administração de sistemas linux
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M`kgfgstrma
`e _gstekmsIgfux
Mrg Jrmza Dr.Kmroeia Brmcm
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M RF^ Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa
e ^esqugsm qumigjgom`m oaka
ukm Arcmfgzma _aogmi (A_),
sef`a igcm`m ma Kgfgstrga `m
Ogfogm, Peofaiacgm e Gfavma
( KO P G ) e res pafs v e i pe i a
^racrmkm Gfterkgfgstergmi RF^,
que oaftm oak m pmrtgogpma `as
kgfgstrgas `m E`uoma (KEO), `m
_m`e (K_) e `m Ouiturm (KgfO).
^gafegrm fa moessa Gfterfet fa
Brmsgi, m RF^ pimfedm e kmftk mre`e Gp, m re`e ptgom fmogafmi
mom`kgom `e mita `esekpefla.
Oak ^aftas `e ^resefm fms
23 ufg`m`es `m je`erma, m re`e
tek kmgs `e > gfstgtuges
oafeotm`ms. _a mpraxgkm`mkefte
?,5 kgiles e usurgas usujrugf`a
`e ukm gfjrmestruturm `e re`esmvmfm`ms pmrm oakufgoma,
oakputma e expergkeftma,
que oaftrgbug pmrm m gftecrma
eftre a sgstekm `e Ogfogm e
Peofaiacgm, E`uoma _upergar,
_m`e e Ouiturm.
Ogfogm, Peofaiacgme Gfavma
Kgfgstrga `m
E`uomaKgfgstrga `m
_m`eKgfgstrga `m
OuiturmKgfgstrga `m
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Mrg Jrmza Dr.
Kmroeia Brmcm
M`kgfgstrma`e _gstekmsIgfux
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Mrg Jrmza Dr.
Kmroeia Brmcm
Rga `e Dmfegra
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es
2>=5
M`kgfgstrma`e _gstekmsIgfux
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Oapyrgclt 2>=5 Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm RF^
Rum Imura Kiier, ==: smim ==>?
2227>-7>: Rga `e Dmfegra, RD
@gretar Cermi
Feisaf _gkes
@gretar `e _ervgas e _aiues
Das Iugz Rgbegra Jgila
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es
Oaar`efma
Iugz Oaeila
E`ga
Igfoaif `m Kmtm
Revgsa Pofgom
Brufa Mives Jmcuf`es
Oaar`efma Mom`kgom `e M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms
Refmta @umrte
Equgpe E_R (ek ar`ek mijmbtgom)
M`rgmfm ^gerra, Oeigm Kmogei, Orgstgmfe Aigvegrm, @erigfm Kgrmf`m, E`saf Hawmsh,
Eigkrgm Bmrbasm, Eveiiyf Jegtasm, Jeigpe Fmsogkefta, Iaur`es _afogf, Iuogmfm Bmtgstm,
Iugz Omrias Iabmta e Wve Kmrogmi
Ompm, pradeta vgsumi e `gmcrmkma
Peofa`esgcf
Zersa
2.>.>
Este kmtergmi g`tgoa jag eimbarm`a oak fs e`uomogafmgs. _aigogtmkas que qumiquer erra efoaf-
trm`a au `vg`m oak reima ma kmtergmi au seu usa sedm efvgm`a pmrm m equgpe `e eimbarma `eoafte`a `m Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es, fa e-kmgi gfjaNesr.rfp.br. M Re`e Fmogafmi e Efsgfa e^esqugsm e as mutares fa mssukek qumiquer respafsmbgig`m`e par eveftumgs `mfas au per`ms, m
pessams au befs, argcgfm`as a usa este kmtergmi.Ms kmroms recgstrm`ms kefogafm`ms feste kmtergmi pertefoek mas respeotgvas tgtuimres.
@gstrgbuga
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`esRum Imura Kiier, ==: smim ==>?
2227>-7>: Rga `e Dmfegra, RD
lttp4//esr.rfp.brgfjaNesr.rfp.br
@m`as Gfterfmogafmgs `e Omtmiacma fm ^ubigoma (OG^)
J>5.0?2
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ggg
_ukrga
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es
M keta`aiacgm m E_R gx
M quek se `estgfm x
Oafvefes utgigzm`ms feste igvra xg
^erkgsses `e usa xg
Oakeftrgas e percuftms xgg
_abre as mutares xgg
=. Gftra`ua ma _gstekm Apermogafmi Igfux
Gftra`ua =
Mtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms 2
Lgstrgoa ?
_imohwmre 5
Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux 5
@ebgmf 5
_use 5
Je`arm 5
OeftA_ 5
Ubuftu :
Mrqugteturm :
Herfei :
Bgbigateom e jufes pm`ra
Gfa`e ==
Pgpas `e mrqugvas =2
Mrqugva recuimr =2
@gretrga =2
Mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva =?
_aohet =?
Fmke` pgpe =0
Igfh =0
Zmftmcefs e esvmftmcefs =3
Oakmf`a is =3
^erkgsses e mrqugvas =.Sebkgf
Omrmoterstgoms cermgs =53
Gfstmima =5
Sebkgf =:=
Gfterjmoe `e m`kgfgstrma =:2
K`uias =:?
Userkgf =:5
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gx
M Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es (E_R) m ufg`m`e `m Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^)
respafsvei peim `gssekgfma `a oafleogkefta ek Peofaiacgms `m Gfjarkma e
Oakufgoma (PGO). M E_R fmsoe oak m prapastm `e ser m jarkm`arm e `gssekgfm`arm `e
oakpetfogms ek PGO pmrm a oarpa tofgoa-m`kgfgstrmtgva `ms ufgversg`m`es je`ermgs,
esoaims tofgoms e ufg`m`es je`ermgs `e pesqugsm. _um kgssa juf`mkeftmi remigzmr mompmogtma tofgom `a oarpa jufogafmi `ms arcmfgzmes usurgms `m RF^, pmrm a exero-
oga `e oakpetfogms mpigovegs ma usa eomz e eogefte `ms PGO.
M E_R ajereoe `ezefms `e oursas `gstrgbu`as fms rems tektgoms4 M`kgfgstrma e ^radeta
`e Re`es, M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms, _ecurmfm, K`gms `e _uparte Oaimbarma @gcgtmi
e Caverfmfm `e PG.
M E_R tmkbk pmrtgogpm `e `gversas pradetas `e gfteresse pbigoa, oaka m eimbarma
e exeoua `e pimfas `e ompmogtma pmrm jarkma `e kuitgpigom`ares pmrm pradetas
e`uomogafmgs oaka4 jarkma fa usa `m oafjerfogm web pmrm m Ufgversg`m`e Mbertm `a
Brmsgi (UMB), jarkma `a suparte tofgoa `e imbarmtrgas `a ^ragfja e orgma `e uk oaf-
dufta `e omrtgilms sabre re`es sek a pmrm a pracrmkm Uk Oakputm`ar par Miufa (UOM).
M keta`aiacgm `m E_R
M iasam pe`mccgom e m keta`aiacgm que argeftmk as oursas `m E_R sa bmsem`ms fm
mpref`gzmcek oaka oafstrua `a oafleogkefta par kega `m resaiua `e prabiekms tpg-
oas `m remig`m`e `a prassgafmi ek jarkma. As resuitm`as abtg`as fas oursas `e fmturezm
tergoa-prtgom sa atgkgzm`as, pags a gfstrutar, muxgigm`a peia kmtergmi `g`tgoa, mtum fa
mpefms oaka expasgtar `e oafoegtas e gfjarkmes, kms prgfogpmikefte oaka argeftm`ar `a
miufa fm exeoua `e mtgvg`m`es oaftextumigzm`ms fms sgtumes `a oatg`gmfa prassgafmi.
M mpref`gzmcek eftef`g`m oaka m respastm `a miufa ma `esma `e sgtumes-prabiekmsekeilmftes s efoaftrm`ms fm prtgom prassgafmi, que sa superm`ms par kega `e mfigse,
sftese, duicmkefta, pefsmkefta ortgoa e oafstrua `e lgpteses pmrm m resaiua `a pra-
biekm, ek mbar`mcek argeftm`m ma `esefvaivgkefta `e oakpetfogms.
@essm jarkm, a gfstrutar tek pmrtgogpma mtgvm e `gmicgom oaka argeftm`ar `a miufa pmrm ms
mtgvg`m`es ek imbarmtrga. Mt keska m mpreseftma `m teargm fa gfoga `m sessa `e mpref-
`gzmcek fa oafsg`erm`m ukm sgkpies expasga `e oafoegtas e gfjarkmes. A gfstrutar
busom gfoeftgvmr m pmrtgogpma `as miufas oaftgfumkefte.
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es
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x
Ms sesses `e mpref`gzmcek af`e se `a m mpreseftma `as oafte`as e m remigzma `ms
mtgvg`m`es prtgoms tk jarkmta presefogmi e essefogmikefte prtgoa, utgigzmf`a tofgoms `e
estu`a `grgcg`a gf`gvg`umi, trmbmila ek equgpe e prtgoms argeftm`ms pmrm a oaftexta `e mtum-
a `a jutura espeogmigstm que se pretef`e jarkmr.
Ms sesses `e mpref`gzmcek `esefvaivek-se ek trs etmpms, oak pre`akgffogm `e tekpa
pmrm ms mtgvg`m`es prtgoms, oafjarke `esorga m secugr4
^rgkegrm etmpm4 mpreseftma `m teargm e esoimreogkefta `e `vg`ms (`e :> m 7> kgfutas).
