anti hypertensives
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ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES
Dr. AMANULLA ABUL HASSANCHENNAI
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Measure of pressure exerted on the lateral wall of the blood vessels by a flowing column of blood
• Has two components – Systolic– Diastolic
• Normal- 120/80 mm of Hg
FACTORS INFLUENCING BP
• Blood pressure = Cardiac output (CO)* Total peripheral resistance(TPR)
• Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume• Stroke volume in turn depends upon the
venous return and blood volume• TPR depends upon the size of the blood
vessels mainly under the control of ANS• RAAS System
JNC – 8 ClassificationCategory Systolic Diastolic
Normal <120 <80
Prehypertensive 120-139 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertensive 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 Hypertensive >160 >100
Isolated Systolic Hypertension
>/=140 <80
How Anti Hypertensives work?
• By reducing blood volume and sodium concentration
• By abolition of the sympathetic activity• By dilating the blood vessels• By inhibiting the RAAS system
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
DIURETICS SYMPATHOPLEGICS
VASODILATORS
RAAS INHIBITOR
DIURETICS• THIAZIDE-1st line drug in Management.
– Hydrochlorthiazide- 12.5 to 50 mg– Chlorthaidone- 12.5 to 25mg– Indapamide- 1.25 to 5 mg . Longer acting
• LOOP DIURETICS– Furosemide: 20 to 80 mg twice daily– Torsemide: 10 to 40 mg
• POTASSIUM SPARING– Amiloride: 5 to 10 mg– Spiranolactone: 25 to 50 mg– Triamterene : 100 mg
• Initial and prolonged effect?– Initailly: Both CO and TPR reduces– Later: CO comes to normal and TPR remains low
• ADR:– Hypokalemia* – Hyperglycemia* (What to do in diabetics?)– Hyperuricemia *(What to do in GOUT?)
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
DIURETICS SYMPATHOPLEGICS
VASODILATORS
RAAS INHIBITOR
SYMPATHOPLEGICS
DRUGS DECREASING CENTRAL
SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
GANGLION BLOCKER
NEURON BLOCKERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
CENTRAL SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW INHIBITORS
• CLONIDINE (0.1 to 0.2 mg twice daily) and ALPHA METHYL DOPA (250 to 500 mg twice daily)
• Alpha 2 receptor agonists in brain• ADR:
– Clonidine- Rebound Hypertension– Alpha Methyl Dopa- Hemolytic anemia
• Moxonidine and Rilmenidine- Imidazoline receptors that modulate the activity of alpha 2 recpetors in brain
• Better to add diuretics in prolonged use due to their sodium and water retention activity on prolonged use.
SYMPATHOPLEGICS
DRUGS DECREASING CENTRAL
SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
GANGLION BLOCKER
NEURON BLOCKERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
Ganglion Blockers
• Nn type receptor blockers in Ganglion• Both sympathetic and parasympathetic system
is blocked• Hence the side effects like Urinary retention
and dry mouth• Hexamethonium and Trimethopan• Not used nowadays except in Aortic dissection
SYMPATHOPLEGICS
DRUGS DECREASING CENTRAL
SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
GANGLION BLOCKER
NEURON BLOCKERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
ADRENERGIC NEURON BLOCKERS
• Reserpine, Guanethidine and Bretylium• Reserpine– Inhibits vesicular uptake of Adrenaline, Serotonin and
Dopamine.– Serotonin- Depression and Suicidal tendencies
• Guanethidine and Bretylium– Enters vesicles and displaces the Noradrenaline which in
turn is metabolised– Active orally– Orthostatic hypotension – Not a first dose phenomenon.
SYMPATHOPLEGICS
DRUGS DECREASING CENTRAL
SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
GANGLION BLOCKER
NEURON BLOCKERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
Alpha Blockers
• NON SELECTIVE:– Phenoxybenzamine: Pheochromocytoma– Phentolamine: Clonidine withdrawal– Tolazoline: Clonidine Withdrawal– Greater Tachycardia than selective
• SELECTIVE:– DOC in Hypertension with BPH– First dose hypotension– Do not impair metabolism: Can be used in Diabetics, CAD and Gout– Prazosin : 0.5 to 20 mg– Terazosin: 1 to 5 mg– Doxazosin: 1 to 4 mg– Usually bed time doses
SYMPATHOPLEGICS
DRUGS DECREASING CENTRAL
SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
GANGLION BLOCKER
NEURON BLOCKERS
ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
BETA BLOCKERS
• Inhibition of Beta-1 receptors– Heart– JG apparatus– Brain
• Usually Cardioselective drugs are used• Celiprolol, Oxeprenalol, Pindolol, Alprenolol and
acebutalol• Esmolol, Atenolol, Nevibolol, Betaxolol and
bisoprolol.
