ap history exam study guide ch 1-20

AP History Exam Study Guide

By Will Erickson

Chapter 1!

Aztecs

• Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology

Corn/ Maize

• Critical to early life

• Turned nomads into settlers

• Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)

Christopher Columbus

• Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes

• Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses

• Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs)

• To Caribbean: Sugar Cane

Columbian Exchange

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain

• Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture

Hernan Cortes

Chapter 2!

• Created colony in North Carolina

Sir Walter Raleigh

• England’s FIRST colony, later vanished

Roanoke Island

3 Things Needed To Colonize

• 1: Popular Monarch• 2: Religious Unity• 3: Nationalism

• Only eldest sons could inherit land

Primogeniture

• Allowed younger siblings chance for land

Joint-Stock Company

Surplus Population

• England was very overcrowded

• Colonized in North America for gold

Virginia Company of London

• Virginia Company of England’s colony

• Nasty conditions

Jamestown

• 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

Three D’s

Tobacco/ John Rolfe

• John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

• First government in colony

House of Burgesses

• Protected Catholics from Protestants

Act Of Toleration

• Reduced risk of slave rebellion

Barbados Slave Code

Georgia

• Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

Chapter 3!

John Calvin

• Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

• Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints

Visible Saints

• Agreement signed to hold government

• Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority

Mayflower Compact

• 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

Great Migration

• Questioned legality of colony’s charter

• Williams was forced to leave colony

• Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom)

• Built settlements in Rhode Island

Roger Williams

• Constitution for Connecticut river colony

Fundamental Orders

• New settlement• Goal: Grand Seaport

New Haven

New England Confederation

• 4 colonies founded to defend enemies

• Goal: Make trade more efficient• Smuggling= Result

English Navigation Laws

Dominion of New England

• Included NY, East + West NJ

• Blow to Massachusetts

• Navigation laws- weakly enforced

Salutary Neglect

Pennsylvania/ Penn

• Quakers arise in mid 1600’s• William Penn- earns large amount of land

(Pennsylvania)

Chapter 4!

Women/ Chesapeake

• Settlers faced many diseases• Life Expectancy down• Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

Indentured Servants

• Tobacco labor up

• White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time

Headright System

• Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land

• Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley

• Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley

• Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers

Bacon’s Rebellion

• The voyage to Americas from Africa

Middle Passage

• Social Structure Ladder…

• Rich Planters (owned slaves + land)

• Small farmers (1-2 slaves)

• Landless whites (Indentured Servants)

• Black Slaves

Southern Social Structure

Salem

• 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

• Proud national trait of New England

Yankee Ingenuity

Chapter 5!

Ethnic Makeup

• America: Melting Pot• Germans: 6%• Scots/Irish: 7%• Other Euro Countries: .5%• Africa: 20%• Most mixed in world

• America= Opportunity• Started to look more

like Europe• Black slaves- No Rights

Social Structure vs. Great Britain

Workaday America

• 90% of people- Agriculture

• Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores

• Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa

Triangular Trade

Molasses Act

• 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies

• Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence

Benjamin Franklin

• Social place for all statuses

Taverns

Religion & Location

• Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies

• Religion- Down• Jonathan Edwards: Stated

the need for complete dependence on God’s grace

• Three lasting effects– # Of Churches: Up– Encouraged missionary work

among Indians and some slaves

– 1st spontaneous mass movement of America

Great Awakening

Schools & Religion

• New England most interested in education

• Mostly male leaders were educated

• Emphasis: Religion and Language

• Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed

• Achievement for reporter’s freedom

John Peter Zenger

• Appointed by King

• Appointed by themselves

• Themselves under self-governing charters

3 Types Of Colonies

Chapter 6!

• Quebec founded in Canada

• French gain complete control over New France

• Valuable resource = beaver

• French goal- block Spain

New France

• England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land

• Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King

Result of wars in N.A.

• England: ventured westward• France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

Ohio Valley

Congress of Albany

• Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up

• Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France

• Fought around world

• Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies

• France- Wasted strength

Seven Years’ War

Proclamation of 1763

• Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains

Chapter 7!