A gfstrutar mpreseftm, `e kmfegrm sgfttgom, as oafoegtas tergoas oarrespaf`eftes ma tekm
`m sessa `e mpref`gzmcek, oak muxiga `e sig`es ek jarkmta ^awer^agft. A gfstrutar
ievmftm questes sabre a oafte`a `as sig`es ek vez `e mpefms mpreseft-ias, oafvg`mf`a
m turkm reexa e pmrtgogpma. Gssa evgtm que ms mpreseftmes sedmk kaftafms e que a
miufa se oaiaque ek pasga `e pmssgvg`m`e, a que re`uzgrgm m mpref`gzmcek.
_ecuf`m etmpm4 mtgvg`m`es prtgoms `e mpref`gzmcek (`e =2> m =5> kgfutas).
Estm etmpm m essfogm `as oursas `m E_R. M kmgargm `ms mtgvg`m`es `as oursas mssforafm e
remigzm`m ek `upims `e miufas, que moakpmflmk a rgtka `a rategra `e mtgvg`m`es prapasta
fa igvra `e mpaga. Gfstrutar e kafgtar ogrouimk eftre ms `upims pmrm saiuogafmr `vg`ms e
ajereoer expigomes oakpiekeftmres.
Peroegrm etmpm4 `gsoussa `ms mtgvg`m`es remigzm`ms (?> kgfutas).
A gfstrutar oakeftm om`m mtgvg`m`e, mpreseftmf`a ukm `ms saiues passvegs pmrm
resaiv-im, `evef`a mter-se queims que cermk kmgar `goui`m`e e paikgom. As miufas sa
oafvg`m`as m oakeftmr ms saiues efoaftrm`ms e a gfstrutar retakm tpgoas que teflmk
cerm`a `vg`ms, estgkuimf`a m pmrtgogpma `as miufas. A gfstrutar sekpre estgkuim as
miufas m efoaftrmrek saiues miterfmtgvms s sucerg`ms par eie e peias oaiecms e, omsa
exgstmk, m oakeft-ims.
_abre a oursa
_eu abdetgva mpreseftmr as oafoegtas bsgoas, lgstrgm e mrqugteturm `a sgstekm apermogafmi
Igfux, oak prtgoms `e gfstmima, oafcurma e m`kgfgstrma `a sgstekm `e pmrketras,
seflms e oaftms `e usurgas, bmohup, servga `e gkpressa, recgstra `e eveftas sysiac,
kafgtarmkefta `e usurgas, oaftmbgig`m`e `e praoessas, oafcurma `a foiea `a sgstekm
apermogafmi, mpigoma `e faes bsgoms `e securmfm, eftre autrms mtgvg`m`es reimogafm`ms
kmgar oakufg`m`e `e sajtwmre igvre `a kerom`a A oursa oakpasta `e => omptuias `e
ekbmsmkefta tergoa e mtgvg`m`es oarreimtms pmrm mpref`gzm`a e xma `a oafleogkefta.
A oursa tek oaka abdetgva mpreseftmr ms jmogig`m`es `e m`kgfgstrma e cerefogmkefta, que
sera expiarm`ms oak kmgar prajuf`g`m`e fas `ekmgs oursas `m rem `e M`kgfgstrma `e
_gstekms `m Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es `m RF .
M quek se `estgfm^rassgafmgs m rem e gfjarktgom que sera respafsvegs par m`kgfgstrmr mkbgeftes
que utgigzmk ms gfjrmestruturm oak sgstekms apermogafmgs Igfux. ^a`ek tmkbk pmrtgogpmr
autras prassgafmgs `e PG, pracrmkm`ares e mfmigstms `e suparte `e sgstekms.
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Oafvefes utgigzm`ms feste igvra
Ms secugftes oafvefes tgpacroms sa usm`ms feste igvra4
Gtigoa
Gf`gom fakes `e mrqugvas e rejerfogms bgbigacroms reimogafm`ms ma iafca `a texta.
Imrcurm oafstmfte
Gf`gom oakmf`as e sums apes, vmrgvegs e mtrgbutas, oafte`a `e mrqugvas e resuitm`a `m
sm`m `e oakmf`as. Oakmf`as que sera `gcgtm`as peia usurga sa crgjm`as ek fecrgta
e passuek a prexa `a mkbgefte ek usa (fa Igfux farkmikefte # au $, efqumfta fa
Sgf`aws O4Y).
Oafte`a `e sig`e
Gf`gom a oafte`a `as sig`es rejereftes ma oursa mpreseftm`as ek smim `e muim.
_kbaia
Gf`gom rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr `gspafvei ek sgte au pcgfm fm gfterfet.
_kbaia
Gf`gom uk `aoukefta oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.
_kbaia
Gf`gom uk v`ea oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.
_kbaia
Gf`gom uk mrqugva `e m`ga oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.
_kbaia
Gf`gom uk mvgsa au preomua m ser oafsg`erm`m.
_kbaia
Gf`gom questgafmkeftas que estgkuimk m reexa au mpreseftm oafte`a `e mpaga ma
eftef`gkefta `a tekm ek questa.
_kbaia
Gf`gom fatms e gfjarkmes oakpiekeftmres oaka goms, sucestes e iegturm m`gogafmi au
keska ukm abservma.
^erkgsses `e usa
Pa`as as `gregtas reservm`as RF^.
Mcrm`eoekas sekpre ogtmr estm jafte qumf`a gfoiugr pmrte `este igvra ek autrm abrm.
Exekpia `e ogtma4 PARRE_, ^e`ra et mi.M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms Igfux4 Re`es e _ecurmfm.
Rga `e Dmfegra4 Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es, RF^, 2>=?.
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xgg
Oakeftrgas e percuftms
^mrm efvgmr oakeftrgas e percuftms sabre estm pubigoma4
Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es RF^
Ef`erea4 Mv. Imura Kiier ==: smim ==>? Batmjaca
Rga `e Dmfegra RD 2227>-7>:
E-kmgi4 gfjaNesr.rfp.br
_abre as mutares
Mrg Jrmza Dr. bmolmrei ek Ogfogm `m Oakputma peim Ufgversg`m`e Je`ermi `m ^mrmbm
(UJ^B) e kestre ek Ogfogm `m Oakputma, fm rem `e re`es `e oakputm`ares, peim Ufg -
versg`m`e Je`ermi `e ^erfmkbuoa (UJ^E). Mtumikefte respafsvei peims rems `e efce-
flmrgm e apermes `m Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^), af`e mtum `es`e =77?.
Kmroeia Omsteiimf Brmcmpassug crm`uma ek Efceflmrgm Eietrfgom peia OEJEP-RD,
ps-crm`uma ek Mfigse, ^radeta e Cerfogm `e _gstekms peim ^UO-RD e kestrm`a ek
gfjarktgom peim UFGRGA. Mtumikefte soga `gretar `m KOB Peol, ekpresm que prestm
oafsuitargm ek re`es `e oakputm`ares, servgas `e gfterfet, securmfm `e `m`as e `esef-vaivgkefta `e sajtwmre. Mtuau `urmfte kmgs `e => mfas fm rem `e PG ek ekpresms oaka
Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^) e Ekbrmtei.
Brufa Jmcuf`esEspeogmigstm ek _ecurmfm `e Re`es oak kmgs `e 3 mfas `e expergfogm
ek m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux. Mtumikefte Peofaiacgstm fa Imbarmtrga Fmoga-
fmi `e Oakputma Ogeftom mtumf`a fa suparte e m`kgfgstrma `m pimtmjarkm `e mita
`esekpefla e cerefogmkefta `e servgas `e re`e. ^rajessar fa Gfstgtuta _upergar `e
Peofaiacgm e etrpaigs ek 2>=0. Oafte`gstm e Gfstrutar m Esoaim _upergar e Re`es fas
oursas `e M`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux.
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=
Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
abdetgvas
oa
foegtas
=Gftra`ua ma _gstekmApermogafmi Igfux
Oafleoer a lgstrgoa `a Ufgx e `a Igfux8 Eftef`er m mrqugteturm `a Igfux8
Mpref`er a oafoegta `e sgstekm `e mrqugvas8 Oafleoer as tgpas `e mrqugvas `a Igfux8
Eftef`er a oafoegta `e perkgssa `e mrqugvas.
Mrqugteturm8 _gstekm `e mrqugvas8 Pgpas `e mrqugvas8 ^erkgsses `e mrqugvas.
Gftra`ua
qRequgsgtas a m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms4= Respafsmbgig`m`e peias reoursas oakputmogafmgs.
= Oafleogkefta tofgoa.= Expergfogm.
= Mperjegamkefta oafstmfte.
= Eftef`gkefta `as abdetgvas e ketms `m ekpresm.
= Oafleogkefta ms feoessg`m`es as usurgas.
Ukm `ms omrmoterstgoms kmgs kmromftes `a ser lukmfa m ompmog`m`e `e se arcmfgzmr pmrm
tgrmr a keilar pravegta `e seus trmbmilas e cmrmftgr que tu`a jufogafe `e kmfegrm oarretm.
Gssa pa`e ser abservm`a ek ekpresms, esorgtrgas, iadms, ogfekms e mt keska fas imres.
@m keskm jarkm que uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e ekpresms m`kgfgstrm e cerefogm ukm ekpresm,
uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms respafsvei par m`kgfgstrmr e cerefogmr as reoursas oak-
putmogafmgs e ukm arcmfgzma.
