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<#>For financial professional use only.
Alpha, Beta, and Now…Gamma
Paul Kaplan, Ph.D., CFA
Director of ResearchMorningstar Canada
© 2014 Morningstar. All Rights Reserved. These materials are for information and/or illustrative purposes only. The Morningstar Investment Management division is a division of Morningstar and includes Morningstar Associates, Ibbotson Associates, and Morningstar Investment Services, which are registered investment advisors and wholly owned subsidiaries of Morningstar, Inc. All investment advisory services described herein are provided by one or more of the U.S. registered investment advisor subsidiaries.
The Morningstar name and logo are registered marks of Morningstar. This presentation includes proprietary materials of Morningstar. Reproduction, transcription or other use, by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior, written consent of Morningstar is prohibited.
2 Morningstar Associates, LLC
Why Do People Seek Help?
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Alpha, Beta, and Now…Gamma
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
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Different Types of Gamma
Total Wealth Asset Allocation
Dynamic Withdrawal Strategy
Annuity Allocation
Asset Location and Withdrawal Sourcing
Liability Relative Optimization
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Total Wealth Asset Allocation
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Individual Portfolio Assignment
Financial Capital
× Tradable assets such as stocks and bonds have traditionally been used when constructing an asset allocation
× Incomplete without considering Human Capital
Human Capital
× An individual’s ability to earn and save
× Present value of all your expected future wages including pension and social securities
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Life Cycle of Human Capital and Financial Capital
Human Capital
An individual’s ability
to earn and save
Financial Capital
An individual’s total
saved assets
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How Risky is Human Capital?
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Dynamic Withdrawal Strategy
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Two Key Unknowns. . .
× Life expectancy
× Returns
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A Balancing Act: Income Early in Retirement
More
Optimal
Less
Retirement Incom
e
65 95Age
For illustrative purposes only.
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A Balancing Act: Income Late in Retirement
More
Optimal
Less
Retirement Incom
e
65 95Age
For illustrative purposes only.
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A Balancing Act: Just Right
More
Optimal
Less
Retirement Incom
e
65 95Age
For illustrative purposes only.
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Change is Good Thing
Market Income
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Better Outcomes
1 Determine
retirement
period
2 Determine
portfolio
equity
allocation
3 Determine
withdrawal
percentage
for a given
target
4 Repeat
annually
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“4%” for All Ages
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
65 70 75 80
4.8%4.0%
6.1% 5.7%4.9%
7.7%
10.0%
For illustrative purposes only.
Age
Wit
hd
raw
al R
ate
5.3%
6.6%5.7%
9.1%
6.5%
MaleFemaleJoint
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Where You Start Matters
× Probability of success for a 4% initial withdrawal rate over 30 years for a 40% stock portfolio
Source: “Market Valuations, Bond Yields, and Retirement Success”
Initial CAPE Ratio
10 15 20 25 30 35
1.0% 67.1% 58.1% 46.8% 35.4% 26.1% 17.7%
2.0% 71.6% 62.3% 51.0% 41.6% 29.7% 21.9%
3.0% 75.4% 66.5% 55.9% 45.6% 34.8% 25.7%
4.0% 78.3% 70.8% 62.1% 50.2% 38.3% 29.5%
5.0% 82.1% 74.0% 65.2% 54.7% 43.7% 32.6%
6.0% 85.0% 78.4% 69.1% 60.3% 49.0% 37.1%
Init
ial B
on
d Y
ield
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Defining “Failure” for a Retiree
× You can achieve 99% of your goal and still “fail”For illustrative purposes only.
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
$10,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Income Goal
Income
Shortfall
Year
Annual Incom
e
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What is True Failure?
Current Living Status
Alive Dead
Not Failure Not Failure
Failure Not Failure
≥$0
<$0
Port
folio B
ala
nce
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Annuity Allocation
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Who Cares About Guaranteed Income?
Your
Client?
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Annuity Allocation: What Do Retirees Fear More?