• Wealth- Power• Gold- More exported then imported

Mercantilism

• Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

Navigation Laws

Sugar Act

• Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

• Required America to supply food and housing to troops

Quartering Act

• Tax on most paper items

Stamp Act

Stamp Act Congress

• 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act

• Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases

Declaratory Act

Townshend Act

• Small import tax, colonists still enraged

Boston Massacre

• Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

First Continental Congress

• 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

• England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord

• ENG + U.S.A officially at war

Lexington & Concord

• POSITIVES– Population: 3-1 over U.S.

• NEGATIVES– Cockiness– 2nd rate generals– No desire to kill colonists

Positives/ Negatives of ENG

• POSITIVES– G. Washington + Ben.

Frank.- Great leaders– Fighting for freedom

• NEGATIVES– Soldiers- Disorganized

Positives/Negatives of U.S.

Chapter 8!

Olive Branch Petition

• 1775- Avoided war with England• Reaffirmed America’s faith to England

• Thomas Paine• Argued for

American freedom from England

• Written so that common people could understand

Common Sense

• Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent

• Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

Declaration Of Independence

• Americans won• Turning point for U.S.

Saratoga

• American + French forces force English surrender

Yorktown

• Ended Revolutionary War

• America gained freedom

Treaty Of Paris

Chapter 9!

• Separated church and state• Written by Thomas Jefferson

VA Statute For Religious Freedom

Republican Motherhood

• The crucial role of women in a free America

State Constitutions

• Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

Lack of Trading• England: Made own goods• America couldn’t trade with England

or French West Indies

• Written constitution for U.S.

• States get land

• Each state= 1 vote

Articles of Confederation

• Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state• Path to Statehood

Northwest Ordinance

Articles of Confederation

• +: Form of government, outlined constitution

• -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program

• NW land bought- National Debt

Land Ordinance

Ugly Duckling

• U.S. + ENG: Tension

• ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S.

• Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida

• French- Wanted debts payed off

• Farmers demanded lighter taxes

• Daniel Shay raised small army

• Rebellion crushed

Shay’s Rebellion

• Fear of mass public disorder

Mobocracy

• Held in Philadelphia• Saved by Alexander

Hamilton• Held in secrecy• Each state= 1 vote• Meant to agree on

Constitution

Constitutional Convention

• Most delegates- lawyers• 55 Delegates• All rich, young, but experienced• Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

C.C. Delegate Make-Up

Small/Large State Plan

• “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population

• “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size

• Equal representation

• 2 senators/ state

Great Compromise

Electoral College

• Elects the president

• Slavery citizenship debated

• 3/5th of a vote per slave

3/5th Compromise

“We The People”

• First words of constitution

• Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t • Federalists: Influence of- rich-

Anti vs. Federalists

• In favor of Constitution

• Supported federalists

Federalist Papers

Ratification Process

• Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn• 4 final states join

Chapter 10!

• Doubled• Cities emerge + grew

Population/ 25 Years

• Not in Constitution• Evolved by George

Washington• Members: Thomas

Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)

The Cabinet

Rural/ Urban Population

• Rural: 90%

• Organized Supreme Court

• Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment

Bill Of Rights

• Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest

Hamilton/ “funding at par”

Customs Duties/ Excise Tax

• How to get/collect money? – Taxes • 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

• Government- major stockholder + print $• Useful, but constitutional?

Bank of the U.S.

• Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson)

• Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)

Strict vs. Loose Constructionism

Whiskey Rebellion

• SW Pennsylvania• Tarred + Feathered

revenue officers• Collections came

to a halt• 13,000 citizens

rally to crush rebellion

Reign of Terror

• French king killed, church attacked

• Daily hangings• French

Revolution

• U.S. neutral to war in France• Self- Interest

Neutrality Proclamation

• Native Americans defeated, give up land

Fallen Timbers

• U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

Treaty of Greenville

• England: Left posts, paid ship damage

• America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)

Jay’s Treaty

• U.S. + Spain• America

gained Florida and Mississippi

Pickney’s Treaty

XYZ Affair

• Secret French officials demand $32 million

• $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister

• Peace between France + U.S.• Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

Convention of 1800

• Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced

• Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison

Alien & Sedition Act

• Right to refuse laws

• No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court

Nullification

Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs

Chapter 11!