M gfjarkmtgzma oresoefte fms gfstgtuges pbigoms e prgvm`ms, m `gssekgfma `e `gversms
teofaiacgms `e re`es e a usa om`m vez kmgar `e sgstekms gftecrm`as `e cesta jmzek `m
m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms ukm mtgvg`m`e oakpiexm e `e gkpartfogm estrmtcgom pmrm ms
arcmfgzmes. ^artmfta, pmrm mtumr fessm rem, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms `eve passugr a
oafleogkefta e m expergfogm feoessrgas pmrm mssecurmr que as sgstekms `e ukm arcmfg-
zma estedmk sekpre `gspafvegs, securas e oak `esekpefla m`equm`a pmrm exeoutmr
ms apermes `e que m arcmfgzma feoessgtm pmrm mtgfcgr seus abdetgvas. Uk bak m`kgfgs-
trm`ar e sgstekms eve migmr oafleogkefta tofgoa ma a fecoga m ekpresm pmrm oafse-
cugr tgrmr a keilar pravegta passvei as reoursas oakputmogafmgs sab sum respafsmbgig`m`e.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
Mpesmr `e exgstgr `es`e m paom `as kmgfjrmkes, m rem `e m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms
sajreu uk crmf`e gkpmota oak a m`vefta `m kgoragfjarktgom, `ms re`es `e oakputm`ares
e ms teofaiacgms mssaogm`ms gfterfet. Esse k`uia, e omrter essefogmikefte prtgoa, jag
orgm`a peim Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es pmrm expiarmr as oafoegtas e prtgoms kmgs gkpartmftes
`m m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux. Eie represeftm m prgkegrm etmpm fm jarkma `e uk
m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms.
Mtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms
qMtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar4= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter a lmr`wmre `as equgpmkeftas.
= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter mtumigzm`a e secura as sajtwmres ut gigzm`as
peim ekpresm.
= Gfterigcmr `e kmfegrm eomz as reoursas oakputmogafmgs que jufogafmk ek re`e.
= M`kgfgstrmr oaftms e usurgas (om`mstra, mtumigzma e rekaa).
= Jmzer e restmurmr bmohup.
= Kafgtarmr mtgvg`m`es `a sgstekm, mdustmf`a-ms pmrm a kxgka `esekpefla.= _aiuogafmr prabiekms `e sajtwmre e lmr`wmre.
= Kmfter aoukeftma mtumigzm`m sabre as sgstekms.
= @esefvaiver sorgpts pmrm mutakma `e tmrejms.
= Cmrmftgr m securmfm `e re`e `e uk ka`a cermi.
= ^restmr mtef`gkefta mas usurgas as sgstekms.
Uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms `eve ser ompmz `e4
= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter apermogafmi ta`m m gfjrmestruturm e PG (servg`ares, estmes e
trmbmila, gkpressarms, gspasgtgvas e mrkmzefmkefta, equgpmkeftas e oafeotgvg`m`e eto.)8
= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr, kmfter mtumigzm`a e secura ta`a a sajtwmre feoessrga pmrm a jufoga-
fmkefta oarreta as sgstekms (_gstekms Apermogafmgs e mpigomtgvas)8
= Gfterigcmr as reoursas oakputmogafmgs que jufogafmk ek re`e, oafcurmf`a as equgpm-
keftas e ka`a m`equm`a8
= Eimbarmr e exeoutmr ukm paitgom `e bmohup m`equm`m8
= Eimbarmr paitgoms `e usa `as reoursas `e PG8
= Exeoutmr e oaftraimr ms apermes e cerefogmkefta e oaftms e usurgas fas sgstekms
oarparmtgvas, bek oaka sums perkgsses `e moessa mas reoursas `esses sgstekms8
= Oaftraimr e supervgsgafmr a usa `as reoursas oakputmogafmgs pmrm mssecurmr que sedmk
utgigzm`as `e jarkm securm e m`equm`m8
= @gmcfastgomr e saiuogafmr ms sgtumes e jmilm fa jufogafmkefta e fm aperma as
reoursas oakputmogafmgs que oakpek as sgstekms8
= Muxgigmr as usurgas, esoimreoef`a `vg`ms e argeftmf`a-as fm busom `e saiues kmgs
m`equm`ms s sums feoessg`m`es.
oimra que exgstek sgstekms oakputmogafmgs `e partes e fs kugta `gjereftes, vmrgmf`a `es`e
ukm pequefm re`e iaomi pmrm usa m`kgfgstrmtgva ek ukm kgoraekpresm mt ukm re`e `e oak-
putm`ares mbrmfcef`a gversas pmses, ek ukm ekpresm kuitgfmogafmi. Fmturmikefte, a parte
e a oafleogkefta `m equgpe `e m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms `evera estmr m`mptm`as m essms
`gjereftes sgtumes, ekbarm sums mtrgbuges sedmk bmsgomkefte ms d `esorgtms.
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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Eftre ms `gversms omrmoterstgoms `esedvegs ek uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms, pa`ekas `estmomr4
= Oafleogkefta tofgoa mprajuf`m`a e mbrmfcefte m rem, a que requer oafstmfte mtumigzma8
= Eftef`gkefta as abdetgvas e ketms m gfstgtuga8
= Oafleogkefta ms feoessg`m`es as usurgas8
= Ompmog`m`e e gmcfastgomr e resaiver prabiekms, a que epef`e e sum expergfogm prtgom8
= Oakpetfogm pmrm trmbmilmr ek equgpe e `e se reimogafmr oak pessams, pmrm prapar-ogafmr uk bak mtef`gkefta mas usurgas8
= Ompmog`m`e e arcmfgzma8
= ^ramtgvg`m`e e sefsa `e respafsmbgig`m`e, pmrm mssecurmr que ta`ms ms tmrejms pracrm-
km`ms sedmk m`equm`mkefte prgargzm`ms e exeoutm`ms.
_ek gssa, m omrregrm prassgafmi `e uk m`kgfgst rm`ar `e sgstekms estmr
sergmkefte oakpraketg`m.
Lgstrgoa
q=7:04= MP&P, CE e KGP radeta pmrm orgma e uk fava _gstekm Apermogafmi (Kuitgos).
=7:74
= Gfoga `a Ufgx fm Beii Imbs `m MP&P (Plakpsaf).
=73?4
= Ufgx reesorgta fm igfcumcek O.
= Fava o`gca-jafte.
=7334
= Gfoga m gstrgbuga B_@.
Ek kem`as `as mfas :>, kmgs preogsmkefte ek =7:0, a Beii Imbs, `m MP&P, m CE e a KGP
jarkmrmk uk crupa `e pesqugsm`ares pmrm `esefvaiver uk _gstekm Apermogafmi pmrm a
kmgfjrmke CE-:05, que jag bmtgzm`a `e Kuitgos. Esse pradeta, fa eftmfta, fa jag kugta
bek-suoe`g`a e, `evg`a m gfteresses `gverceftes, a Beii Imbs a mbmf`afau ek =7:7. Fesse
keska mfa, Hef Plakpsaf, uk `e seus pesqugsm`ares efvaivg`a fa pradeta `e orgma `a
Kuitgos, gfgogau a pradeta `e uk fava _gstekm Apermogafmi bmsem`a fa Kuitgos e esorgta ek
igfcumcek mssekbiy. Esse sgstekm jag gfgogmikefte bmtgzm`a e Ufgos e kmgs tmr`e teve seu
fake miterm`a pmrm Ufgx.
Ek =73?, oak m mdu`m `e @effgs Rgtolge, autra pesqugsm`ar `a Beii Imbs, Plakpsaf rees-
oreveu a Ufgx ek ukm igfcumcek `e pracrmkma `e mita fvei, olmkm`m O, que jag `esefvai-
vg`m peia prprga Rgtolge. Oaka m MP&P fa mtumvm oakerogmikefte fm rem `e oakputma,
a Beii Imbs jarfeogm m igoefm `e usa `a Ufgx pmrm ms ufgversg`m`es gfteressm`ms, duftmkefte
oak a o`gca-jafte. Gssa cerau verses `gjereftes `a sgstekm, ke`g`m que ms ka`gomes
fa o`gca ermk jegtms fms ufgversg`m`es e fa prprga Beii Imbs. Essm jmitm `e pm`rafgzma jag
ta crmf`e que, fa fmi `as mfas , lmvgm vrgms verses `e Ufgx tatmikefte gfoakpmtvegs,
bmsem`ms ek `ums `gstrgbuges prgfogpmgs4 a _ystek Z (`m MP&P) e a B_@, `m Ufgversg`m`e `m
Omigjrfgm ek Berheiey. M `gstrgbuga B_@ oaftrgbugu pmrm m `gssekgfma `m gfterfet par ter
`esefvaivg`a e gkpiekeftm`a m pgilm `e prataoaias PO^/G^ ek seu sgstekm.
KGP
Kmssmolusetts Gfstgtute
aj Peolfaiacy. ukoeftra ufgversgtrga e
e`uoma e pesqugsm
prgvm`a ek Omkbrg`ce,
Kmssmolusetts, fas
EUM. Uk as i`ereskuf`gmgs ek ogfogm,
efceflmrgm e teofaiacgm.
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q@om`m `e 4= _ystek Z (MP&P).
= Gfoarparma `a prataoaia PO^/G^ `gstrgbuga B_@ (Berheiey).
= @gjereftes verses cerm`ms peim gstrgbuga a o`gca.
= ^m`rafgzma bsgom ^artmbie Apermtgfc _ystek Gfterjmoe (^A_G\) fas pm`res GEEE.
= @gsputm oakerogmi cerau4 MG\, L^-U\, \EFG\ , GRG\ e _ufA_, eftre autras.
= Gfoga `a pradeta CFU `e Rgolmr` _tmiikmf.
= Igfux (_ystek Z) ukm miterfmtgvm mas sgstekms oakerogmgs.
2 Omrmoterstgoms4
? _ecurmfm.
? Oafmbgig`m`e.
? Zersmtgig`m`e.
? Estmbgig`m`e.
? Igoefm crmtugtm.
