resource
Crop Productivity
Socio-economicindicator
Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy
Land use
TemperaturePrecipitation
Sunshine
Water resource
Crop Productivity
Socio-economicindicator
Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy
AIM/ Impact/Ecosystem
-
- -economic CGE model
Futureeconomic trend
Futureenvironmental trend
India
Thailand
Korea
Japan
China
Futureeconomic trendFutureeconomic trend
Futureenvironmental trendFutureenvironmental trend
India
Thailand
Korea
Japan
China
AIM/Trend
Environmental Burden
Rec
ycle
Technology needsTechnology assessment
EnvironmentalIndustry
Environmentalburden
Consumer
Research on new technologies
IndustryGreen Purchase
Environ-mental Burden
Environment Fund
Environmental Industry (waste management, recycle)
Was
tes
Environmental Burden
Rec
ycle
Technology needsTechnology assessment
EnvironmentalIndustry
Environmentalburden
Consumer
Research on new technologies
AIM/MaterialOne country CGE model with CO2 and material balance, interface with environmental technology model
Emission Intensity of SO2 in ChinaEmission Intensity of SO2 in China
AIM/ Local/Country/Inter-Provincial
Developed for linking CO 2, SO 2, NO 2, SPM reduction program
AIM/End -useCountry Based
Technology Model
AIM/End -useCountry Based
Technology Model
AIM/End -Country Based
Technology Model
AIM/Top -downWorld Economic
Model
AIM/Top -downWorld Economic
Model
AIM/TopWorld Economic
ModelAIM Family
Strategic databaseStrategic database
Fundamental Database
Index Base
Model Base
Strategy Option Base
AIM, NIES 4
Structure of phase I in APEIS IEAStructure of phase I in APEIS IEA
A set of integrated assessment models as major tools of APEIS/IEA, including an environment-economy model, an ecosystem/health impact model, a water resource/agriculture model, a material/recycle-economy model and an energy technology modelStrategic database as well as indicators for APEIS/IEA use Systematic projections of environmental trends as well as assessments of innovation needs and innovation options based on the above models and database
AIM, NIES 5
Participating OrganizationsParticipating Organizations
NIES (Japan) Kyoto University (Japan)Energy Research Institute, State Development Planning Commission (China) Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS (China) Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad(India) Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand) Korea Environment Institute (Korea)Seoul National University (Korea)
AIM, NIES 6
Members of AIM teamMembers of AIM team
at NIES, March 2005
AIM, NIES 7
Phase II in APEIS IEAPhase II in APEIS IEA
Assessment of environmental innovation options by using country-scale CGE model for China, India, Korea and Thailand– Effectiveness of environmental protection– Impact on economic activities
Integration of country models– Japan and Korea
AIM, NIES 8
Capacity building for partnersCapacity building for partners
Prototype models for China, India and Thailand have already beenPrototype models for China, India and Thailand have already beenAssessment of environmental innovation options will be main taskAssessment of environmental innovation options will be main task
developed.developed.s in phase II. s in phase II.
AIM, NIES 9
Features of CGE modelFeatures of CGE model
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalpartpart
Economic partEconomic partproduction and service
sector
householdgovernment
abroadmarket importexport
producedService/goods
final demand,recreational and cultural services
Environmental service
production sectors
intermediate,energy,
capital, labor,environmental service/goods
capitallabor
Natural capital
Environmental service[land, fuels, resources, water, air quality]
natural capital
maintenance sectors
energy,intermediate,capital, labor
maintenance and augmentation service/goods maintenance costs
[desulphurization, reforestation]
Drivers ofenvironmental service change
CO2, SOx
CO2, SOx
CO2, SOx
Feedback mechanismof ecosystem to socio-economy
AIM, NIES 10
Examples of Innovation options (1)Examples of Innovation options (1)Collection of qualitative information on innovative Collection of qualitative information on innovative environmental optionsenvironmental options
Renewable Energy PromotionSolar PV (water pumping, SHS),Solar Water Heater and Dryer,
Biomass (thermal & electricity),Biogas (thermal & electricity),
Capacity buildings, etc.
Transport SectorBiodiesel and Gasohol,
Electricity vehicles, NGV,Walking Street,
Fixed route Van bus,Vehicle Emission Clinic, etc.
Residential SectorThin tube project,
Brown Rice Label 5 Project,Hi-eff Air condition & refrigeration,
Energy efficient house,Human awareness, etc.
1226
Solid Waste ManagementHi-eff. waste incinerator,
Fly ash application in concrete works,Recycled PET bottle to be carpet,
Aluminum Recycling for Prosthesis,Waste Bank in school, etc.