• James Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1800

• Reduced citizenship to 5 years in country

• Replaced Alien Laws

Naturalization Law- 1802

Excise Tax Repeal

• $1 Million in revenue

Candidate T.J. vs. President T.J.

• Contradicts himself• 2 of him: 1) Scholarly private citizen 2)

Harassed public officials

• Created 16 new judges + offices

• *Judicial Review*

Judiciary Act Of 1801

• Chief Justice• Shaped U.S. legal traditions

John Marshall

• Madison sued for delivery of commission• “Judicial Review”

Marbury vs. Madison

Barbary States• Pirates

raided U.S. ships

• Tripoli declared war on U.S. (1801)

• U.S. quickly won

• $15 Million for land

• Napoleon needed money + couldn’t maintain land

Louisiana Purchase

• Sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore acquired land

Lewis And Clark

• Closed Euro ports in French control

Orders In Council

• Forbid export of goods

• U.S. or foreign

Embargo Act

• Reopened trade with all nations except for Great Britain and France

Non-Intercourse Act

• Reopened trade w/ world, if ENG + France repealed commerce restraints

Macon’s Bill No. 2

• William Harrison + army become heroes• Tecumseh- alliance with ENG

Battle Of Tippecanoe

Chapter 12!

Battle of the Thames

• General Harrison defeats England

• U.S. defends own soil

Plattsburgh

• 10,000 ENG prepared to invade NY

• U.S. managed to win on floating slaughterhouses (waterway)

• Francis Scott Key- Detained on ENG ship, wrote Star Spangled Banner

• Fort McHenry- Hit by ENG cannons, not captured

Francis Scott Key/ Fort McHenry

• U.S. wanted the city

• ENG- overconfident

• U.S. + Andrew Jackson won

New Orleans

• ENG + U.S.- cease fighting, no grievances

Treaty Of Ghent

Hartford Convention

• NE states meet on grievances

• Tension high, succession neared

• ENG/U.S.- Limited navies on lakes

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Nationalism

• Pride in one’s country

• Network of roads and canals

• Brought country together economically, socially, and politically

American System

• Completed in 1825 in New York

Erie Canal

• Happy phase under Pres. James Monroe

Era Of Good Feelings

• Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, bank failures, soup kitchens, + debtors prison

Panic of 1819

• Pushed to the wall + foreclosed farms

“Wildcat” Banks

Ohio Fever

• Cheap land out west

• Appealed to Euro immigrants

• Ran from Maryland to Illinois

Cumberland Road

• Buyer could buy 80 acres of land for $1.25 an acre

Land Act Of 1820

• No more slaves could be brought into Missouri slaveholders

Tallmadge Amendment

• Missouri- slave state

• Maine- free state

• 36’30”- Missouri Compromise line

Missouri Compromise

• Maryland tried to destroy Bank of the U.S. by taxing its notes

• John Marshall defends bank

McColluch vs. Maryland

Cohens vs. Virginia

• Cohens accused of illegally selling lottery tickets

Gibbons vs. Ogden• NY tried to

grant monopoly of waterborne commerce between NY + NJ

Fletcher vs. Peck

• Georgia granted 35 million acres to private speculators

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

• Questioned charter of college by King George III

• America shared Newfoundland with England for fishing

• 10 year joint of Oregon country

Treaty Of 1818

• Spain gives Florida to U.S. for claims of Texas

Florida Purchase Treaty

• Stern warning to European powers– No colonization– Nonintervention

Monroe Doctrine

• Restricted Russia’s advancement (Alaska)

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

Chapter 13!