Ekbarm m feoessg`m`e `e pm`rafgzma jasse kugta crmf`e, ms teftmtgvms jegtms fesse
seftg`a jmilmrmk. Ek =7
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Lade a Igfux passug gversms gstrgbuges oakerogmgs e crmtugtms, om`m ukm oak sums omrmoters-
tgoms. Eftre eims pa`ekas estmomr4 _imohwmre, Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux, @ebgmf, _U_E, Je`arm,
OeftA_ e Ubuftu. Ms gstgfes eftre ms prgfogpmgs gstrgbuges sa resukg`ms m secugr.
_imohwmre
m `gstrgbuga kmgs mftgcm mgf`m ek `esefvaivgkefta, tef`a sum prgkegrm versa imfm`m
ek =77?. A simohwmre ukm `gstrgbuga crmtugtm que tek oaka prgfogpmgs omrmoterstgoms4estmbgig`m`e, securmfm, usa `m gfterjmoe texta pmrm oafcurma `a sgstekm, mkpim `aou-
keftma eto. ^assug ukm versa `e pra`ua que s gfoiug pmoates estvegs e ukm versa
ourreft ek `esefvaivgkefta que fa `gspafgbgigzm`m pmrm `awfiam`.
Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux
@esefvaivg`m peim Re` Lmt _ajtwmre, essm ukm `gstrgbuga vaitm`m pmrm usa ek servg`ares
`e pequefa m crmf`e parte, oak verses que supartmk `e `ags m uk gigkgtm`a fkera
`e praoessm`ares. M Re` Lmt vef`e essm `gstrgbuga duftmkefte oak ukm mssgfmturm `e
suparte tofgoa, que vmrgm ek jufa `as `gms `e mtef`gkefta, vgms `e mtef`gkefta (web au
teiejafe) e fkera e gfog`eftes par mfa.
@ebgmf
M `gstrgbuga @ebgmf `esefvaivg`m e kmftg`m par ukm equgpe `e `esefvaive`ares vaiuf-
trgas. A @ebgmf passug uk ogoia `e `esefvaivgkefta af`e sums verses pmssmk par trs
jmses4 stmbie (que m versa `e pra`ua), testgfc (oaftk verses kmgs mtumgs `as pmoates
que mgf`m fa jarmk lakaiacm`ms pmrm eftrmr ek pra`ua) e ufstmbie (usm`m cermikefte
par `esefvaive`ares). A @ebgmf oafleog`a par sum exoeiefte jerrmkeftm `e cerefogm-
kefta `e pmoates, a M^P.
_use ukm ms gstrgbuges oakerogmgs kmgs mftgcms (teve sum pr gkegrm versa imfm`m ek =770,
fm Miekmflm). M `gstrgbuga _U_E passug ukm exoeiefte jerrmkeftm crom `e gfstmima
e oafcurma `a _gstekm Apermogafmi, olmkm`m Wm_P. Ek 2>>?, m Faveii oakprau m _U_E
e `eog`gu ek 2>>5 oakpmrtgilmr a `esefvaivgkefta `e ukm versa crmtugtm `e seu _gstekm
Apermogafmi oak m oakufg`m`e e esefvaive`ares, orgmf`a m gstrgbuga apef_U_E.
Ek 2>==, m Faveii e m _U_E jarmk oakprm`ms peim ekpresm Mttmolkmte.
Je`arm
ukm `gstrgbuga crmtugtm pmtraogfm`m peim Re` Lmt e kmftg`m par ukm oakufg`m`e mbertm
`e usurgas e `esefvaive`ares. Essm `gstrgbuga teve sum prgkegrm versa imfm`m ek2>>?, qumf`a m `gstrgbuga crmtugtm Re` Lmt Igfux jag `esoaftgfum`m. M pmrtgr `m, m Re` Lmt
_ajtwmre resaiveu kmfter seu jaoa fa kerom`a oarparmtgva e imfau m `gstrgbuga pmcm
Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux. Ek pmrmieia m gssa, jag imfm`a a pradeta Je`arm, ukm `gs trgbuga
crmtugtm bmsem`m fa Re` Lmt Igfux.
OeftA_
Essm `gstrgbuga `ergvm `gretmkefte `a Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux mtrmvs `as seus mrqugvas
jafte argcgfmgs. M Re` Lmt perkgte a usa `as jaftes fm oaf`ga `e que se retgre ta`ms ms reje-
rfogms oakerogmgs sum kmrom. M prgfogpmi vmftmcek que a OeftA_ ukm sig`m e pa`erasm
`gstrgbuga Igfux oak a keska patefogmi `a Re` Lmt e oak m vmftmcek `e ser crmtugtm.
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Ubuftu
A Ubuftu ukm `gstrgbuga bmsem`m fm `gstrgbuga @ebgmf, pmtraogfm`m peim ekpresm
Omfafgomi. Ukm `ms prgfogpmgs prapastms `a Ubuftu m papuimrgzma `a I gfux, ajereoef`a
uk sgstekm oak gfterjmoe kmgs mkgcvei, oak jaoa ek moessgbgig`m`e e gfterfmogafmigzma.
_ecurmfm, oafmbgig`m`e, versmtgig`m`e, estmbgig`m`e e crmtug`m`e sa ms omrmoterstgoms `a
Igfux que jmzek oak que eie `espafte oaka m prgfogpmi miterfmtgvm ma Kgorasajt Sgf`aws.
Mrqugteturm
A CFU/Igfux au Igfux (oaka kmgs oafleog`a) uk _gstekm Apermogafmi kuitgtmrejm,
kuitgusurga e kuitgpimtmjarkm. _eu o`gca-jafte mberta e `gspafgbgigzm`a crmtugtmkefte,
pa`ef`a ser miterm`a par qumiquer pessam, a que a tarfm uk sgstekm extrekmkefte exvei.
A Igfux `gstrgbu`a peim igoefm Cefermi ^ubigo Igoefse (C^I), que perkgte exeoutmr, mitermr
e gstrgbugr qumiquer sajtwmre recg`a par eim. _um mrqugteturm, oaka kastrm curm =.=, pa`e
ser represeftm`m par ukm pgrkg`e `gvg`g`m ek omkm`ms. A pmpei `e om`m ukm `essms
omkm`ms `esorgta m secugr.
Usurgas
Mpigomes _leii
Bgbigateoms `e jufes pm`ra
Herfei
Lmr`wmre
Herfei
q= Foiea a _gstekm Apermogafmi.= ^rgfogpmgs jufes4
2 @eteoa `e lmr`wmre.
2 Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m.
2 Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.
2 Cerefogmkefta `e kekrgm e swmppgfc.
2 Oaftraie m im e praoessas.
A herfei a foiea `a _gstekm Apermogafmi e se efomrrecm `e exeoutmr ta`ms ms jufes
bsgoms e feoessrgms ma jufogafmkefta oarreta a sgstekm. Ukm e sums prgfogpmgs jufes
praver ukm gfterjmoe eftre a lmr`wmre e ms mpigomes. A herfei passug ukm mrqugteturm
kafaitgom, au sedm, oakpasta par uk crmf`e e fgoa biaoa `e o`gca oak kgiles `e
igflms. L micuk tekpa a oafoegta e k`uias jag gftra`uzg`a fa Igfux. Esses k`uias sa
cermikefte `rgvers `e `gspasgtgvas e pa`ek ser omrrecm`as ek kekrgm `gfmkgomkefte.
gkpartmfte ressmitmr que as k`uias fa jmzek pmrte `a herfei.
Ukm `ms crmf`es vmftmcefs que a Igfux ajereoe m passgbgig`m`e `e a usurga pa`er jmzer
mitermes ek seu herfei, lmbgigtmf`a sakefte ms jufogafmig`m`es feoessrgms pmrm om`m
sgstekm. Oak gssa, passvei cmflmr ek perjarkmfoe, pags a herfei se tarfm kugta kmgs
efxuta, cermf`a ukm gkmcek oak uk tmkmfla oafsg`ermveikefte kefar. Ms prgfogpmgs
jufes `a herfei sa4
Jgcurm =.=
Mrqugteturm.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
= @eteoa `e lmr`wmre8
= Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m8
= Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas8
= Cerefogmkefta `e kekrgm e swmppgfc8
= Cerefogmkefta `e praoessas.
Lade, ta`ms ms `gstrgbuges `e Igfux `gspafvegs usmk bmsgomkefte a keska herfei, oak
pequefms mitermes. _a ms mpigomes gfoarparm`ms m essms `gstrgbuges que ms `gjerefogmk.
@eteoa `e lmr`wmre
q= G`eftgoma e gspasgtgvas (kekrgm, gsoas, praoessm`ares, gkpressarm eto.).= Gfterma oak esses gspasgtgvas (`rgvers).
Pa`a _gstekm Apermogafmi, pmrm jufogafmr, epef`e e uk eterkgfm`a lmr`wmre, oak-
pasta par praoessm`ar, kekrgm, gsoa, oaftraim`ares e v`ea eto. @evg`a exgstfogm e
`gversas jmbrgomftes `e lmr`wmre fa kerom`a, ms omrmoterstgoms `as oakpafeftes vmrgmk
kugta eftre sg. ]umf`a uk fava `gspasgtgva, oaka, par exekpia, ukm pimom `e re`e, gfstm-im`a fa sgstekm, a herfei respafsvei peim `eteoa e gfterma bsgom oak esse `gspasg-
tgva. Ekbarm a herfei passm reoafleoer e oaftraimr ukm crmf`e qumftg`m`e `e gspasgtgvas
`gspafvegs fa kerom`a, exgstek micufs que fa sa reoafleog`as, ek cermi as imfm`as
mps m `mtm `e imfmkefta `m versa `a herfei utgigzm`a.
Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m
q= Oaftraie `as `gspasgtgvas `e eftrm`m e sm`m.= Efvga e requgsges saigogtmf`a exeoues e apermes.
