anatomy unit 4: review flashcards. which structures are included in the skeletal system? bones...

ANATOMYUNIT 4: REVIEW

FLASHCARDS

Which structures are included in the skeletal system?

• Bones

• Cartilage

• Fibrous Membranes

• Joints

What occurs during Intramembranous Ossification?

• Fibrous membrane forms on the outside of the cartilage.

• Ossification centers form between the fibrous membrane and cartilage.

• Osteoid is secreted from the oss. Centers.

• Clavicles and skull formed.

What occurs during Endochondral Ossification?

• Ossification centers form within the cartilage.• Osteoid secreted from oss. Centers• Bone collar formed just under fibrous membrane

(est. during Intra.Oss.).• Spongy bone forms on innermost region,

outerlayers of osteocytes lament to form compact bone.

• Osteoclasts devour innermost spongy bone to form medullary cavity.

• All other bones formed.

What occurs during Postnatal Growth?

• Lengthening of bones

• Widening of bones

• Hormone regulation

What is the axial region of the skeleton?

• Very center

• Skull

• Vertebra

• Ribs

• Pelvis

What is the appendicular region of the skeleton?

• Off center

• Shoulders

• Hips

• Limbs

What are some examples of flat bones?

• Skull / Cranial Bones

• Sternum

What are some examples of short bones?

• Wrist

• Ankle

What are some examples of Irregular Bones?

• Vertebrae

• Hip

• Pelvic

What are some examples of Long bones?

• Limbs

• Phalanges

What is the function of a flat bone?

• Protection

• Like a plate of armor

What is the function of a short bone?

• Allow for increased mobility

What is the function of an Irregular Bone?

• Allow for attachment sites for ligaments

• Connect Joints / Increase # of Joints

What is the function of Long Bones?

• Structure & Support

• Weight Bearing

What is the function of the skeletal system?

• Support• Protection• Movement• Mineral & Hormone Storage• Blood Cell Formation (in the marrow)

What is compact bone?

• The outermost layer of bone

• Dense + Solid

What is spongy bone?

• The innermost bone

• Hole-y / Porous

• Little spines of bone = Trabeculae

What do you call the ends of a Long Bone?

• Epiphyses

What do you call the shaft / center of a long bone?

• Diaphysis

What is the Epiphyseal Line?

• Remnant of Epiphyseal Plate

• Where cartilage used to grow/divide to allow for pubescent growth

• Found in the Epiphysis

What is the Periosteum?

• Outermost fibrous membrane

• Surrounds compact bone

What is the Endosteum?

• The innermost fibrous membrane

• Surrounds spongy bone

What causes bone injury?

• Increased weight

• Unusual twisting

• Unusual Rotation

What is a greenstick fracture?

• Partial break of the bone

• Common in kids

What is a depressed fracture?

• Bone is sunken in

• Typical in skull

What is a compressed fracture?

• Bone is crushed into a million little pieces

• Common in porous bones

What is a spiral fracture?

• Ragged break

• Break on the diagonal

• Caused by unusual twisting

What is a comminuted fracture?

• Bone breaks into 3 or more pieces

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

• Break @ Epiphyseal Plate• Common in kids• Common in areas where cartilage is FRESH• OR• Common in areas where cartilage is breaking

down

What are the events in bone repair? (In Order)

• Hematoma Formation

• Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

• Bony Callus Formation

• Final Repair

What would happen if your bones skipped Fibrocartilagionous Callus

Formation during bone repair?

• Blood and Dead Bone Cells would remain at the fracture site.

• Bone would not begin repair.

• Collagen fibers would not be secreted to connect bone fragments.

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

[Superior]

• Cervical

• Thoracic

• Lumbar

• Sacral

[Inferior]

What is the purpose of a joint?

• Allow for circular movement

• Allow for angular movement

• Increase mobility / Decrease rigidity

Where can you find a Condyloid Joint?

• Wrist

• Knuckles

Where can you find a Plane Joint?

• Intercarpal

• Intertarsal

• Vertebrae

Where can you find a Saddle Joint?

• Thumbs

• Metacarpals

Where can you find a Ball & Socket Joint?

• Shoulders

• Hips

What is skeletal muscle?

• On top of bones

• Voluntary movement

• Overall Body mobility

What is cardiac muscle?

• Heart muscle

• Involuntary movement

• Heartbeat & Blood pumping

What is smooth muscle?

• Digestive, Excretive, Respiratory Organs

• Involuntary movement

• Squeezing

What is the function of the muscular system?

• Overall body movement

• Maintain bipedal posture

• Generate heat during contraction

What are the structures within skeletal muscle?

[Microscopic]• Myofilament (Actin & Myosin)• Sarcomere• Myofibril (Organelle)• Muscle Fiber (cell)• Fascicle (bundles w/in whole muscle)• Muscle[Macroscopic]

What is a sarcomere?

• The contractile unit/portion within the myofibril

What are the 2 myofilaments?

• Actin

• Myosin

What are “other words” for actin and myosin?

• Thick Filament = Actin

• Thin Filament = Myosin

What is a myofibril?

• The unique muscle cell organelle which contains contractile elements.

What must occur PRIOR to the opening of the Na/K channels

(during a muscle contraction)?

• Binding of ACh (acetylcholine) to the muscle at the neuromuscular junction.

What must occur for a muscle to relax / set up for the next

contraction?

• Calcium must be returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Troponin-Tropomyosin must recover actin

• Myosin must release actin

• ATP reloads onto myosin

What “slides” during a muscle contraction?

• Actin & Myosin

• The Myofilaments

• Hence…. Sliding Filament Theory

What occurs during a muscle contraction (list out the events)?

• Depolarization of sarcolemma• Generation of action potential across muscle• Release of Ca ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum• Binding of Ca to troponin-tropomyosin-actin structure• Conformation change of troponin-tropomyosin structure • Actin exposed• Attachment of myosin head to actin• Myosin uses energy in ATP• Actin & Myosin Slide towards center of sarcomere• Ca ions back to sarcoplasmic reticulum• Tropomyosion recovers actin, relaxation

Which bones are in your arms?

• Bicep Area = Humerus

• Forearm Area = Radius + Ulna

Which bones are in your legs?

• Thigh Area = Femur

• Shin Area = Tibia & Fibula

Which bones are in your jaws?

• Upper = Maxilla

• Lower = Mandible

Which bones make up your Thoracic Region?

• Ribs…

• Which connect to the vertebra in back….

• BUT connect to the sternum in the front…

Which bones are included in your pelvic girdle?

• Iliac crest

• Pubis

• Ischial spine

What is the ONE thing that would screw up mummification?!

• BACTERIA!!!

How can you tell if someone suffered from arthritis?

• Lack of cartilage in between joints• Bones sitting on top of each other• Possibly smaller bones (due to wearing

down / friction)