ap long 19th century

The Long 19th Century

An Age of Revolution, Industry, & “Isms”

Bell Ringer

What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812?

Discuss with partner - 30 seconds

The Congress of Vienna

Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte

Congress of Vienna

• WHAT: The Congress of Vienna• WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815• WHO: representatives of major

European powers • WHERE: Vienna, Austria• WHY: reorganize Europe post-

Napoleon

Congress of Vienna

• Five Great European Powers:o Prussia – Frederick Wilhelm IIIoRussia – Tsar AlexanderoAustria – Klemens von MetternichoGreat Britain – Lord Castleraugho France - Tallyrand

Klemens von Metternich

• Influential Austrian prince

• Distrusted democracy

• Plan to restore Europe

Von Metternich’s Plan• 3 Main Goals:

1. Legitimacy• Napoleon had overthrown all kings &

replaced with his family members• Original monarchies restored

Louis XVIII of France

Von Metternich’s Plan

2. Contain France• Napoleon was power hungry & had

instilled strong sense of nationalism in France

• Many surrounding countries felt threatened• VM, gave back power to countries

surrounding France (containment)

Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe

Von Metternich’s Plan

3. Balance of Power• Weaken France, but not

too much• No one country too

powerful • This ensured no one

country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)

Carlsbad Decrees• Response to nationalist student society (Burschenschaften)• Society led by Friedrich Jahn:

– Nationalist (wanted unified Germany)– Racist (wanted racially pure German nation)– Xenophobic (anti-foreigner)

• Metternich issued to dissolve such societies & censor press (incorrectly doubted their motives)

More Challenges

• 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV• Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded

constitutional gov’ts• Von Metternich urged conservatives to

crush them• Slowed things down, but did not stop them• By mid 1800s, the socialists of the

Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel

Political Revolts in the 1820’s

Political Revolts in the 1820’s

• Spain• Italy• Russia • Greece

Spain

• Ferdinand VII (r. 1814-1833)• Restored pre-Revolutionary

nobility, church & monarchy• Repressive practices• Response:

– Formation of secret societies– Revolt – Sparked revolts in Italy

Italy

• Naples, Piedmont-Sardinia• Demanded constitution• Too much disagreement• Result: emergence of nationalism

(fight Austrians for independence)• Laid groundwork for Italian

unification

Russia

• Decembrist Revolt • Alexander I died

suddenly (1825)• Brother Nicholas I (r.

1825-1855) inherited throne

• Few disputed – felt Constantine was rightful heir & would be pro-Constitution

• Easily suppressed, tried, imprisoned/hard labor heroes of legend (“Decembrists”)

Balkans/Greece

• Wanted independence from Ottoman Turks

• Serbia = successful revolt (independence in 1817)

• Greece = 1820-21 – massacred Turks; Turks retaliated w/ own massacres against Greeks, sold women into slavery

Massacre at Chios

Eugène Delacroix

(1824)

A military attack on the inhabitants of Chios by Ottoman forces commenced on 11 April, 1822 and was prosecuted for several months into the summer of the same year. The campaign resulted in the deaths of 20,000 citizens, and the forced deportation into slavery of almost all the surviving 70,0000 inhabitants

Greece

• Austria sided w/ Ottomans• Rest of Europe sided w/ Greece• Rec’d help from GB, France & Russia• 1830: Greece declared independent• Significance: nationalism + public

opinion = 1st breach in Metternich’s system

The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

Restoration of Monarchy

• Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII (18th)

• Émigrés returned (not happy)

• Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime (ultra-royalists)

• Faced opposition

Liberals in France

• Wanted for middle class:– Suffrage– Power in gov’t– Republic– Decent pay for working class– Food for all

Charles X

• Louis XVIII – died in 1824

• Successor – Charles X (brother)

• Charles X wanted absolutism

• Rejected proposed charter (constitution)

The July Revolution - 1830

• July 1830 – Charles X:– Suspended legislature– Limited right to vote– Restricted press

• Naturally, what happened?

Response

• Revolt in Paris• Citizens put up

barricades• Attacked king’s

soldiers• Within days,

rebels controlled Paris

• Charles abdicated & fled to England

Republic or Constitutional Monarchy?

