an introduction to marine steam propulsion plant [source: us navy]

An Introduction

To

Marine Steam Propulsion Plant

[Source: US Navy]

Four Phases of Steam Cycle

GenerationExpansionCondensationFeed

SG/Boiler

Superheater

Economizer

GENERATION (Boilers)

GENERATIONBoiler

– fuel is converted to heat– largest and heaviest part of steam plant– heat is transferred via conduction to water in the

metal tubes– some of this water becomes steam

Steam drum– as steam is generated it collects in the upper

portion of the boiler– steam collecting in the steam drum is called

saturated steam

GENERATION

Super heater– saturated steam does not contain enough

thermal energy to make the turbines operate efficiently

– uses heat from the burner section of the boiler to increase the temperature of the steam

– superheated steam is also dryer which helps prevent erosion of the turbine blades and main feed pumps

GENERATIONGENERATION

Economizer– improves efficiency in the steam plant– uses thermal energy that would go up the

stack to preheat feedwater before the steam drum

– nest of tubes located between the generating tubes of the boiler and the stack

MainShaft

ReductionGears HP

Turbine

LPTurbine

EXPANSION (Turbines)

EXPANSION

TurbinesHigh pressure/high temperature steam

goes from the superheater outlet to the high pressure turbine of the main engine – this is where expansion begins– superheated steam expands in the turbine

and is converted to mechanical energy to turn the rotor

EXPANSION

– energy conversion takes place in two steps in each stage of turbine blades

– first the steam passes through the nozzles which increase the steam’s velocity

– this kinetic energy is then converted into work by the turbine blades

– after steam leaves the HP turbine it still has thermal energy

– steam undergoes the same process in the LP turbine

Condenser MU FeedTank

CondensatePump

Air EjectorCondenser

CONDENSATION (Condenser, MCP, AEC)

CONDENSATIONMain Condenser

– large sealed container that serves as an indirect-type shell and tube heat exchanger

– cool seawater flows through thousands of internal tubes

– steam from the exhaust of the LP turbine flows over these tubes and heat is removed from the steam, condensing the steam in to a liquid (Condensate)

– The condensing action of the steam creates and maintains a vacuum in the condensers

CONDENSATION

Main condensate pump– one or two stage centrifugal pump,

electrically driven– moves condensate from the hotwell through

the main air ejector condenser to the deaerating feed tank

– pump is drawing a suction on the water in the hotwell

– lowest pressure in the system occurs here

CONDENSATION

Air ejector condenser– shell and tube heat exchanger – two functions

removes latent heat from the auxiliary steam being discharged by the air ejector

transfers heat from the steam to the condensate to preheat it before it enters the deaerating feed tank

DFT

BoosterPump

FeedPump

FEED (DFT, MFBP, MFP)

FEED PHASEFEED PHASEThe Deaerating feed tank is the

beginning of the feed phaseDirect type heat exchanger - three

functions– feed is heated by auxiliary steam and then

falls to the lower section - causing the oxygen held in solution to be removed

– heats feed and maintains proper temperature of water

– storage tank for heated oxygen free feedwater

FEED PHASEFEED PHASE

Feedwater goes from deaerating tank to main feed boost pump(MFBP)

MFBP– one or two stage double suction centrifugal

pump– installed below the DFT– discharges into the suction side of the main

feed pump (MFP)

FEED PHASEFEED PHASE

MFP– Large Multistage Centrifugal pumps (steam or

electrically driven)– delivers feedwater in sufficient amounts and

develops enough pressure to force the water into the boiler against the pressure of the steam drum

MACHINERY PLANT LAYOUT

MACHINERY PLANT LAYOUT

No two ships are exactly alikeMachinery is arranged in various ways as

space and weight permitGenerally speaking

– Propulsion machinery is usually on two levels condensers and main reduction gear on lower

level propulsion turbines and pinion gears are on

upper level

MACHINERY PLANT LAYOUT

MACHINERY PLANT LAYOUT

– Low pressure turbine exhaust is directly above the condenser

– Boilers are on the lower and upper levels along the centerline of the ship

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