Outliving Their
Retirement Money
61%
Death
39%
Source: https://www.allianzlife.com/content/public/Literature/Documents/ent-1154.pdf
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Inefficient Retirement Planning
Defined Benefit Plans DC Plans
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Research Perspectives
Portfolio Withdrawal Strategies Annuities
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Retirement Income Efficient Frontier
For illustrative purposes only.
Wea
lth
Income Risk
High Annuity Allocation
Low Annuity Allocation
High
Low
Low High
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Incorporating Guaranteed Income
Research published in CFA
Institute Monograph
Award-winning paper on the
integration of human capital
and asset allocation
Research paper focused on
a methodology reflecting the
features of variable annuities
with GMWB for life
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A Holistic Perspective
Collect Inputs
Human Capital
Financial Capital
and Current Savings
Life Insurance
Annuities
Determine Asset Allocations
Traditional Funds, ETFs
Life Insurance/Annuities
INS
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Asset Location and Withdrawal Sourcing
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Alpha Spectrum
Certain Uncertain
fee alpha
tax alpha the alpha everyone talks about
For illustrative purposes only.
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Tax Drag and Account Growth
× Analysis assumes a 35% tax rate, where taxes are paid annually in the taxable account, but not until the end of the period in an RSP
$162
$222
$304
$171
$255
$388
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
3% 5% 7%
Annual Realized Return
Growth of $
100 After 25 Years
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Asset Location and Withdrawal Sourcing
Inefficient Asset Location Efficient Asset Location
RSPTaxableAccount
RSP TaxableAccount
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Asset Location and Withdrawal Sourcing
Inefficient Moderate Efficient
Allocating and withdrawing stock from RSP first
Allocating stocks to taxable account and withdrawing from RSP first
Allocating and withdrawing stocks from taxable account
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Liability Relative Optimization
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What is Risk?
× What is the TRUE risk for a portfolio that exists to fund (pay for) a liability?
× It is NOT the standard deviation of the asset portfolio
× It is NOT the performance of your asset portfolio relative to the asset portfolios of your peers
× The TRUE risk is that it won’t be able to pay for the liability
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Improving Portfolio Health
Value of Liabilities
vs. Value of Assets
Portfolio
Health/Funding Costs
Asset-only
Approach
Liability-
relative
Approach
Value of Assets
Value of Liabilities
Portfolio Health
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What is Surplus Optimization?
× A special case (or extension) traditional mean-variance optimization in which the optimizer is constrained to hold a combination of assets representing the liability short
× One element of broader approach called liability-relative investing or asset-liability management (ALM), which can include
1. duration matching (a.k.a. immunization)
2. convexity matching
3. cash flow matching
× Focuses on the entire portfolio–assets and liabilities–not just the assets of a portfolio
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Different Efficient Frontiers
× Surplus optimization considers both the amount and investment characteristics of the liability (funding ratio)
For illustrative purposes only.
Expected Return
MV Frontier
Minimum Surplus
Variance Portfolio
Surplus Frontier
Liability
Risk
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Different Portfolios
Liability Relative Optimization Asset-Only Optimization
IPS Bond
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Return and Risk Impact
For illustration purposes only. Source: “Alpha, Beta, … and Now Gamma” by David Blanchett and Paul D. Kaplan
Asset Only Surplus
Return Risk Return Risk
Liability-Relative Optimization 6.00 7.45 3.74 6.79
Asset-Only Optimization 6.00 6.71 3.66 7.38
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More Consistent Success Rates
For illustration purposes only. Source: “Alpha, Beta, … and Now Gamma” by David Blanchett and Paul D. Kaplan
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Low Low/Mid Mid Mid/High High
Liability-Relative Portfolio
Asset-Only Portfolio
Inflation
Pro
bab
ility
of
Su
cces
s
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Generalized Ibbotson Target Maturity Glide Path
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Results
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Using Utility to Estimate Retiree Preferences
× 50% (1.00 utils) and 150% (2.78 utils) results in average utility of 1.89 versus 2.50 for a consistent 100% replacement
For illustrative purposes only.