• Metoprolol succinate 50-100mg and tartrate 50-100mg twice daily
• Nebivolol 5-10mg• Propranolol 40-120mg twice daily• Carvedilol 6.25-25mg twice daily• Bisoprolol 5-10mg• Labetalol 100-300mg twice daily• Carvedilol and Labetalol is both alpha and beta
blockers
• Not first line agents – reserve for post-MI/CHF• Cause fatigue and decreased heart rate • Adversely affect glucose metabolism• Mask hypoglycemic awareness• Non selective Beta blocker is contra-indiated
in Asthmatics
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
DIURETICS SYMPATHOPLEGICS
VASODILATORS
RAAS INHIBITOR
Vasodilators
• May be – Arteriolar: Potassium Channel openers, CCB,
Dopamine agonist– Venodilator: Nitrates– Both arteriolar and Venous: Sodium
nitroprussides, ARB, ACE-i, Alpha blockers.
Vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channel Openers
NO Releasers
Dopamine Agonist
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Phenylalkylamines
Verapamil 80 to 120 mg thrice. ER-240 to 480 mg stat
Norverapamil
Benzothiazipines
Diltiazem180 to 360 mg
Dihydropyridines
Nifedipine, 30 to 90mg,Nicardipine,
Amlodipine 5-10mg etc
• Blocks L- type calcium Channels• Reducing the frequency of opening of the calcium channels and that
results in Smooth muscle relaxation and depression of heart.• Dihydropyridines are also called as peripheral CCBs- Reflex tachycardia
more common– Nifedipine– Amlodipine- Maximum Half life– Nicardipine- Longest acting
• Parentral• DOC of hypertensive emergency
– Nimodipine: Cerebroselective– Clevidipine: Ultrashort acting recently approved for Emergencies
• Verapamil> Diltiazem
VERAPAMIL-WHERE AND WHERE NOT?WHERE? WHERE NOT?
ANGINA SICK SINUS SYNDROME
PSVT CHF
HYPERTENSION ALONG WITH BETA BLOCKERS
HOCM
Vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channel Openers
NO Releasers
Dopamine Agonist
POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENERS• Releases potassium from smooth muscle leading to
hyperpolarisation and relaxation• Mainly Arteriolar• Hydralazine 25-100mg twice daily
– Drug induced lupus erythamatosis– Metabolised by acetylation*– Also a nitrate releaser- Needs intact endothelium
• Minoxidil 5-10mg– Prodrug activated to minoxidil sulphate by Phase 2 reaction– Safe in CKD– Hirsuitism
Vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channel Openers
NO Releasers
Dopamine Agonist
NO releasers
Releases NO
Stimulate Guanalyl Cyclase
Increases cGMP
• Sodium nitroprusside– Short acting– Continous i.v infusion in hypertensive emergency– Accumulation of cyanide and produce toxicity– Lead to hypothyroidism due to accumulation of
Thiocyanate.
Vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channel Openers
NO Releasers
Dopamine Agonist
DOPAMINE AGONIST
• FENOLDOPAM• D1 receptor agonist• Peripheral vasodilation• Suited for Patients with Renal diseases due to
improved renal perfusion• ADR:– Hypokalemia– Increased intraocular pressure
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
DIURETICS SYMPATHOPLEGICS
VASODILATORS
RAAS INHIBITOR
RENIN INHIBITOR
• Aliskiren• Remikiren• Enalkiren• Can be used orally for Chronic hypertension• Not in protocol provided by JNC
ACE INHIBITORS
• Captopril• Lisinopril• Benazapril• Enalapril- 5 to 20mg• Fosinopril and quinapril 10-40mg• Ramipril 5-10mg• Trandolapril 2-8mg
Side effects
• Dry cough• Angioedema• Taste Disturbance• Orthostatic Hypotension• Renal Failure*• Contraindicated:– Pregnancy– Hyperkalemia– Renal artery Stenosis
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.
• Candesartan 8-32mg• Valsartan 80-320mg• Losartan 50-100mg – Competetive antagonist of TXA2
• Olmesartan 20-40mg • Telmisartan 20-80mg• Side effects are all same as ACE-i Other than
Cough and Angioedema.
Initial Drugs of Choice for Hypertension
• ACE inhibitor (ACEI) • Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) • Thiazide diuretic • Calcium channel blocker (CCB)
• CKD irrespective of age and Race – ACEi and ARB
• Black people without CKD- Thiazide and CCB
JNC 8 Strategies
Goal BP
Lifestyle changes
• Smoking Cessation • Control blood glucose and lipids • Diet
Eat healthy (i.e., DASH diet) Moderate alcohol consumption Reduce sodium intake to no more than 2,400 mg/day
• Physical activity Moderate-to-vigorous activity 3-4 days a week averaging 40 min per session
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