= Oaftraie `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa.
Pa`as as oakputm`ares passuek `gspasgtgvas `e eftrm`m e sm`m oafeotm`as, oaka teoim`a,
kafgtar, gkpressarm, pimom `e re`e, `gsoa eto. Esses `gspasgtgvas sa oaftraim`as peia herfei,
que efvgm requgsges pmrm saigogtmr m exeoua `e apermes espeooms au reoebe sgfmgs pmrm
gf`gomr que as `gspasgtgvas esta `ekmf`mf`a `eterkgfm`ms apermes. M oakufgoma eftre
a herfei e as `gspasgtgvas remigzm`m par kega `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa. Fesse oaftexta, a herfei
jufogafm oaka uk oaftraim`ar `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa, mtef`ef`a m ta`ms essms requgsges.
Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas
q= a respafsvei peim arcmfgzma `as mrqugvas `a sgstekm e `as usurgas8= Jarkm `e gkpiekeftma `efg`m e cerefogm`m peia herfei.
A sgstekm `e mrqugvas tek par abdetgva arcmfgzmr as mrqugvas `a sgstekm e `as usurgas,
mssecurmf`a que eies passmk ser kmfgpuim`as m`equm`mkefte par seus praprgetrgas.
Fa Igfux, a sgstekm `e mrqugvas vgsumigzm`a oaka ukm rvare gfvertg`m4 m rmgz est fa tapa e
as rmkas, ekbmgxa. ^mrm ser ig`a au esorgta, a mrqugva preogsm ser mberta. Ma mbrg-ia, ukm srge
`e oug`m`as `evek ser takm`as, prgfogpmikefte se esse mrqugva d estgver sef`a utgigzm`a par
autra usurga au pracrmkm. Pa`as esses oug`m`as oak a sgstekm `e mrqugvas, bek oaka m
jarkm oaka eie gkpiekeftm`a, sa `efg`as e cerefogm`as peia herfei. M curm =.2 kastrm
uk exekpia `e arcmfgzma `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas `a Igfux.
_mgbm kmgs
^mrm evgtmr esse
tgpa e prabiekm,
gkpartmfte usmr
sekpre m itgkm versa
estvei a herfei. Zmieressmitmr que `rgvers
`esefvaivg`as oaka
k`uias pa`ek ser
gfstmim`as fa sgstekm
sek m feoessg`m`e `e
reoakpgimr a herfei.
As k`uias pa`ekser omrrecm`as ek
kekrgm gfmkg-
omkefte ke`g`m
que seu usa se tarfm
feoessrga.
i
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_a as pracrmkms oak as qumgs a usurga gftermce `gretmkefte, oaka oakpgim`ares, e`gtares
`e texta, pimfgilms, fmvecm`ares, cerefogm`ares `e mrqugvas eto. Uk _gstekm Apermogafmi
sek mpigomes omrgm sek utgig`m`e, d que estms jmzek pmrte `m fgom omkm`m `m mrqugteturm
que moessm`m peias usurgas. Ms mpigomes sa `esefvaivg`ms cermikefte pmrm mutakmtgzmr
e jmogigtmr m remigzma `e tmrejms que preogsmk ser remigzm`ms peias usurgas `gmrgmkefte.
Eims tmkbk jmogigtmk m oakufgoma eftre pessams, mik `e re`uzgr oustas, oaka a omsa
`ms mpigomes e vaz sabre G^.
_gstekm `e mrqugvas
qBiaoa `e baat4= Pek m jufa e omrrecmr a herfei a _gstekm Apermogafmi8
= Pa`m pmrtga oaftk uk biaoa e baat.
_uperbiaoa4
= Oaftk gfjarkmes essefogmgs sabre a sgstekm e mrqugvas.
Pmbeim `e biaoas4
= G`eftgom as biaoas `e `m`as igvres fa `gsoa.Pmbeim `e gfa`es4
= Oaftk ms gfjarkmes `e om`m gfa`e `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.
Biaoas e m`as4
= _a as biaoas a gsoa est gfm`as m mrkmzefmr a oafte`a as mrqugvas.
Ek qumiquer _gstekm Apermogafmi, feoessrga mrkmzefmr `m`as ek mrqugvas e arcmfgz-ias
ek gretrgas. As mrqugvas sa cerefogm`as par uk oakpafefte a _gstekm Apermogafmi
oafleog`a oaka sgstekm `e mrqugvas, que `efe oaka as mrqugvas sa estruturm`as, g`ef-
tgom`as, moessm`as, ka`gom`as e pratecg`as. M curm =.? kastrm oaka esta `gspastas
as biaoas ek ukm pmrtga `a Igfux. A biaoa `e baat a prgkegra biaoa `a `gsoa, e fa cerefogm`a peia sgstekm e mrqugvas, sef`a utgigzm`a sakefte pmrm mr gfoga ma praoessa
`e baat a _gstekm Apermogafmi.
A secuf`a biaoa olmkm`a superbiaoa e oaftk gfjarkmes essefogmgs sabre a sgstekm
`e mrqugvas, oaka seu tmkmfla, fkera `e gfa`es, fkera `e biaoas `e `m`as eto.
Ek secug`m, vek m tmbeim `e biaoas, que perkgte g`eftgomr as biaoas `e `m`as igvres e
aoupm`as fa `gsoa. Iaca mps, efoaftrm-se m tmbeim `e gfa`es (gf`ex-fa`es), que sa estru-
turms e m`as que mrkmzefmk gfjarkmes sabre as mrqugvas. ar k, tekas as biaoas e
`m`as, fas qumgs a oafte`a as mrqugvas ejetgvmkefte mrkmzefm`a.
Biaoa e baat
_uper biaoa Pmbeim e biaoas Biaoas e m`as
Gfa`es
Jgcurm =.?
_gstekms `e
Mrqugvas Igfux.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Gfa`e
Estruturm `e `m`as kmftg`m peia herfei.
^assug gfjarkmes sabre mrqugvas4
q= Pgpa, `afa, crupa e perkgsses.= @mtms `e orgma au `m itgkm ka`goma.= Fkera `e igfhs pmrm a mrqugva.
= Pmkmfla.
= Ef`erea fa gsoa rcg`a.
ukm estruturm `e `m`as que mrkmzefm gfjarkmes sabre uk mrqugva oaka4 tgpa, perkgsses
mssaogm`ms, praprgetrga e crupa, tmkmfla, itgkm vez ek que jag ka`gom`a, iaomigzma as
biaoas af`e a oafte`a `a mrqugva est mrkmzefm`a eto. Pa`a sgstekm `e mrqugvas passug ukm
tmbeim `e gfa`es e om`m mrqugva passug uk gfa`e mssaogm`a que g`eftgom`a par uk fkera
gftegra, oafleog`a oaka g-fukberau gfa. A fkera `e gfa`es jufa `a tmkmfla `a sgstekm
`e mrqugvas e, par pm`ra, orgm`a uk gfa`e pmrm om`m 2 HB `a tmkmfla tatmi `a sgstekm
`e mrqugvas. ^mrte `ms gfjarkmes preseftes fas gfa`es pa`e ser vgsumigzm`m par kega `a
oakmf`a is, utgigzmf`a m apa -i, oaka kastrm m curm =.0.
-rwxr-xr-x = raat bgf >? /usr/bgf/su
Pgpa `e mrqugva
Lmr` igfh oauft
Pmkmfla ek bytes Fake a mrqugva
^erkgsses @afa
Crupa
@mtm `m itgkmka`goma
A oakmf`a stmttmkbk pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm vgsumigzmrkas gfjarkmes oaftg`ms fasgfa`es, oaka kastrm a exekpia m secugr.
# stmt /eto/lasts
Jgie4 /eto/lasts
_gze4 25> Biaohs4 < GA Biaoh4 0>7: recuimr jgie
@evgoe4 =l/2>07` Gfa`e4 52?233 Igfhs4 =
Mooess4 (>:00/-rw-r--r--) Ug`4 (>/ raat) Cg`4 (>/ raat)
Mooess4 2>=2->=-=5 =24=5:72>:=2 ->2>>
Ka`gjy4 2>==-==-2= =:45=407.22>5 ->2>>
Olmfce4 2>==-==-2= =:45=407.22>5 ->2>>
A fkera `e gfa`es tmkbk pa`e ser `efg`a peia usurga `urmfte m orgma `e uk
sgstekm `e mrqugvas. Exgstek mpigomes que orgmk crmf`es qumftg`m`es `e mrqugvas
pequefas, a que pa`e resuitmr fm utgigzma `e ta`as as gfa`es `gspafvegs ek uk sgstekm
`e mrqugvas. ]umf`a gssa moafteoe, keska que mgf`m lmdm espma suogefte ek `gsoa, fa
kmgs passvei m orgma `e favas mrqugvas fesse sgstekm `e mrqugvas. ^ar gssa, feoessrga
que a m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms jmm ukm mfigse ms mpigomes que sera gfstmim`ms ek
uk servg`ar, pmrm que passm `gkefsgafmr oarretmkefte a fkera `e gfa`es que ser orgm`a
ek uk sgstekm `e mrqugvas.
Jgcurm =.0
Gfjarkmes
oaftg`ms fas
gfa`es.
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# `j -g
Jgiesystek Gfa`es GUse` GJree GUse% Kaufte` af
/`ev/s`m= 2557>
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva
q= Keomfgska usm`a pmrm apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m.= Pgpas `e mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgva4
2 Omrmotere4 ms apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m sa remigzm`ms byte m by te `e
ka`a sequefogmi.
2 Biaoa4 ms apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m sa remigzm`ms ek biaoas `e ka`a miemtrga.
= Efoaftrmk-se, cermikefte, fa gretrga /`ev.