• Full of presidential candidates, all leaders

• No candidate won the majority

Corrupt Bargain

John Quincy Adams As President

• Sarcastic, tactless, brilliant in foreign affairs

• Best secretary of state, worst president

• Rewarding political supporters with political positions

Spoils System

• Every man is as good as his neighbor

• Each generation deserved its turn

Jacksonian Democracy

• Southern states protest

• Very high tariff

Tariff Of 1828

• Aborted slave rebellion in Charleston

Denmark Vesey

• Tried to get 2/3rd vote for nullification in South Carolina legislation

Nullies

• 1832- Passed by Congress, fell short of South demands

• 1833- Favored by South

Tariff Of 1832 + 1833

Force Bill

• Authorized president to use army and navy to collect taxes

• Indian journey to Oklahoma and West

• Many died

Trail Of Tears

Removal Act

• Removed all Native Americans east of Mississippi river

Seminole Indians• Retreated to

Everglades (Florida swamps)

• Fought for 7 years until leader was captured + surrendered

• Clay + Webster showed Congress bill to renew Bank Of U.S. charter

Bank War

Nicholas Biddle/ Biddle’s Panic

• Biddle- desperate

• Tried to create crisis by calling in Bank’s loans

Pet Banks/ Wildcat Banks

• Surplus funds placed in numerous state institutions

• Pet Banks- Where the $ was placed

• Wildcat Banks- Fly-by-night consisted of a few chairs and a suitcase full of printed notes

• Required all public land to be purchased with metallic (“hard”) money

Specie Circular

• Inflation high after 2nd Bank of U.S.

• Specie Circular

Panic of 1837

Divorce Bill

• Divorced government from banking altogether

• Pioneers who led Texas independence for U.S.

Austin/ Crockett/ Bowie/ Houston

Alamo

• Pivotal battle in the Texas Revolution

• Mexico defeated

• Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison

• Dems-Repubs/ Whigs

• Harrison won

Election Of 1840

• Favored renewed bank, protective tariffs, and public school

Whigs

Chapter 14!

Life On The Frontier

• Grim, poorly fed, bad housing, and seclusion

• Dependent on neighbors

Fur Trappers/ Rendezvous

• Fur traders began to feel pressured

• Rendezvous- Huge meeting with traders around mountains

Problems In The Cities

• Smelly slums, bad street lighting, bad water, rats, and sewage

Irish + German Immigrants

• 1.5 Million of each group• Europe: No room

Nativists/ Know-Nothings

• Nativists- Rallied for political action, later created the “Know-Nothing” party

Industrial Revolution

• British inventors created series of machines for mass production

Samuel Slater

• Memorized textile machinery, snuck to U.S. and created spinning cotton thread

Eli Whitney

• Built cotton gin• Efficiency up

New England As Ind. Center

• Attractive for manufacturers• Dense population

Tariff Of 1816

• Contest to control shape of economy

Sewing Machine/ Howe/ Singer

• Invented by Elias Howe, perfected by Issac Singer

Limited Liability/ Free Incorp.

• Businessmen could create corporations without applying for charter

Samuel F.B. Morse/ Telegraph

• Communication up

Worker Complaints

• Hours- Long• Wages- Low• Meals- Skimpy

Commonwealth vs. Hunt• Ruled that

labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were honorable

John Deere

• Created steel plow that broke stubborn soil

• Mechanical reaper

Cyrus McCormick

Lancaster Turnpike

• 62 mile highway• Philly to Lancaster

• Highway from Maryland to Illinois (591 Miles)

Cumberland Road

• Steamboat craze set off• Could go against current

Robert Fulton/ Clermont

• 363 miles• Buffalo to NY harbor

Erie Canal

• Railroads- Cheap, fast, + reliable

Iron Horse

Chapter 15!