1.00
2.11
2.502.68 2.78
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
50 75 100 125 150
Retirement Goal Replacement Percentage
Uti
lity
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Different Types of Gamma
Total Wealth Asset Allocation
Dynamic Withdrawal Strategy
Annuity Allocation
Asset Location and Withdrawal Sourcing
Liability Relative Optimization
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ImpactImpactImpactImpact
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More Income
For illustration purposes only. Source: “Alpha, Beta, … and Now Gamma” by David Blanchett and Paul D. Kaplan
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An Alpha Perspective of More Income
× +28.8% in retirement income is equivalent to a return increase of +1.82% (i.e., ”Gamma equivalent alpha”)
For illustration purposes only. Source: “Alpha, Beta, … and Now Gamma” by David Blanchett and Paul D. Kaplan
Cha
nge in Return
Median Change in Retirement Income
3.0%
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
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Other Types of Gamma: Social Insurance
× Optimal social insurance benefit claiming can increase income by 9.15%, which creates “Gamma equivalent alpha” of +0.75%
For illustration purposes only.
Cha
nge in Return (%
)Median Change in Retirement Income (%)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-20 -10 0 2010 30
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Gamma Conclusions
× Value is more than Alpha and Beta
× Creating retirement income from a portfolio is complicated
× There are a number different risks that need to be considered when building an “optimal” retirement income portfolio
× An optimized retirement income plan (i.e., Gamma-optimized) can potentially generate more retirement income than a naïve approach
× This creates “Gamma equivalent alpha” of ~2.00%, based on the factors considered so far
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Our Approach to Those in Retirement
Helping Individuals Make Better Financial Decisions
× Account for inflation
Liability Driven
Investing
× More than risk tolerance
× Human capital
× Risk capacity
Holistic View
× Go beyond the “4% rule”
× Based on returns and life expectancy
× Account for all income sources
Dynamic
Withdrawal
× How to place assets
× How to withdraw assets
Tax-Efficient
Investing
× Not a “one-size-fits-all” approach
× Wealth
× Time horizon
× Income sources
Annuity
Recommendation
Potentially 23% more incomeSource: Through a series of simulations, researchers estimate a hypothetical retiree may generate 28.8% more income on a utility-adjusted basis utilizing a Gamma-efficient retirement
income strategy that incorporates the concepts total wealth, dynamic withdrawal, annuity allocation, asset location and withdrawal sourcing, and liability-relative optimization, when
compared to a base scenario which assumes a 4% withdrawal rate and a 20% equity allocation portfolio. The results from these simulations are hypothetical in nature, not actual
investment results, and not guarantees of future results. For more information and to receive a copy of the 2012 study, “Alpha, Beta, and Now Gamma,” please contact Nadine Pizarro at
nadine.pizarro@morningstar.com.
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Important Disclosures
The information, data, analyses, and opinions presented herein do not constitute investment advice; are provided as of the data written and
solely for informational purposes only and therefore are not an offer to buy or sell a security; and are not warranted to be correct, complete, or
accurate. Past performance is not indicative and not a guarantee of future results.
Author’s calculations slides are based upon Monte Carlo simulations. Monte Carlo is an analytical method used to simulate random returns of
uncertain variables to obtain a range of possible outcomes. Such probabilistic simulation does not analyze specific security holdings, but
instead analyzes the identified asset classes. The simulation generated is not a guarantee or projection of future results, but rather, a tool to
identify a range of potential outcomes that could be realized. The Monte Carlo simulation is hypothetical in nature and for illustrative purposes
only. Results noted may vary with each use and over time
Indexes shown are unmanaged and not available for direct investment. Although index performance data is gathered from reliable sources, the
Morningstar Investment Management division cannot guarantee its accuracy, completeness, or reliability. Except as otherwise required by law.
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Finally
Past FuturePresent
One North Kitchen & Bar The Roof at the Wit
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