1121
AIT, Thailand
AIM, NIES 11
Examples of Innovation options (2)Examples of Innovation options (2)Illustrations of Strategies: Illustrations of Strategies: Renewable Energy PromotionRenewable Energy Promotion
Biomass Power Plant
Biofuel Plant
Other Renewable E.Applications
Thermal Energy FlowElectricity Flow
MSWBiogas
Grid
RETs Knowledge & Database Center
1. Solar Home System Project2. Solar PV Power System for Rural Schools3. Solar Power plant 4. Solar Water Heater 5. Solar Dryer6. Green Fuel & Cook stoves 7. Rice Husk for Mushroom Drying Kiln8. Biogas in Livestock Farms & fertilizer9. Biogas from Landfill MSW10. Biogas in Tapioca Starch, Palm oil Plant& Slaughter houses11. Rice Husk & Parawood Power Plant12. Hybrid Power System for National Parks13. Biodiesel and Gasohol Program 14. Renewable Map, Database and Museum & TEENET
1, 4
2, 4
3 4, 5
8
4, 5
10
12
6, 7 9
8
11
13
14
SDB flow sketch for Thailand by AIT
AIM, NIES 12
Examples of Innovation options (3)Examples of Innovation options (3)Illustrations of Strategies: Illustrations of Strategies: Transport Sector (Urban)Transport Sector (Urban)
Sky Train (*Extended)
Metro (*Extended)*Rapid Bus System
Eco-Mass Transit Program Eco-Education Program Alternative Fuel Program
Efficient technology Program Eco-management ProgramEco-friendly Transport Program
*Econo-driving license
Econo power contest
Speed limit & Vehicle
Maintenanceawareness
Van Bus System
*Hybrid & H2
Gasohol
NGV
Biodiesel
Car Free DayWalking Street
Bike Lane
*Smart Parkingsystem
*Smart Traffic Signal System
*Car NavigationSystem
Combat Illegal Oil
Tire Recyclingprogram
Used Lubricating Oil System
Workplaces near Residences Program
*Smart StreetLighting system
*Electricityvehicles
Emission Std. * = Future scenario
Collection of SDB for Thailand by AIT
AIM, NIES 13
Image of resultsImage of results
Preliminary analyses have already been done during phase I. – India: Water, air and land use – China: Air pollution and health impact
During phase II, integration between country-scale models and strategic options will be implemented. – Water, air, solid waste, ...– Assessment of environmental protection and
economic activity
AIM, NIES 14
Image of results: IndiaImage of results: India
production sector
capital
intermediate
laborland water
waste water value addednatural resources
produced commodity
sewage service(treat waste water)
direct discharge
agriculturelivestock
forest
water pollutionland scarcitydeforestation
water scarcity
SO2
CO2air pollutionmaintenance of nature
consumption / investment
Economic activity and related impacts on water, air and land were integrated, and effects of environmental policies were assessed.
Economy
Environment
AIM, NIES 15
Reference case resultsReference case results
0
1
2
3
4
5
1993 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Index (1993=1)
GDP
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
land for agr iculture, pasture and forest
water supply
water pollution
EnvironmentalConstraints
AIM, NIES 16
Economic Impact from Environmental Economic Impact from Environmental ConstraintsConstraints
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1993 2000 2010 2020 2030Year
GD
P c
hang
e %
env. const
Environmental constraints➜Income reduction
AIM, NIES 17
Effects of Environmental InvestmentsEffects of Environmental Investments
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1993 2000 2010 2020 2030Year
GD
P c
hang
e %
env. constenv. const + early investment
Environmental investments➜mitigation of constraints➜Increase of income
Environmental inv.➜Reduction of inputs
for economic activity➜Costs
AIM, NIES 18
Image of results: ChinaImage of results: ChinaCGE and other models (Technology selection model, simple concentration model and health impact model) applying Chinaare integrated for assessing direct and indirect air pollution impact.
Meta-analysis
Concentration-response
relationship
Urban populationexposed to ambient
air pollution
Rural populationexposed to ambient
air pollution
Ambientair pollution
concentration
Atmosphericpollution
concentration model
Air pollutioninduced health
effects
Pattern of rural energyconsumption
Emissions byLPS and AS
Laborloss
Medicalexpenditure
Top-downmodel(CGE)
Bottom-upmodel
(Technology selection)
Health impact
Energy servicedemand
Energy priceEmission
constraints
Emission distribution
Economic systemresponse
CGE
Technology selection
Concentration
Direct health impact
AIM, NIES 19
PM10 emissions and concentrationPM10 emissions and concentrationin in BaUBaU and policy caseand policy case
BaU
Policy
BaU
Geographical distribution of PM10 emissions across China in 2020 (unit: ton)
Policy
Ambient concentration of PM10in urban areas of China in 2020
AIM, NIES 20
Economic impact of air pollution management Economic impact of air pollution management and recovery from countermeasureand recovery from countermeasure
BaUPollutionreduction
Pollutionreductionwith clean
energy policy
Although only introduction of environmental constraint will bring economic damage, appropriate countermeasures will be able to mitigate the economic damage.