= _a orgm`as oak khfa`e rekavg`as oak rk.
Mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgvas perkgtek mas usurgas estmbeieoer oakufgoma oak a lmr`wmre
`a sgstekm e seus pergjrgoas, sek se preaoupmr oak as `etmiles feoessrgas m esse tgpa `e
oakufgoma. Essm jarkm `e a Igfux gftermcgr oak as `gspasgtgvas tmkbk jmogigtm kugta a
trmbmila `as pracrmkm`ares. Mssgk, `rgvers `e `gspasgtgvas represeftmk ukm gfterjmoe `e
oakufgoma pm`ra que se pmreoe oak uk mrqugva farkmi. ]umf`a a herfei reoebe uk
pe`g`a rejerefte m uk mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva, eie sgkpieskefte pmssm a pe`g`a pmrm a `rgver
mpraprgm`a. Mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgva pa`ek ser orgm`as vgm oakmf`a khfa`e rekavg`as oak
a oakmf`a rk. Exgstek `ags tgpas `e mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgvas que sera vgstas m secugr.
@gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere
As `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere remigzmk sums trmfsjerfogms `e `m`as byte m byte e
`e ka`a sequefogmi. Ms partms sergmgs sa exekpias `e `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere.
Cermikefte, esses `gspasgtgvas fa utgigzmk buers (espma ek kekrgm) ek sums aperm-
es `e eftrm`m e sm`m, au sedm, as `m`as sa ig`as e esorgtas `gretmkefte fa `gspasgtgva.
@gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa
As `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa remigzmk sums trmfsjerfogms `e `m`as ek biaoas `e
tmkmfla que pa`e vmrgmr eftre 5=2 bytes e ?2 Hbytes, sef`a a moessa jegta `e ka`a miemtrga.As `gsoas rcg`as e ms ufg`m`es `e tm sa exekpias `e `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa.
Ms apermes e eftrm`m e sm`m esses gspasgtgvas sa jegtms utgigzmf`a buers gfterke`grgas.
_aohet
q= Utgigzm`a pmrm oakufgoma bg`greogafmi eftre praoessas.= Ufgx @akmgf _aohets.
= _aohets `e re`e.
= _a orgm`as oak m olmkm`m e sgstekm saohet e rekavg`as mtrmvs a oakmf`a rk
au `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm oiase.
A saohet uk tgpa `e mrqugva usm`a pmrm m oakufgoma bg`greogafmi eftre `ags pra-
oessas. Exgstek bmsgomkefte `ags tgpas `e saohets4 a prgkegra `eies, oafleog`a oaka
Ufgx `akmgf saohet au G^O saohet (Gfter ^raoess Oakkufgomtgaf saohet) usm`a pmrm m
oakufgoma eftre praoessas exeoutm`as ek uk keska _gstekm Apermogafmi. A autra
tgpa a saohet `e re`e, que usm`a pmrm m oakufgoma eftre praoessas exeoutm`as ek
oakputm`ares `gjereftes, gfterigcm`as par ukm re`e. Eftre as saohets `e re`e, pa`ekas
`estmomr a `mtmcrmk saohet, que uk tgpa `e saohet fa argeftm`a oafexa, usm`a peia
prataoaia U@^8 a stremk saohet, que uk tgpa `e saohet argeftm`a oafexa, usm`a peia
prataoaia PO , e a rmw saohet, utgigzm`a par prataoaias e cerefogmkefta e kafgtarmkefta
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`e re`es oaka a prataoaia GOK^. Uk saohet orgm`a peim olmkm`m `e sgstekm saohet e
pa`e ser rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rkau par kega `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm oiase, qumf`a a
saohet fa estgver kmgs sef`a utgigzm`a. M kmgargm `ms mpigomes ek uk sgstekm Igfux jmz
usa `e saohets.
Fmke` pgpe
q= ^erkgte m oakufgoma eftre ags praoessas ra`mf`a ek ukm keskm kqugfm.= Jmz pmrte `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.= orgm`a oak a oakmf`a khfa`au khja.
= rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk.
= Gfterigcm praoessas que fa passuek reima eftre sg.
A fmke` pgpe, tmkbk oafleog`a oaka JGJA, perkgte m oakufgoma eftre `ags praoessas
exeoutm`as fa keska _gstekm Apermogafmi. Uk fmke` pgpe rejerefogm`a peias praoessas
que oafeotm mtrmvs `e seu fake e jmz pmrte `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas. Eie orgm`a mtrmvs `as
oakmf`as khjaau khfa`,e rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk au par kega `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm
ufigfh. Uk fmke` pgpe perkgte m oakufgoma eftre praoessas que fa passumk reima eftresg. Exgste tmkbk a pgpe oafvefogafmi, represeftm`a peia omrmotere |, que oafeotm m sm`m `e
uk praoessa eftrm`m `e autra. M `gjerefm eftre eies que fa pgpe oafvefogafmi as praoessas
oafeotm`as `evek passugr ukm reima pmg pmrm ila au serek grkas. Ma oaftrrga `a fmke`
pgpe, que preogsm ser expigogtmkefte efoerrm`a mps seu usa, a pgpe oafvefogafmi efoerrm`a
mutakmtgomkefte mps m exeoua `as praoessas que eie oafeotm.
Igfh
qLmr` igfh4= @ags mrqugvas mpaftmf`a pmrm a keska gfa`e.
_ykbaigo igfh4
= ^aftegra pmrm uk mrqugva exgstefte.
= mssaogm`a m autra gfa`e fukber.
A Igfux supartm `ags tgpas `e igfhs4 lmr` igfh e sykbaigo igfh. ^mrm expigomr ms `gjerefms
eftre eies, vmkas takmr oaka exekpia ukm sgtuma ek que ags usurgas (Kmrgm e Daa)
oakpmrtgilmk uk mrqugva efakgfm`a reimtarga.txt, ouda tmkmfla 2>> bytes (curm =.5).
/
eto lake
kmrgm daa
igfux.oafj reimtarga.txt
Exekpias4
Jgcurm =.5
Lmr` igfh pmrm
mrqugva.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt
-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => reimtarga.txt
# if ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt
# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => /lake/kmrgm/reimtarga.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => /lake/dama/reimtarga.txt
Lmr` igfh
q= Mssaogm `ags au kmgs fakes `e mrqugvas ma keska gfa`e.= Oakpmrtgilm m keskm rem `e `m`as.
= Fa pa`e ser orgm`a pmrm `gretrgas.= Orgm`a oak a oakmf`a if.
= Rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk.
Oaka kefogafm`a mftergarkefte, ms gfjarkmes sabre uk mrqugva sa mrkmzefm`ms
ek seu gfa`e. Fa lmr` igfh, exgste ukm fgom opgm `a mrqugva mrkmzefm`m fas biaoas `e
`m`as. Essm opgm rejerefogm`m par uk fgoa gfa`e, que, par sum vez, rejerefogm`a peias
mrqugvas fas `gretrgas `as usurgas. @essm jarkm, sekpre que uk `as usurgas ka`gomr
a oafte`a a seu mrqugva, ms ku`mfms sera mutakmtgomkefte peroebg`ms peias autras,
ukm vez que seus mrqugvas mpaftmk pmrm m keskm rem ek `gsoa. Fa exekpia `esorgta, a
espma `e 2>> bytes `a mrqugva reimtarga.txt miaom`a ukm fgom vez fas biaoas `a `gsoa,
kms a gfa`e que mpaftm pmrm esses biaoas rejerefogm`a peias mrqugvas fas `gretrgas `as
usurgas Kmrgm e Daa, oaka kastrm m curm =.:. Uk lmr` igfh orgm`a oak a oakmf`a ife
s pa`e mpaftmr pmrm mrqugvas recuimres au sykbaigo igfhs. M exgstfogm `esse tgpa `e igfh
fa ta sgkpies `e ser vergom`m.
Eie pa`e ser g`eftgom`a peia fkera que mpmreoe mps ms perkgsses mssaogm`ms m uk
mrqugva, oaka pa`e ser vgsta fa exekpia m secugr. A fkera 2 g`eftgom que mik `a
mrqugva argcgfmi, exgste uk lmr` igfh mpaftmf`a pmrm eie.
Gfa`e `ereimtarga.txt
Gfa`e`a igfh
Mrqugva`e Daa
Mrqugva`e Kmrgm
Mrqugvareimtarga.txtJgcurm =.:
Lmr` igfh.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
_ykbaigo igfh
q= Mrqugvas que sa paftegras pmrm autras mrqugvas.= Jarfeoek rejerfogm par fake.
= Aoupmk espma kfgka.
= ^a`ek mpaftmr pmrm qumiquer rem `a `gsoa, gfoiusgve ek autrms pmrt ges.
= Orgm`as oak a oakmf`a if s.
= Rekavg`as oak a oakmf`a rk.
represeftm`a par uk mrqugva ouda oafte`a a fake `a mrqugva argcgfmi pmrm a qumi a
sykbaigo igfh est mpaftmf`a. Fesse omsa, exgstek `ags mrqugvas oak oafte`as `gjereftes,
om`m uk `eies oak seu gfa`e mssaogm`a. ]umf`a uk sykbaigo igfh moessm`a, a sgstekm
vergom mtrmvs `ms gfjarkmes oaftg`ms ek seu gfa`e que eie `a tgpa sykbaigo igfh. Mps
gssa, reouperm m g`eftgoma `a mrqugva argcgfmi e remigzm ms apermes saigogtm`ms `gretm-
kefte sabre eie.
Uk sykbaigo igfh orgm`a oak a oakmf`a if, utgigzmf`a m apa -s e pa`e mpaftmr pmrm
qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva. Uk sykbaigo igfh g`eftgom`a peim ietrm i, que a prgkegraomrmotere ek ukm igstm `e mrqugvas cerm`m peia oakmf`a is, utgigzmf`a m apa -i. passvei
tmkbk ver a fake `a mrqugva mpaftm`a fa fmi `m igflm, oaka kastrm a exekpia m secugr4
# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt
-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>>Jeb >= => reimtarga.txt
# if s ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt
# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt
-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>>Jeb >= => /lake/kmrgm/reimtarga.txt
irwxrwxrwx = dama dama 2> Jeb >5 ==4?> reimtarga.txt -6 ~kmrgm/
reimtarga.txt
Fa exekpia, a espma `e 2>> bytes aoupm`a peia mrqugva reimtarga.txt miaom`a ukm fgom
vez fas biaoas `a `gsoa. Mpefms a mrqugva fa `gretrga `m usurgm Kmrgm rejerefogm essm rem
`e `m`as. Fa `gretrga `a usurga Daa, exgste autra mrqugva, `a tgpa sykbaigo igfh, ouda oaf-
te`a a fake `a mrqugva fa `gretrga `m usurgm Kmrgm, oaka kastrm m curm =.3.
/
eto lake
kmrgm daa
igfux.oafj reimtarga.txt igfhJgcurm =.3
_ykbaigo igfh pmrm
mrqugva.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
A mrqugva e Daa est mrkmzefm`a ek autra iaomi a gsoa sef`a rejerefogm`a par autra gfa`e, e
seu tmkmfla kefar `a que a tmkmfla `a mrqugva argcgfmi, oaka pa`e ser vgsta fm curm =.
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Bgts `e perkgssa
_a fave as bgts `e perkgssa, usm`as pmrm `eterkgfmr ms apermes que pa`ek ser exe-
outm`ms ek uk mrqugva, e quek pa`e exeout-ims. A Igfux `efe oafduftas `e perkgssespmrm a `afa `a mrqugva, pmrm a crupa ma qumi a mrqugva pertefoe e pmrm as autras usurgas
`a sgstekm. Om`m oafdufta passug trs bgts4 uk bgt `e iegturm (r), uk bgt `e esorgtm (w) e uk bgt
`e exeoua (x), olmkm`a bgt `e pesqugsm, qumf`a se trmtm `e uk `gretrga. Mssgk, as trs
prgkegras bgts oaftraimk a moessa `a `afa, as trs `a kega oaftraimk a moessa `a crupa e
as itgkas trs oaftraimk a moessa pmrm as `ekmgs usurgas `a sgstekm (autras). Ek om`m
trga, a bgt kmgs mita a que oaftraim m iegturm, a bgt `a kega oaftraim m esorgtm e a itgka bgt
oaftraim m exeoua a mrqugva.
Om`m usurga `e uk sgstekm Igfux efqum`rm-se ek, peia kefas, ukm `ms trs omtecargms
`esorgtms. Omsa eie fa sedm a `afa `a mrqugva, fek pertefm ma keska crupa ma qumi a
Pmbeim =.=
Oakmf`a is
(tgpas `e mrqugvas).
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
mrqugva pertefoe, ms perkgsses `m`ms mas autras sera ievm`ms ek oafsg`erma.
A bgt `e iegturm perkgte m mberturm e m iegturm `e uk mrqugva farkmi. A bgt `e esorgtm, par
sum vez, perkgte que a oafte`a `a mrqugva sedm ka`gom`a. M passgbgig`m`e `e refakemr
au rekaver uk mrqugva, oaftu`a, oaftraim`m peims perkgsses `a `gretrga ma qumi eie
pertefoe. A bgt `e exeoua, oaka a fake d sucere, perkgte que a mrqugva sedm exeou-
tm`a, par gssa, esse tgpa `e perkgssa s jmz seftg`a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs. ^mrm uk
`gretrga, a bgt `e exeoua tek uk sgcfgom`a uk tmfta `gjerefte.
Eie perkgte m eftrm`m ek uk `gretrga, kms fa feoessmrgmkefte que a seu oafte`a sedm
igstm`a. M igstmcek `a oafte`a `e uk `gretrga s pa`e ser remigzm`m se as bgts `e iegturm
e exeoua jarek `efg`as. D m oakbgfma `as bgts `e esorgtm e exeoua perkgte que
mrqugvas sedmk orgm`as, rekavg`as e refakem`as `eftra `e uk `gretrga. ]umf`a uk bgt `e
perkgssa fa `efg`a, a omrmotere - gfserg`a ek seu iucmr.
r
w
x
perkgtgr mbrgr e ier
ka`gomr au trufomr8 `eietmr au
refakemr4 ver perk. `gr.
exeoutmr mrqugva eftrmr, kms fa igstmr
igstmr, se x est setm`a
orgmr, refakemr e `eietmr mrqugvas,se x est setm`a
= = = = > > >= =
@afa Autras
Cruparem` (r)
wrgte (w)
exeoute (x)
; 35=
Moessa _gcfgom`a pmrm mrqugvas _gcfgom`a pmrm gretrgas
Bgts espeogmgsq_tgohy bgt4
= Evgtm keomfgska `e swmp-af/swmp-a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs (ek `esusa).
= Oaftraim m esorgtm ek `gretrgas `e usa cermi.
= Represeftm`a peim ietrm t.
_etcg`4
= Usm`as ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs e `gretrgas.
= Represeftm`a peim ietrm s.
_etug`4
= Utgigzm`as ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs.
= Represeftm`a peim ietrm s.
@gssekas mftergarkefte que, mik `as fave bgts `e perkgssa, autras trs mjetmk m exe-
oua e pracrmkms exeoutvegs e `gretrgas, e que duftas eies jarkmk as =2 bgts e ka`a.
Esses autras trs bgts, setug` (_UG@), setcg` (_CG@) e stgohy bgt, sa `esorgtas m secugr.
_tgohy Bgt
A estmbeieogkefta `esse bgt rekaftm mas tekpas ek que kekrgm erm uk reoursa omra e
esomssa ek sgstekms Igfux, e moessas m ufg`m`es `e `gsoa ermk ieftms. _gstekms oak pauom
kekrgm feoessgtmvmk `e que micufs pracrmkms se kmftgvessek fm kekrgm oaftgfumkefte.
Jgcurm =.7
Bgts e perkgssa.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
A stgohy bgt erm gkpartmfte fesse oaftexta. Eie cmrmftgm que uk `eterkgfm`a praoessa
perkmfeoergm fm kekrgm prgfogpmi, fa tef`a sum perjarkmfoe predu`gom`m par oaftm `a
esquekm `e swmppgfc. Lade, oak a reimtgva bmgxa ousta `e kekrgm e ms ufg`m`es `e `gsoa
om`m vez kmgs veiazes, a estmbeieogkefta `esse bgt ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs omgu ek `esusa.
Mtumikefte, a stgohy bgt `efg`a sakefte ek `gretrgas e utgigzm`a pmrm gkpe`gr que
uk usurga mpmcue au refakege uk mrqugva, m kefas que sedm `afa `a `gretrga au `a
mrqugva. @esse ka`a, ter perkgssa `e esorgtm e pesqugsm ek uk `gretrga oak stgohybgt `efg`a fa suogefte pmrm rekaver au refakemr mrqugvas e `gretrgas `e autras
usurgas. `essm jarkm que a Igfux evgtm que, ek `gretrgas `e usa pbigoa, oaka a /tkp,
as usurgas rekavmk au refakegek mrqugvas `e autras usurgas. Essm recrm s fa
vig`m pmrm a usurga raat. A stgohy bgt qumf`a `efg`a substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa
`e exeoua `as autras peim ietrm t, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m.
Omsa oaftrrga, m ietrm P gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.
_etcg` (_CG@)
A bgt _CG@ pa`e ser `efg`a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs e `gretrgas. Eie perkgte que uk
mrqugva sedm exeoutm`a oak ms perkgsses `a crupa `afa `a mrqugva, gf`epef`efte `a
usurga que a teflm exeoutm`a. Ekbarm qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva passm ter esse bgt `efg`a,
kugtms verses `a Igfux s a ievm ek oaftm qumf`a sa `efg`as ek pracrmkms exeout-
vegs au ek gretrgas.
]umf`a a bgt _CG@ `efg`a ek uk `gretrga, ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as fesse `gretrga
pertefoera ma crupa que `afa `a `gretrga, gf`epef`efte `a crupa prgkrga `a usurga
que as teflm orgm`a. A _CG@, qumf`a `efg`a, substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa `e exeoua
`a crupa peim ietrm s, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m. Omsa oaftrrga, m
ietrm _ gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.
_etug` (_UG@)
A bgt _UG@ s passug ejegta ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs. Eie perkgte que uk mrqugva sedm
exeoutm`a oaka se estgvesse sef`a exeoutm`a peia `afa `a mrqugva, gf`epef`efte `a
usurga que a teflm exeoutm`a. A mrqugva exeoutveipmssw`, usm`a pmrm traom `e seflm,
uk exekpia `e mrqugva que tek a bgt _UG@ `efg`a. Gssa feoessrga pmrm que usurgas
oakufs passmk mitermr sums seflms, d que sakefte a usurga raat tek perkgssa `e
esorgtm fa mrqugva/eto/slm`aw, que mrkmzefm ms seflms as usurgas a sgstekm. Ekbarm
qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva passm ter esse bgt `efg`a, kugtms verses `a Igfux s a ievm ek
oaftm qumf`a sa efg`as ek pracrmkms exeoutvegs.
A _UG@, qumf`a `efg`a, substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa `e exeoua `a `afa `a mrqugva
peim ietrm s, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m. Omsa oaftrrga, m ietrm _
gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.