• Radical rebels wanted a republic• Moderates wanted a constitutional

monarchy• Moderates got their way…

Louis Philippe

• Chosen as king• Cousin of Charles

X• Young, more

liberal-minded• Supported the

1789 revolution

The Citizen King

• Nickname for Louis Philippe• Owed the throne to the French

citizens• Was “one of them”

– Got along well – Dressed down (frock coat & top hat)– Walked the streets– Extended suffrage, but…

Problems

• Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class

• Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens

• Most people – no suffrage

Discontent

• Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic

• Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption

• Demand for universal suffrage

Economic Slump

By 1848:

• Many factories shut down• Poor harvests• Unemployment• Bread prices soared• Sound familiar??

February Days (1848)

• Gov’t tried to stop public meetings• Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise &

built blockades out of:– Iron rails– Overturned carts– Paving stones– Toppled trees

February Days (cont.)• Clashed with troops• 52 rebels killed

Results of February Days

• Louis Philippe abdicated• Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed

the Second Republic of France• Currently (since 1958) France is on

its Fifth…

A Republic Divided

• Deep differences• Bourgeois liberals –

constitution/political reform• Socialists – social & economic

reform– Set up national workshops – provided

work for unemployed

June Days

• Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t• Got rid of workshops• Ticked off the Socialists & workers• Workers – “Bread or Lead!”

More Violence

• Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors

• 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion

• Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class

Constitution

• By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution– Strong president– Unicameral legislature– Universal manhood suffrage

Election

• Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000)

• Elected Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Appealed to liberals – sympathy for

working class• Appealed to conservatives – name =

restore order

Buh-Bye Republic

• Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852)

• Proclaimed self Napoleon III

• Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)

The Age of Industry and Isms

The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology

Introduction

• The Industrial Revolution impacted:– Technology– Economics– Society– Politics

Industrial Revolution• Change from using hand

methods to machine methods to produce goods

• Result of the:– Agricultural revolution – Population explosion

• Began in Great Britain - Why?– Natural resources– Human resources– Capital & demand– Political & social conditions– technology

TechnologyYear Invention Inventor

1785-1813 Power Loom Edmund Cartwright

1807 Steamboat Robert Fulton

1814 Steam Locomotive

George Stephenson

1826 Photograph Joseph Niepce

1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse

1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell

1870-80s Phonograph, light bulb, motion pictures

Thomas Edison

Laissez-Faire Economics

• Adam Smith• Free market

$ more goods at lower price

$ no government involved

• Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age

Thomas Malthus

• Englishman• “Essay on the Principle

of Population” (1798)• Poverty & misery

population growing faster than food supply

• Shaped economic thinking

Urbanization

Working Class Life

Industrial Town Life

Authors

Charles Dickens Amandine Auror Dupon(George Sand)

Émile Zola

Middle Class

Domestic Service

Mining

Factory Conditions

Factory Dangers

Protests & Unions

Child Labor

Workhouses

19th Century Isms

Impact of Industrial Revolution

• Social concerns social reform

• 19th Century = new ways of– Thinking– Believing– Looking at the world

19th Century “Isms”

• “ism” = belief or ideology• Ideology: a coherent set of beliefs

about the way the social and political order should be organized

• 2 basic ways to define any ideology:– What does it oppose?– What does it advocate?

Nationalism

• All people derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by:– Common language– Shared cultural traditions & history– Religion (sometimes)

Nationalism: Western Europe

• Spokespeople: Hegel, Mazzini• Members: Entire countries of France,

England, Spain, Italy, and parts of Germany

• Gov’t: Used national pride to unify & get citizens to do things (war, colonies, etc)

Nationalism: Western Europe

• Advocated:– Cultural nationalism: had own language,

history & culture – wanted to perfect it– Political nationalism: preserve national

culture, ensure liberty & justice for individual

Nationalism: Eastern Europe

• Spokesperson: Vuk Karadzic (Serbian Nationalist) & many others

• COV – lumped different cultures together

• Advocated: – independence from other empires

(Austrian, Ottoman, etc)– preservation of own historic culture– borders based on culture

