an approach to diagnosis and management 2015 aapm&r annual assembly
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Evaluation of the Athlete with Buttock PainAn Approach to Diagnosis and Management2015 AAPM&R Annual Assembly
Disclosures• John Vasudevan, MD• University of Pennsylvania• None relevant
• Matthew Smuck, MD• Stanford University• None relevant
• Michael Fredericson, MD• Stanford University• None relevant
Objectives
1. Develop an effective clinical approach to the patient with buttock pain
2. Discuss the optimal diagnostic work-up and treatment based on the diagnosis
3. Design a rehabilitation for effective return to sport and injury prevention
Session Format
1. The DDx of Buttock Pain• Suggested Approach to Diagnosis
2. Clinical Review• Pearls of common diagnoses• Rare diagnoses
3. Case-Based Discussion
Basics• Buttock pain is a challenge• Local?• Referred?
• Most often with fitness activities featuring running, sprinting, kicking, jumping• So…pretty much any sport?
Key Questions
1. Is there concomitant low back pain?2. Is there altered strength, sensation, or reflexes?3. Is the pain predominantly posterior, lateral,
anterior, or medial in the hip/pelvic region?
DDx: +Back Pain• +Neurologic deficit: lumbosacral radiculopathy
• -Neurologic deficit, spinal: discogenic pain, facet arthropathy, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, lumbar spinal stenosis
• -Neurologic deficit, extraspinal: sacroiliac joint dysfunction, sacral stress fracture, iliolumbar ligament sprain, active trigger point
DDx: -Back Pain, -Neuro Deficit• Posterior: high hamstring tendinopathy, ischial bursitis,
piriformis myalgia, gluteal strain, posterior compartment syndrome
• Lateral: gluteus medius tendinopathy, greater trochanteric pain syndrome, tensor fascia lata/IT Band syndrome
• Anterior: labral tear, femoroacetabular impingement, osteoarthritis, iliopsoas tendinitis, femoral neck stress fracture
• Medial: adductor tendinitis, athletic pubalgia, osteitis pubis
Not just what, but why
Functional Assessment
Functional Assessment
MULTI-SEGMENTAL ROTATION
Thoracic
Lumbar
Hip
Foot/ankle
Where is the breakdown in biomechanics?
Functional Assessment
OVERHEAD SQUAT
Foot ankle
position
Knee position
Head position
UE position
UE positio
n
Thoracolumbar spine
mechanics
Functional dorsiflexion
Buckle up!
Diagnosis Review
Specific Disorders• Buttock Pain with Back Pain and with Neuro Deficit• Radiculopathy
• Buttock Pain with Back Pain and without Neuro Deficit• Muscle strain• Ligamentous sprain• Facet arthropathy• Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis• Ankylosing spondylitis• Sacroiliac joint pain• Sacral stress fracture
Back and Buttock Pain• Muscle strain/Ligamentous sprain• 90% of all injury; don’t forget the iliolumbar ligament
• Lumbosacral radiculopathy• 10% of adolescent back pain (may present atypical); 85%
return to sport by 6 months
• Facet arthropathy• >40 years old; joint effusion may cause radicular pain
• Spondylolysis• Bracing makes no difference*; recovery ≠ bony healing
• Ankylosing Spondylitis• 1.2% prevalence; young person acting like an old person;
contact sports discouragedLawrence 2006; Watkins 1996; Kraft 2002; Trainor 2004; Iwamoto 2010; Trainor 2004; Anderson 2001;
Heck 2000; Sairyo 2010; McTimoney 2003; Standaert 2001; Kraft 2002; Trainor 2004; Sassmannshausen 2002; Tallarico 2008; Saraste 1987; Miller 2004; Harper 2009; Jennings 2008; Harper 2009; Lim 2005;
Thumbikat 2007
Sacroiliac Joint Pain• Joint allows flexion/extension, superior/inferior
glide• Average 2° rotation and 0.5mm AP translation
• Gold standard of diagnosis is by diagnostic injection• If presentation supports and work-up for spinal Dx
unrevealing
• Treatment: • Abductor and short external rotator strength, manual
mobilization, SI belt (may limit motion up to 30%), foot orthoses for LLD, steroid injection
Sturesson 2000; Atlihan 2000; Fortin 1999; Brolinson 2003; Chen 2002; Tibor 2008
Sacral stress fracture• Most often observed in young female runners• Also documented in young male soldiers• Commonly missed in pregnancy/postpartum state• Often increased intensity and/or nutritional deficiency• Less often a primary hormonal disorder, but up to 75%
have a history of dysmenorrhea 2/3 osteopenia, 1/6 osteoporosis
• May present as SIJ dysfunction • Imaging: Bone scan sensitive within 72h, MRI may
remain negative in early stage
Bottomley 1990; Fredericson 2003; Johnson 2001; Schils 1992; Volpin 1989; Fredericson 2007; Celik 2013; Perdomo 15; Speziali 2014;
Solmaz 2013
Sacral stress fracture• Treatment: PWB until can ambulate without pain,
core strength and attention to proximal kinetic chain and running biomechanics• Start with swimming, water running, cycling, antigravity
treadmill• Full return to sports takes ~12 weeks, perhaps sooner if
no identified components of female athlete triad• Encourage Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation,
review diet!
Fredericson 2003; Tenforde 2012
Specific Disorders• Buttock Pain without Back Pain and with Neuro
Deficit• Lumbosacral plexopathy• Sciatic neuropathy• (Radiculopathy)
Lumbosacral plexopathy and sciatic neuropathy• Rare in athletes• Case series of 216 peripheral nerve injuries in
athletes• 31 to lower limbs, only 2 sciatic neuropathies
• Trauma to pelvic ring may effect L4 and L5 roots which pass anterior to sacral ala and SIJ
• Suspicion for neoplasm, endometriosis, visceral disease
• Work-up: EMG, MR pelvis, MR neurography
Wilbourn 1998
Specific Disorders• Buttock Pain without Back Pain & without Neuro
Deficit• Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome• Tensor fascia lata/IT band syndrome• Piriformis syndrome• High hamstring tendinopathy• Ischial and greater trochanteric bursitis• Secondary to tendinopathies
Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome• Gluteus medius: hip abduction and hip internal
(anterior fibers) and external (posterior fibers) rotation• Functional consequence of weakness is decreased running
speed, jumping distance, limb stability with lunging or landing• Associated with tightness of tensor fascia lata/iliotibial
band
• Exam: single-leg squat or step-down• Lateral pelvic shift, pelvic drop, trunk sway indicate
weakness• Lateral hip pain, +FABER, and –pain with donning shoes
Ho 2012; Presswood 2008; Earl 2005; Hertel 2005; Bird 2001; Wilson 2005; Fearon 2012
Step-down exercise
Fredericson 2011
Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome• Treatment: • Strengthening (open-chain NWB > closed-chain WB)• Stretching and myofascial release of TFL/ITB• MRI if conservative measures fail• Assess for tendon tears• Consider injections (steroid, PRP), needle tenotomy
• Greater trochanteric bursa > sub-gluteus medius bursa injection• Tendinopathy > bursitis under ultrasound
Fredericson 2000; Engebretson 2010; McEvoy 2012; Klauser 2013; Mallow 2014; Long 2012
Piriformis Syndrome• Definition (Robinson, 1947): buttock and posterior leg pain
secondary to compression of sciatic nerve by enlarged or inflamed piriformis
• Most common in sports with frequent hip flexion, adduction, IR• ~5 million coded cases/year but only 5 documented cases
with electrodiagnostic and surgical confirmation!
• Better term: piriformis myalgia• Secondary to weakness of larger gluteal muscles
• Diagnostic Criteria: Pain and tenderness as excepted, negative imaging and EMG, positive response to guided injection
Robinson 1947; Bravman 2009; Stewart 2000; Natsis 2014; Miller 2012
Piriformis Syndrome• Exam: concordant pain with active hip
ER/extension or passive hip IR/flexion• Special tests: Freiberg, Pace, Beatty, FAIR (none
validated!)
• Treatment (Fishman study: spray/stretch, massage, ultrasound for deep heat, stretching of piriformis, strengthening of gluteals• Guided injections of anesthetic, steroid, botulinum toxin• Limited evidence to support
• Surgical release not recommended without +EDX findings• Sciatic neuropathy is a complication!