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
trillio
n yu
an, 1
997
pric
e
health benefithealth damageenvironmental policy
AIM, NIES 21
Activities in APEIS Phase IIActivities in APEIS Phase II
Scenario Analysis for Promotion of Sustainable Development in the context of Regional Economic and Environmental Integration– Through AIM model application liked with Strategic Database
(SDB)– Environmental policy linkage related to Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)
Support of Model Building in Asian countries– Focus on environmental problems in each country such as
solid waste management, energy system and environmental investment/industry
Promote international collaboration through international projects such as ‘National Performance Assessment and Strategic Environment Framework Phase II, Great Mekong (SEFII’, Network of Institute for Sustainable Development (UNEP-NIED), and UNEP-GEO4
AIM, NIES 23
Millennium development goals, Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals and global targets
India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) and beyond targets
How these address climate change concerns?
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Double the per capita income by 2012
Reduction of poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007 and by 15 percentage points by 2012
Reduce decadal population growth rate to 16.2% between 2001-2011 (from 21.3% during 1991-2001)
Income effect would enhance choices for cleaner fuels
Reduce GHG Emissions due to lower population
Enhanced adaptation capacity due to improved food & health security; resilience to cope with risks from extreme events
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
All children in school by 2003; all children to complete 5 years of schooling by 2007
Increase in literacy rates to 75% by 2007 (from 65% in 2001)
Enhanced adaptation capacity due to improved skills, flexibility to shift vocations/locations
AIM, NIES 24
Millennium development goals, Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals and global targets
India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) and beyond targets
How these address climate change concerns?
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015
At least halve, between 2002 and 2007, gender gaps in literacy and wage rates
Enhanced capacity of women to deal with added social risks from climate change
Fuel substitution away from unsustainable traditional biomass
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012 (115 in 1980, 70 in 2000)
Enhanced resilience of children to health effects of climate change due to improved access to health services
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
Reduction of MMR to 2 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 1 by 2012 (from 3 in 2001)
Enhanced resilience of women to health effects of climate change due to improved access to health services
AIM, NIES 25
Millennium development goals, Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals and global targets
India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) and beyond targets
How these address climate change concerns?
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesTarget 7: Halted by 2015 and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDSTarget 8: Have halted by 2015 and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Have halted by 2007; 80 to 90% coverage of high risk groups, schools, colleges and rural areas for awareness generation by 2007
25% reduction in morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 2007 and 50% by 2010
Higher resilience of the population due to enhanced capacity to deal with epidemicsEnhanced resilience to added risk of Malaria and other vector borne diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityTarget 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resourcesTarget 10: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking waterTarget 11: Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Increase in forest cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012 (from 23% in 2001)Sustained access to potable drinking water to all villages by 2007Commission 14.4 GW hydro and 3 GW by other renewables between 2002-2007Electrify 62,000 villages by 2007 through conventional grid expansion, remaining 18,000 by 2012 via decentralized sources like solar, wind, small hydro and biomass.Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012
Lower GHG and local emissions; lower fossil imports; reduced pressure on land, resources and ecosystemsHigher adaptive capacity to climate variability due to enhanced water supplyHigher adaptive capacity due to enhanced reach of health/ education facilities in rural areas
AIM, NIES 26
Millennium development goals and global targets
India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) and beyond targets
How these address climate change concerns?
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for developmentTarget 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction - both nationally and internationally)Target 16: In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youthTarget 17: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countriesTarget 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies
Expeditious reformulation of the fiscal management system to make it more appropriate for the changed context
Tenth plan includes state-wise break up of the broad developmental targets.