Deists

• 2nd Great Awakening new religion

• Believe in a supreme being

• Reject original sin concept

• God existed in only 1 person, not in orthodox trinity

• Stressed human goodness

Unitarian

• Shattered and reorganized churches

• Converted people• Movements-

prison reform, women’s rights, and abolishing of slavery

Second Great Awakening

• Reaped most abundant harvest of souls by revivalism

Methodists/ Baptists

• Methodist “circuit speaker” fought oppressors

Peter Cartwright

• Best revival preacher• Held giant gatherings

Charles Finney

• Joseph Smith- 1830

• Bringham Young led group to Utah

Mormons/ Smith/ Young

Horace Mann/ Noah Webster

• Campaigned for more and better schools

• Higher pay for teachers and expanded curriculum

• Webster- Wanted improved textbooks, created English dictionary

William McGuffey

• Grade school readers (textbooks) sold 122 million copies

U Of Carolina/ U Of Virginia

• Created with religious freedom

• No political influence

Dorothea Dix• Travelled

60,000 miles to increase conditions of insane people

• Influence worked, now “mentally ill”

• Wanted drinkers to vote to sign pledge

• Reformed drunkards emerge

Temperance Society

T.S. Arthur/ Ten Nights

• Anti-alcoholic book described town ruined by bar

Mott/ Stanton/ Anthony• Mott- Not

recognized at ENG convention

• Stanton- Left “obey” out of marriage license

• Anthony- Huge advocate led to supporters called “suzy b’s”

• Women’s Rights Convention

• Leaders met to create Dec. of Sentiments

W.R.C. / Seneca Falls

• Communities of wilderness cooperation

Wilderness Utopias

Life Span

• Short, 40 years

Puritan View Of Art

• Sinful waste of time

New National Literature

• Washington Irving• James Cooper• William Bryant

• Rejected theory that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses

Transcendentalism

Chapter 16!

• U.S. dependent on cotton (south)

King Cotton

• Government influenced by a planter aristocracy

Oligarchy

Cotton Economy

• Monopolistic• Small

farmers sold land

• ¼ owned slaves• Few southerners

lived on plantations

• Landless whites- ¾ of southern whites

Southern Social Structure

• Society’s basement

• Slave brought in despite import rule

Slaves vs. Infrastructure

• Tried to transport slaves back to Africa• 15,000 went

American Colonization Society

Weld/ Garrison/ Douglass

• Weld- Self educated, spoke to rural farmers

• William Garrison- 26 year old wrote anti-slavery newspaper (The Liberator)

• Frederick Douglass- Lectured for anti-slavery despite threats

• Anti-slavery appeals tabled without debate

Gag Resolution

Chapter 17!

• Financial reform

• Establish a new national bank

• John Tyler- Vetoed bank twice

John Tyler & The Bank Bill

• 32% on dutiable goods

Tariff Bill Of 1842

Caroline

• American steamer carrying supplies attacked by Great Britain

Aroostook War

• War with Great Britain in Aroostook Valley

Annexation Of Texas

• Passed Congress in 1845

• 28th state• 9 Years between

interest and annexation

• Oregon Fever- Restless pioneers in huge numbers travel in covered wagons along Oregon Trail

Oregon Fever/ Oregon Trail

Walker Tariff Of 1846

• Excellent revenue• Heavy imports

Restoration Of Independent Treasury

• James Polk’s 2nd objective

Attack Across The Rio Grande

• Mexican troops cross river and attack Gen. Zachary Taylor + troops

• Mexico City- U.S. won• Buena Vista- Santa Anna and Mexico defeated

Mexico City + Buena Vista

• U.S. gained Texas + area west (Oregon/ California)

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Slavocracy

• Mexican war caused by slavery• “Evil Purposes

Chapter 18!

Free Soil Party

• Created by Anti-slavery supporters

Sutter’s Mill

• Gold was discovered in California• Sparked gold rush

• Free state• Passed

the usual territory status

California Statehood

Sectional Balance

• Worrisome issue of free vs. slave state balance

• Runaway slaves assisted by Northern citizens

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

• Slave from Maryland

• Rescued 300+ from Underground Railroad

• South demanded new fugitive slave law

• Texas paid $10 Million

• Bloodhound Bill (runaway law)

• Slave/Free State• California- new state

Compromise Of 1850

• South could hunt slaves in North

• Could take issue to court

• Judges paid 2X for convicting slaves

Fugitive Slave Law Of 1850

• Winfield Scott- mistake

• Whigs split over slavery issue

Death Of The Whigs

• People get to choose state’s status (free/slave)