Beatty 1994; Fishman 2002; Freiberg 1934; Pace 1976; Finnoff 2008; Fishman 2004; Gonzalez 2008; Hanania 1998; Huerto 2007; Lang 2004; Reus 2008; Smith 2006; Yoon 2007; Martin 2014; Kitagawa
2012; Tenforde 2015; Justice 2012
High hamstring tendinopathy• Common in middle/long-distance runners, worse with
acceleration• Weakness/fatigue with eccentric contraction in late swing
phase
• Exam: tender over ischial tuberosity, positive supine plank and bent-knee stretch tests• Pain in children/adolescents raises concern for apophysitis
• Imaging: x-ray (bony avulsion), MRI (may indicate prognosis for recovery)• MRI: Increased tendon size, peritendinous T2 signal with a
distal feathery appearance, and ischial tuberosity edema
Fredericson 2005; Koller 2006; Sutton 1984; Puranen 1988; Verrall 2001; Verrall 2003; Askling 2007; De Smet 2011; Cacchio 2011
Supine Plank
High hamstring tendinopathy• Treatment: • Pool running allows non-impact training during
rehabilitation• Strength: double to single limb, static to
dynamic/plyometric, eccentric exercise, core strength, muscle co-activation
• Recalcitrant cases• US-guided peritendinous corticosteroid (50% relief at 1
months, 24% at 6 months), or intratendinous platelet-rich plasma• Extracorporal shock wave therapy• Surgical debridement
Robinson 1947; Bravman 2009; Stewart 2000; Ohberg 2004; Wilder 1994; Fredericson 2005, Kuszewski 2009; Sherry 2004; Zissen 2010; Clanton 1998; Lempainen 2007; Sarimo 2008; Servant 1998; Fader
2014
Specific Disorders• Rare disorders• Posterior compartment syndrome• Myositis ossificans• Tumors: lipoma, myxoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,
osteochondroma• Entrapment of superior/inferior gluteal nerves• Gluteal claudication/thrombosis• External iliac endofibrosis
Rare Disorders• Posterior Compartment Syndrome• Tightness/claudication pain with exercise, predictable and
progressively worsening onset• Usually with acute traumatic history (e.g., hamstring
avulsion)
• Assess with compartment pressure testing• MRI may reveal edema in muscles• Chronic compartment syndrome has also been
described
Brandser 1995; Franklyn-Miller 2009; Hynes 1994
Rare Disorders• Tumors: Commonly myositis ossificans, lipoma,
myxoma, rhabdomyosarchoma, osteochondroma (children)
• Entrapment of superior/inferior gluteal nerves• After local buttock trauma (fracture, surgery, injections)
• Thrombosis of gluteal vasculature• Associated with claudication, peripheral vascular disease,
coronary artery disease, smoking• Evaluate with ankle-brachial index, duplex ultrasound,
angiography
Blitman 2009; McCrory 1999; Rask 1980; Batt 2006; Berthelot 2007
Rare Disorders• External iliac artery endofibrosis• May be the cause of exercise-induced lower limb
claudication in as much as 10-20% of elite cyclists• Luminal narrowing consequent to repetitive compression
and intimal damage from vascular kinking underneath psoas muscle• Not exclusive to cycling: key is repetitive extreme hip
flexion
Ford 2003; Lim 2009
References• Available upon request• Email John Vasudevan• john.vasudevan@uphs.upenn.edu• Or see: Vasudevan JM, Smuck M, Fredericson M. Evaluation of the
Athlete with Buttock Pain. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2012;11(1): 35-42.
What does/should your physical therapy include?
Therapeutic Considerations
General Treatment Principles
1. Reduction of Pain1. Modalities, manual therapies, NSAIDs
2. Remobilization1. ROM, strength, restoring muscle balance2. Isometric to concentric to eccentric3. Static to dynamic and functional
3. Rehabilitation1. Restore proper spine, pelvic, hip biomechanics2. Core stability3. Functional movement
Then on to the cases!
Questions?
Case #1• 15-year-old female lacrosse athlete with distal leg
pain• Progressive, 1.5 years, worse at night, responsive to
ibuprofen• Initially posterolateral right knee and leg• XR/MR knee: bony contusion at lateral femoral condyle
• Pain progressed proximally into thigh and buttock toward low back• Tender over right sacroiliac joint• Intact reflexes and sensation BUT mild weakness of right
ankle plantarflexion; negative neural tension signs
Case #1• What is your leading diagnosis, and why?• What would be your next clinical step for this diagnosis?
• What is your alternate diagnosis, and why?• What would be your next clinical step for this diagnosis?
• Discuss with you neighbor to the left and right!
Case #1• MRI L-spine, then CT L-spine: sclerotic lesion with
central nidus contacting right S1 and S2 roots• Diagnosis: osteoid osteoma
MRI
CT
CT
CT
Assessment/Results• The patient underwent surgical excision of the
tumor, with pathologic confirmation of osteoid osteoma.
• Her symptoms had resolved by 3 weeks post-op and was cleared for gradual return to her athletics.
Discussion• A unique presentation and possibly the first report
of a sacral osteoid osteoma presenting initially as distal leg pain and progressing proximally in an adolescent athlete.
Osteoid Osteoma• Benign osteoblastic tumor with central nidus and
surrounding sclerotic bone• Most often 1-2 cm diameter, 80-90% in long bones• Classically worse pain a night, improves with
NSAIDs• Lag between symptoms and radiographic signs• CT most specific for diagnosis and procedural
planning• Treatment: surgical excision, CT guided excision,
laser or radiofrequency ablation• 12% recurrence rate
Acknowledgements• Rob Wise, PT• Matt Ryan, MD
With Drs. Smuck & Fredericson
On to the other cases…
Thank you!john.vasudevan@uphs.upenn.edumsmuck@stanford.edumfred2@stanford.edu
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