Higher integration with the global economy
Create 50 million employment opportunities by 2007 and 100 million by 2012 (current back-log of unemployment is around 9%, equivalent to 35 million persons)
Higher mitigative and adaptive capacity from access to global resources and technologies
Enhanced flexibility of jobs and migration
Improved capacity to deal with health risks due to access to advanced medicine and health services
Enhanced adaptive capacity to deal with extreme events from access to advanced information and communication systems
Millennium development goals, Indian targets and Climate Change
AIM, NIES 27
Design SDB flow diagram: Transportation sectorDesign SDB flow diagram: Transportation sector
AHS *1
Eco-drivinglicense
Car sharingsystem
Eco-navigationsystem
Gas
BiofuelConstraint
Bio fuelImport
Bio fuelRefinery
Biomass
BiomassConstraint
Decrease ofCongestion
AHS *2 AHS *1ETC *3 AHS *1VICS *4 AHS *1PTPS *5 AHS *1MOCS *6
Paved Road
HydrogenConstraint
HydrogenImport
Hydrogen(Biomass)
Hydrogen(Gas)
Maintaining Economical
speedsCorrect tire
pressureCorrect
laden weightRev
controlSuppression of
sudden acceleration
Timelyshifting up
Reduction ofillegal parking
Air conditionertemperature adjustment
Air conditionertemperature adjustment
Strengthenroad/bridge
AHS *1TDM *1
Marine con-tainer term.
Joint deliveryfacilities
[Eco driving]
IC cardticket
Teleworking/ SOHO
[Road infrastructure][Freight facilities]
[ICT application]
NOx removalcatalyst
PM removalair filter
Eco educationbudget
Bio refinery Tech. Imp.
FC TechnologyImprovement
Bio refinery R&D budget
FC R&D budget
Large freightstation
Freight facilitiesCapital information
Budget
A
Road capital information
budget
ITS capitalinformation
budgetIC card
preferential treatment system
Car sharingpreferential tax system
Low sulfuroil refinery
Low S oilrefinery plant
budget
S content of oil
PM removalbudget
NOx removalbudget
SO2 emissionregulation
PM emissionregulation
NOx emissionregulation
[Flue gas purification]
Subway
[Public transportation]
Public Trns.capital formation
budget
LRTPrioritybus lane Bicycle Road
Eco-drivingeducationat school
Eco-drivingeducation
via TV program
Eco-drivingeducation
via Web site
Distribution ofeco-driving
leafletDriving monitor
Eco-drivercommendation
Eco-drivingLicense system
Subsidy fordriving monitor
Subsidy forEco-Nav. Sys.
B
C(Priority to public transportation)
M O(Improve of efficiencyof freight vehicle)
(Improve of efficiencyof passenger vehicle)
H(Priority to high efficiency vehicle)
I
K(Priority to train/ship)
L(Priority to large freight vehicle)
Q(Priority to Bus)
R(Decrease ofpassenger transportation)
S(Priority to Train)
Priority topublic
transportation
Priority towalking / bicycle
D(improvement of energy efficiencyof freight transportation)
F(improvement of energy efficiencyof passenger transportation)
T(Decrease ofpassenger transportation)
U(Priority to public transportation)
V X(Improve of efficiencyof freight vehicle)
(Improve of efficiencyof passenger vehicle)
E(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of freightvehicle)
G(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of passengervehicle)
(reduction of air pollutantof freight transportation)
J(reduction of air pollutantof passenger transportation)
N(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of freightvehicle)
P(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of passengervehicle)
W(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of freightvehicle)
Y(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of passengervehicle)
[Eco education]
Environmental/energy tax scenario
Tax benefit forhigh Eff. vehicle
Subsidy forhigh Eff. vehicle
Subsidy forhigh train/ship/air
AA AB
Energy Eff.regulation
by government
Air pollutantregulation
by government
Voluntary planof auto company
AC AE(Improve of efficiencyof freight vehicle)
(Improve of efficiencyof passenger vehicle)
AD (reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of freightvehicle)
AF(reduction of air pollutantand GHG emission of passengervehicle)
Voluntary planof rail company
Voluntary planof ship company
Voluntary planof air company
(Priority to high Eff. vehicle)AG
AH
AI
AJ
[Tax/Subsidy]
[Regulation]
[Voluntary plan of private company]
(Increase of inflow price) (Decrease of initial / O&M priceof high efficiency transportation )
Energy tax Air pollutanttax
GHG tax
Budget of subsidy
Energy Eff.regulation
Air poluutionregulation
Priority to highEff. vehicle
by voluntary plan
Priority to highEff. train
by voluntary plan
Priority to highEff. ship
by voluntary plan
Priority to highEff. ship
by voluntary plan
(Priority to high Eff. airplane)
(Priority to high Eff. rail)
(Priority to high Eff. ship)
VehiclePassenger
Transportation
Small-sizeVehicle
Large-sizeVehicle
Bus
Fuel cellVehicle
Natural GasVehicle
HybridVehicle
Existing OilVehicle
Small-sizeVehicle
Large-sizeVehicle
Bus
Fuel cellVehicle
Natural GasVehicle
HybridVehicle
Existing OilVehicle
Fuel cellVehicle
Natural GasVehicle
HybridVehicle
Existing OilVehicle
PassengerTransportation
Bio-fuel
NOx
H2
SO2
Oil
Train(High eff.)