Popular Sovereignty

• ENG creeping up on sea

• Conflict avoided with treaty

Clayton- Bulwer Treaty

Slavocrats

• Looked south for expansion

Ostend Manifesto• U.S. secret

proposal to buy Cuba for $120 million

• Cuba declined

• China/U.S. opened commerce in Pacific

Treaty Of Wanghia

• Entered Edo Bay in 1853, requested free trade and friendly relations

• Would return later for their reply

Commander Matthew Perry

• Perry returned, signed treaty

• Provided fair treatment and free trade

Treaty Of Kanagawa

• Nebraska Territory split into 2 states

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Chapter 19!

• Showed cruel splitting of families through slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Shawnee Mission

• Place where slavery supporters set up government

Topeka

• Capital of free-soil Kansas

• Anti/Pro Slavery conflict in Kansas• Small fights

Bleeding Kansas

John Brown

• Obsessively dedicated to abolishing slavery

• Killed men and raided Harper’s Ferry

• 5 men killed (supposedly pro-slavery) by John Brown

Pottawatomie Creek

Lecompton Constitution

• People could vote pro or anti-slavery

• Many free-soilers boycotted poll

• Attacked after giving an anti-slavery speech

Senator Sumner

• Attacked Sumner until his cane broke

Representative Brooks

• Hated immigration• Millard Filmore

Know-Nothing Party

• Black slave had lived in Illinois and Wisconsin for 5 years

• Wanted freedom

Dred Scott Case

Panic Of 1857

• Gold rush inflated currency

• Unemployment + Hunger

• Reduced duties to 20% on dutiable goods

Tariff Of 1857

• Abraham Lincoln + Stephen Douglas debate for Illinois senate seat

Lincoln/ Douglas Debates

Freeport Doctrine

• Douglas argued that slavery would stay down if people voted it down

• John Brown captured a weapons warehouse in Virginia

• Planned to arm slaves

• Later captured (by Robert E. Lee)

Harper’s Ferry

• Democrats split• North- Stephen Douglas• South- John Breckinridge

N & S Dem. Party

Republican Platform

• Low tariff• Immigration• Transportation/

RR• Appealed to non-

southern group

Election Of 1860

C.S.A.

• Confederate States of America

• Made up of southern states

Jefferson Davis

• President of C.S.A.

• Slavery prohibited north of 36’30”

• Lincoln rejected proposal

Crittenden Compromise

Chapter 20!

• Union on way to fort

• South attacks w/ cannons and open fire

• South seized fort

Fort Sumner

• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia

• Could go to U.S.A. or C.S.A.

Border States

• Southern Ohio, Indiana, + Illinois

Butternut Region

• Offered to lead north, stayed loyal to his home state (Virginia)

• Right-hand man- Stonewall Jackson

General Robert E. Lee

• +: Motive to fight, talented officers, fought on homeland, “bred” to fight

• -: No factories, lack of supplies, weak economy

+/- Of C.S.A.

• +: Controlled sea, 22 million people, immigrant support, traded supplies with Europe

• -: Trouble with top general

+/- Of U.S.A.

• Productive in pre-year years, surplus in ENG, operatives thrown out of work

King Cotton Dethroned

• 2 Confederate warships being constructed in ENG

• Made of iron• ENG bought

ships at last minute for royal army

Laird Rams

• Accused of being “simple Susan”

• Proclaimed blockade

• Increased size of fed. Army

• $2 million for war

Lincoln’s Wartime Actions

Draft vs. Volunteers

• Rich boys could avoid war

• 90% of Union troops were volunteers

• Amount needed to avoid draft

$300 Men

• Poor mob ran through city wreaking havoc

New York City Riots

North’s Financing Of The War

• Tobacco + alcohol tax

• Morill Tariff Act

• Paperback money created

• Sale of bonds

South’s Financing Of The War

• $400 million in bonds• 10% tax on farm produce• Printed blue-backed $

• More factories• Protective tariffs• Millionaires emerge

North’s Economic Boom