Nationalism: Eastern Europe

– Poland: undo partitions of Polish territory & reestablish Polish state

– Magyars: autonomy of Hungary within Hapsburg Empire

– Russia: Pan-Slavism – unite all Slavic people under Russia’s leadership (opposed by many Slavic nations)

Utilitarianism• Spokesperson: Jeremy

Bentham• Advocated: The

greatest happiness for the greatest number

• Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve)

Radicalism

• Spokesman: Jeremy Bentham• Members: working class leaders &

industrial capitalists• Advocated:

– Find a government best for your people– Universal manhood suffrage

Radicalism

• Advocated (cont.):– Reform/reconstruct:

• Criminal & civil law• Prison & poor relief• Municipal organization & rotten boroughs

• Opposed:– Conservatives

Liberalism

• Spokesperson: John Stuart Mill

• Members: Business, professional, some landowners

• Gov’t: Pro representative gov’t

Liberalism

• Advocated: – Change through legislation NOT

revolution– A way for people & gov’t to coexist

without1. Harming majority2. Stifling individuality

– Individual rights & freedoms– Universal suffrage (late 19th C onward)

Liberalism (cont.)

• Opposed:– Use of force to compel citizens to

believe something (anti-military)– Inequality– People not helping society/others– Government & church interference – Universal suffrage (feared mob rule) –

this changed by late 19th C

Feminism

• Spokespeople: George Sand (French), John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor (English)

• Members: philosophical radicals, some socialists, women

Feminism: Continental Europe

• Advocated:– Social & economic equality

• Better education• Reform in women’s property & divorce laws

– NOT fighting for political rights at this time

Feminism: England

• Already had economic & social equality

• Advocated:– Equal political rights– Women’s Suffrage

Republicanism

• Members: intelligentsia, students, writers, working class, veterans (outgrowth of Jacobins)

• Gov’t: Pro Republic• Advocated:

– Political equality– Universal male suffrage– Reform by violence & force (met in

secret societies)

Republicanism

• Opposed:– Monarchy– Constitutional monarchy– Aristocracy – Catholic Church– Liberals

• Please note: this is NOT referring to the US political party or their beliefs

Socialism

• Spokespeople: Robert Owen, Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc

• Gov’t: Pro-Parliament

Saint-Simon

Socialism

• Advocated – Economic equality

• Equal distribution of income (useful members)

– Social equality & harmony through communities based on cooperation

• Communal ownership of assets

Socialism

• Opposed:– laissez-faire

economics (capitalism)

– Poverty – Inequality– Injustice – competition

Utopian Socialism• Built self-sufficient

communities• All shared workload• Common property• If gap between rich &

poor disappeared, fighting would cease

• All live as peaceful, happy family – a “Utopia”

Robert Owen

• Utopian Socialist• Successful mill

owner• Refused child labor• Campaigned for

child labor laws• Encouraged labor

unions

Owen’s Utopia

• Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character

• New Lanark, Scotland factory – model– Built homes– Opened a school– Treated employees well

• Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers

Conservativism

• Spokespeople: Edmund Burke, Von Metternich

• Gov’t: monarchy• Advocated:

– Monarchy– Catholic Church– Aristocracy– Status quo

• Opposed:-Liberals- Radicals- Republicans- Rapid change

Humanitarianism

• Spokesperson: Césare Beccaria• Advocated:

– Universal • Kindness• Benevolence• Sympathy

• Opposed:– Maltreatment of working class– Subjugation of women– Colonialism

Communism

• Spokespeople: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Friedrich Engles

• Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the proletariat & bourgeoisie as inevitable

Marxism

• Heavily influenced by Hegel & his dialectical method

• Work with your partner to diagram the Hegelian Dialectic (1 MINUTE)

How Marxism Works…• Economics = driving force behind history• History is a series of class struggles:

HAVE NOTS HAVESplebeians patricians

serfs lords

Proletariat(working class)

Bourgeoisie

(middle class)

End of History

• Marx theorized that history would end with communism

• Why?

End of History

• Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared

Weakness & Impact

• Claimed to be based on “scientific law”

• Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong)

• Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact

• Influenced many governments & is active today

Interpreting Marx

“ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”

Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto