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Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Advanced Safeguard Tools for Accessible
Facilities (Thrust Area #3)
Zhong He – UM: Semiconductor imaging spectrometersSara Pozzi – UM: Neutron multiplicity measurements
Kim Kearfott – UM: Chain-of-custody detectors
Igor Jovanovic – Penn State: Laser-based radiation detection
Jim Baciak & Andreas Enquist – UF: Neutron detectors
October 16, 2015
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
CHARACTERIZING GAPS & CHALLENGES
Nonproliferation Treaty, Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty
GAPS & CHALLENGES
• Determine the mass, enrichment, and location of fissile material
• Address the He‐3 shortage• Detect clandestine fissile material production
CVT Thrust Area
Advanced Safeguards Tools for Accessible Facilities
Consortium for Verification Technology
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
New Safeguards Instruments for NPT Verification
Prof. Sara Pozzi
3
EJ‐309
stilbene• Gaps and challenges addressed: – Accurately determine the mass of fissile material– Address the He-3 shortage
• We are designing, developing, and validating a new safeguards instrument that is He-3-free. It can be used to characterize special nuclear material – specifically the mass of Pu in a sample
• It works by counting neutron doubles (coincidences) within a short time window of 40 ns low accidental rates
• In-field experiment on special nuclear material with national laboratory collaborators – performed August 2015. Measured two sets of plutonium metal plates (up to 2.1 kg in mass), fuel of the Zero Power Physics Reactor at Idaho National Lab (Dr. D. Chichester)
• Talk by CVT postdoctoral fellow Dr. Angela Di Fulvio- this session• Poster #13 CVT grad student associate Tony Shin• Poster #15 CVT grad student associate Mark Bourne
• This concept can also be applied to active interrogation of uranium samples (to determine the mass of U in a sample)
2 by 2 inch stilbene crystal Grown by Inrad OpticsMade into a detector by UM
plutonium
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Progress in the development of LIBS for verification applications
Prof. Igor Jovanovic of Penn State
4
Deconvolution of matrix effects
U‐nat HEU New compact instrumentation for isotopically sensitive LIBS
Standoff measurements by femtosecond pulse filamentation
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 20155
DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT FOR NEUTRON DETECTION/ANALYSIS Prof. James Baciak et. al.Sample results:• Small & medium volume metal-loaded organic liquid test showing emerging photopeak behavior
• The new materials tested have characteristics that are promising for spectroscopicinformation of gamma-rays in a neutron detector
Ongoing work:• High-throughput data reduction capabilities of digitizers (Struck), for spent fuel
neutron measurement applications.• Larger scale economical organic compound based gamma-detection material for rare
fission signatures (high-Energy gamma-rays)
Scatter plot with photo‐peak region of a 137Cs source in a mixed field background (neutrons and gamma rays)
Metal‐containing liquid scintillator mixes being tested, and compared to EJ309 cells
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Chain of Custody DetectorsProfessor Kim Kearfott at el.
University of Michigan
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Quantitative Characterization of SNMs using 3-D
CdZnTe gamma-neutron imaging spectrometers
Zhong He & team
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
A quick poll:Please raise your hand if you think that I did a terrible job on
describing the gaps and challenges addressed by research and
development in CVT thrust area #3
8
(1) No gap on existing treaties(2) No one knows exact gaps on future treaties(3) We use future treaty proposals as references, and use our imagination to advance technologies!
A politician always say that he/she knows everythingA professor may tell the truth!
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Polaris (analogue ASIC) 3-D CZT systems
(E/E 1.0% FWHM at 137Cs + XY ~0.8 mm)
(DOD – DTRA)
Orion (digital ASIC) 3-D CZT systems
(E/E 0.6% FWHM at 662 keV
+ XY ~250 m Higher Imaging Resolution+ Thermal neutron Imaging
+ Fission neutron detection)
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Why aim at 0.6% FWHM?I knew that we can and should be able to achieve! & can make impact
Dr. John Pratt (DOE NA-42) & Scott Garner (LANL) pointed out the importance to separate 642.3 keV (240Pu) & 645.9 keV (239Pu) lines(E < 3.6 keV 0.54% FWHM (Ref. Dragnev & Scharf, IAEA, 1975)
HPGe0.25%FWHM
Garner estimated3.6% 240Pu 5.2% actual(within 2)
630 640 650 660 670103
104
Energy (keV)
Cou
nts
per 1
keV
bin
4 CZT Orion0.63% FWHM
DAF meas.
241Am 653.0239Pu 652.0
239Pu 645.97
239Pu 637.8239Pu 640.0241Am 641.4 240Pu 642.5
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11x 105
First Orion 4-CdZnTe Array System
All-events (no selection); VAD-UM1.2 (3 MeV) – Sparse Readout
Energy (keV)
662 keV
FWHM = 0.63%Cts
4R108 5R8
4R214 5R16
2cm2cm
1.5cm
Nov. 4, 2014
Peak‐to‐Compton ratio = 31.8
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
CZT/HPGe Plutonium Spectra Comparison
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
100
101
102
103
104
Energy (keV)
Inte
nsity
Neutrons
113Cd(n, γ)114Cd
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
600 620 640 660 680 700100
101
102
103
104
Energy (keV)
Inte
nsity
Plutonium Isotopics241Am 662.4, 239Pu 664.6, 239Pu 658.9
241Am 653,239Pu 652
239Pu 646
240Pu 642.5241Am 641.4, 239Pu 640.0,239Pu 637.8
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Sky-Shine with Polaris-H
Can imaging 511-keV sky-shine > 200 yards from a reactor building.
51 minutes
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
time
count rate
CAI vs TEI thermal neutron imagingMeasured CAI signal
• Must record the full MURA pattern• Spatial resolution limited by detector position resolution
Measured TEI signal (one detector pixel)
1) Koral, K., Rogers, W., & Knoll, G., JNM 1975
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Reconstruction of Geant4-simulated data confirms relative performance
• Same number of emitted thermal neutrons
• 1 mm boron nitride mask• Detector‐source
distance = 2 m
IEEE NSS/MIC 2015 – Seattle, WA
TEI
CAI
xtrue
x10
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Measurements on SNMs using 3-D CZT Detectors at LANL
Recorded image of blocks of LEU/HEU/DU at LANL on an 18-CZT Polaris (analogue) system
LEU
HEU
CZT
DU 0.2%93%
19.7 %
8”
2”
0.5”
3 mm thick Pb
Pin hole image at 186 keV (235U)Dr. Christopher Morris & Dr. Zhehui (Jeff) Wang
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Uranium Enrichment Measurements
Using 3-D CZT Detectors at Y-12
U-235 s U-238 s235 UUranium samples having different enrichment levels have been measured at Y-12 duringMay 11 – 14, 2015(Co-PI: Dr. Carter Hull)
238 U
DU NU
LEU
HEU
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
Estimate on HEU sphere radius using Polaris SP + pinhole collimator
Measured 186 keVcounts distribution
“RSTD”6.30 cm radius
23 cm
Polaris SP
6 cm
6 mm ⌀
• Calculated using ray tracing algorithm and known background rate
• Multilevel coordinate search found within “box”: = [0 to 22 cm], = [0 to 22 cm], = [1 to 10 cm]
• Result: = [10 cm, 13 cm, 6.46 cm](100 min measurement)
Method
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
DAF Pinhole Image
Reconstruction
20
186 keV Signal
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
59 keV Signal
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
- 0 . 8
- 0 . 6
- 0 . 4
- 0 . 2
0
0 . 2
?
Consortium for Verification Technology: Workshop - October 15th & 16th, 2015
CVT 1st Year Activity SummarySuccesses:
• Measurements on uranium and plutonium samples have been made at LANL, Y‐12 and DAF – observed/estimated sample enrichments and shapes
Lessons learnt:• Detachment of CZT detectors during shipment• Failed first attempt to image dry‐cast in Cook Nuclear Power
Plant due to humid weather• High fluxes from SNMs can saturate detector
21
I am looking forward to my trip tomorrow to IAEA Safeguards Department for a Gamma‐Imager evaluation workshop next week (October 19 – 23, Vienna, Austria) – should learn something about gaps & challenges!
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