Train(Electricity)
Train(Diesel)
Train Train
Vehicle
PassengerTransportation
Train(High EFF.)
Ship(Low EFF.)
Ship Ship
Air(High EFF.)
Air(Low EFF.)
Air Air
VehiclePassenger
Transportation
Small-sizeVehicle
Large-sizeVehicle
Fuel cellVehicle
Natural GasVehicle
HybridVehicle
Existing OilVehicle
Small-sizeVehicle
Large-sizeVehicle
Fuel cellVehicle
Natural GasVehicle
HybridVehicle
Existing OilVehicle
FreightTransportation
Train(High eff.)
Train(Electricity)
Train(Diesel)
TrainTrain
Vehicle
Train(High EFF.)
Ship(Low EFF.)
ShipShip
Air(High EFF.)
Air(Low EFF.)
AirAir
*1 TDM: Traffic Demand Management*2 AHS: Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System *3 ETC: Electronic Toll Collection*4 VICS: Vehicle Information and Communication System*5 PTPS: Public Transportation Priority Systems*6 MOCS: Mobile Operation Control Systems
Gas
Electricity
Freight
CO2
DemandScenario
Trend/PolicyScenario
ConstraintScenario
Confluence
Activity(Innovation)
Activitywith stock
Flow Influence
A
B
C
DH
K
L
M V E
I
N
W
I
B
J
F
OXG
JP
Y
Q STR
AA AB
AC AD
AEAF
AH
AI
AJ
AH
AI
AJ
AG
AG
Activity(Conventional)
A: Activation of New A: Activation of New EEnvironmental Marketsnvironmental Markets
B: Research and Development of New B: Research and Development of New Environmental TechnologiesEnvironmental Technologies
D: Development of New Environmental D: Development of New Environmental InfrastructuresInfrastructures
Over 70 innovation options are combined in systematic manner
AIM, NIES 28
Quantitative SDB CardQuantitative SDB Card
AIM, NIES 29
Production of environmental service (regulating)
Service productionsectors
Related NaturalService
Human and Naturalcapital
Human and Naturalaugmentation of
capital
Climatecontrol
CO2absorption
CO2 sequestationindustry
terestrialabsorbtionocean sink
Forest area Construction,Maintenance
CO2 emissionreduction
Energy savingEnergy mix change
Energy devicePower facility
Urbanclimatestabilization
Air conditioningfacilities
Forest area Construction,Maintenance
Air qualitycontrol
Emission reductionserviceEnergy mix changeEnergy saving
natural absorbtionoxidationdecompsition
Emission reductiondevices, Energy plants
Construction,Maintenance
Flood control Mitigationfactor
disaster preventionindustry
water retentionImpoundment
Green area,Impoundment
Construction,Maintenance
Forest area, Crop area,Impoundment
Construction,Maintenance
Waterpurification
Loadreduction
public water supplywastewater industry
self-purifiction Forest area, Crop areaWater works, Well
Construction,Maintenance
Natural and man-madeimpoundment
Maintenance
Regulating : Benefits obtained from regulation of processes
Service
AIM, NIES 30
Production of environmental service (provisioning)
ServiceEnvironmental
serviceEnvironmental service
production sectorsRelated Natural
ServiceNatural and Human
capital
Human and Naturalaugmentation of
capital
Water supply Irrigation,Domestic andIndustrialwater supply
Water industry,Irrigation servicesectors
Water hervesting,Surface runoff,EvapotransipirationcontrolGround waterharvesting
Natural base dischargePrimary water resourceGround water resource
Forest maintenance,Crop area increaseNatural and man-made impoundment
Food supply Foodproduction
Agriculture (Paddy rice,Wheat, Cereal grains,Vegetables, Fruit,Nuts, Oil seeds, Sugarcane, Fibers)
Soil formation,Green water,Nutrient cycling
Potential cropproduction
Climate mitigation,Soil adjustment,Fertilizer, Irrigation,Water harvest
Animalproduct
Livestock Bovine cattle, Sheepand goats, hourses,Animal products, Milk,Wool, Silk-worm
Soil formation,Green water,Nutrient cycling
Livestock feedingcapacity
Climate mitigation,Soil adjustment
Fuelwoodsupply
Fuel woodproduction
Fuel wood industry Forest primaryproduction
Forest primaryproduction (vegetationarea)
Forest maintenance,Climate mitigation,Maintenance labor
Provisioning : Goods produced or provided by ecosystems
top related