-rws-sr-t
t mqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm stgohy
smqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm _CG@
smqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm _UG@
Jgcurm =.=>
_UG@, _CG@
e stgohy bgt.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Ku`mf`a perkgsses
As `aze bgts `e perkgssa, rejerefogm`as mftergarkefte, pa`ek ser ka`gom`as peia `afa
`a mrqugva au peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm mtrmvs `a oakmf`a olka`. As prgkegras sgs-
tekms Ufgx exgcgmk que as usurgas eftef`essek `e fatma bgfrgm au aotmi pmrm utgigzmr
esse oakmf`a. Ms verses kmgs reoeftes `a sgstekm, eftretmfta, moegtmk tmfta m fatma
aotmi qumfta ukm sgftmxe kmgs kfekfgom. Eftretmfta, prejergkas trmbmilmr oak m fatma
aotmi, par ser kmgs oafvefgefte pmrm m`kgfgstrm`ares `e sgstekm.
A oakmf`a olka`reoebe `ags biaoas `e mrcukeftas. A prgkegra `eies uk fkera aotmi,
que represeftm ms perkgsses m serek mtrgbu`ms, e a secuf`a biaoa oakpasta `e uk au
kmgs fakes `e mrqugvas, sepmrm`as par espma ek brmfoa, oudms perkgsses `evek ser
miterm`ms. Fm jarkm farkmi4
= ^rgkegra cgta aotmi4 rejere-se s perkgsses `a `afa `a mrqugva8
= _ecuf`a4 rejere-se s `a crupa `afa `a mrqugva8
= Peroegra4 rejere-se s `as autras usurgas.
^mrm estmbeieoer ms perkgsses mssaogm`ms mas bgts setug`, setcg` e stgohy bgt , preogsautgigzmr qumtra `cgtas aotmgs fa iucmr `e trs. Fesse omsa, as trs bgts espeogmgs sa `efg`as
peia prgkegra cgta. M tmbeim =.2 giustrm ms agta passvegs oakbgfmes pmrm om`m uk as trs
bgts, ek que r, w e x oarrespaf`ek s perkgsses `e iegturm (Rem`), `e esorgtm (Srgte) e
`e exeoua (e\eoute) respeotgvmkefte.
Oakmf`a Jufa
olka` Ka`gjgomr m perkgssa `e mrqugvas e `gretrgas
Aotmi Bgfrgm ^erkgsses
> >>> ---
= >>= --x
2 >=> -w-
? >== -wx
0 =>> r--
5 =>= r-x
: ==> rw-
3 === rwx
M tmbeim =.? giustrm ms agta passvegs oakbgfmes usm`ms pmrm `efgr au fa as bgts
espeogmgs _UG@, _CG@ e stgohy bgt.
Pmbeim =.2
Ku`mf`a
perkgsses
`e mrqugvas.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
Oakmf`a Jufa
olka` Ka`gjgomr m perkgssa `e mrqugvas e `gretrgas
Aotmi Bgfrgm @esorga
> >>> _UG@, _CG@ e stgohy bgt fa ejgfg`as
= >>= _tgohy bgt `ejgfg`a
2 >=> _CG@ `ejgfg`a
? >== _tgohy bgt e _CG@ `ejgfg`as
0 =>> _UG@ `ejgfg`a
5 =>= _tgohy bgt e _UG@ `ejgfg`as
: ==> _CG@ e _UG@ `ejgfg`as
3 === _tgohy bgt, _CG@ e _UG@ ejgfg`as
M secugr, pa`ekas ver uk exekpia `e exeoua `a oakmf`a olka`.
# olka` >35= /lake/miufa=/mrqugva.txt
Esse oakmf`a mtrgbug ta`ms ms perkgsses pmrm a `afa, au sedm, eie pa`e ier, esorever e exe-
outmr a mrqugva8 mtrgbug ma crupa perkgssa pmrm mpefms ier e exeoutmr a mrqugva e mtrgbug
mas autras sakefte perkgssa pmrm exeout-ia. A prgkegra fkera aotmi pmssm`a oaka
pmrketra pmrm a oakmf`a olka` rejerefte s perkgsses espeogmgs8 a secuf`a, teroegra
e qumrta sa reimtgvas s perkgsses mpigom`ms ma `afa `a mrqugva, ma crupa e mas autras,
respeotgvmkefte. gkpartmfte ressmitmr que a prgkegra fkera aotmi apogafmi e, se fa
jar efg`a, ser oafsg`erm`a oaka tef`a a vmiar >.
Ksomrm `e usurgaA oakmf`a ukmsh(user kmsh) pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm estmbeieoer ms perkgsses pm`res
pmrm as mrqugvas orgm`as fa sgstekm. ^mrm esse oakmf`a, pmssm`a uk pmrketra fm
jarkm `e uk vmiar aotmi `e trs `cgtas, as qumgs represeftmk ms perkgsses que `evek
ser mtrgbu`ms mas mrqugvas fa kakefta `m sum orgma. As `cgtas estmbeieoek ms perkgs-
ses kastrm`ms fm tmbeim =.0. M reima eftre as vmiares pmssm`as pmrm a oakmf`a ukmsh
e ms perkgsses resuitmftes `gjerek bmstmfte `m reima mpigom`m pmrm a oakmf`a olka`.
A vmiar pm`ra `m ukmshpmrm m kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux >22. ^mrm vergomrkas a
vmiar m ksomrm mtumi, evekas exeoutmr a oakmf`a ukmshsek pmrketras. M tmbeim =.0
kastrm que a vmiar `m ukmsh resuitm ek `gjereftes perkgsses pmrm mrqugvas bgfrgas,
mrqugvas texta e `gretrgas.
Pmbeim =.?
Ku`mf`a
perkgsses
espeogmgs.
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Omptuia
=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux
Oakmf`a Jufa
ukmsh Estmbeieoer perkgsses pm`res pmrm mrqugvas orgm`as.
Aotmi Bgfrgm ^erkgsses
Mrqugva @gretrga
Bgfrga Pexta
> >>> r-x rw- rwx
= >>= r-- rw- rw-
2 >=> r-x r-- r-x
? >== r-- r-- r--
0 =>> --x -w- -wx
5 =>= --- -w- -w-
: ==> --x --- --x
3 === --- --- ---Pmbeim =.0Oakmf`a ukmsh.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
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Omptuia
2-Usurgasecrupas
abdetgvas
oafoegtas
2Usurgas e crupas
Oafleoer as pmrketras mssaogm`as m crupas e oaftm `e uk usurga8 _mber qumgs
sa as oakmf`as pmrm ka`gomr as pmrketras `e ukm oaftm8 Eftef`er a keomfgska
`e slm`aw pmsswar`s8 Oafsogeftgzmr-se `m gkpartfogm `ms seflms pmrm m securmfm
`a sgstekm8 Mpref`er m kmfgpuimr crupas4 orgmr, mitermr e exoiugr8 _mber oaka
kmfgpuimr oaftms e usurgas4 orgmr, mitermr, esmbgigtmr e exoiugr8 Oaka kafgtarmr
ms mtgvg`m`es as usurgas iacm`as fa sgstekm.
Crupas8 Usurgas8 M`kgfgstrmf`a crupas8 M`kgfgstrmf`a oaftms `e usurgas.
Gftra`ua
]umf`a a _gstekm Apermogafmi Ufgx jag orgm`a, erm oakuk m orgma `e oaftms `e usurgas.
Estes utgigzmvmk a sgstekm oafeotm`as `gretmkefte mtrmvs `e sum oafsaie au mtrmvs `e
moessa rekata, trmbmilmf`a ek mpigomtgvas que ermk exeoutm`as fa prprga ser vg`ar.Fessm paom, m kmgargm `as usurgas ermk pesqugsm`ares au estu`mftes `e oakputma e
rems reimogafm`ms. Oak m m`aa ek kmssm `as oakputm`ares pessamgs, m pmrtgr `m `om`m
`e =7, esse ka`eia oakeau m omgr ek `esusa.
Oak m papuimrgzma `m gfterfet, as sgstekms oakemrmk e se tarfmr miva `e mtmomftes que
expiarmvmk vuifermbgig`m`es ek sajtwmres e remigzmvmk teftmtgvms `e moessa utgigzmf`a
oaftms e teroegras. Oak gssa, as m`kgfgstrm`ares pmssmrmk m m`atmr prtgoms kmgs securms,
restrgfcgf`a ma kxgka m orgma `e oaftms `e usurgas. Oak a pmssmr `a tekpa, m aoarrfogm
`e gfog`eftes `e securmfm se tarfau om`m vez kmgs oafstmfte, e autrm prtgom que pmssau
m ser m`atm`m jag m orgma `e oaftms sek sleii, fa perkgtgf`a que as usurgas zessek
iacgf fa sgstekm. Mssgk, as usurgas moessmk sakefte as serv gas que sa exeoutm`as fas
servg`ares, oaka e-kmgi e oakpmrtgilmkefta `e mrqugvas, par exekpia, d que fa tk
feoessg`m`e feflukm e jmzerek iacgf fa servg`ar.
M orgma `e usurgas e crupas ek sgstekms Ufgx-ighe gkpartmfte pmrm `efgr que reoursas
pa`ek ser moessm`as par qumgs usurgas e/au crupas e perkgte ma _gstekm Apermogafmi
cerefogmr m exeoua as praoessas e om`m usurga e jarkm m`equm`m. Mtumikefte,
om`m vez kmgs oakuk a usa `e bmses `e usurgas oeftrmigzm`ms e cerefogm`ms par pracrmkms
oaka a I@M^, que mombmk oak m feoessg`m`e `e se orgmr oaftms `e usurgas ek om`m uk
`as `gversas sgstekms `e ukm gfstgtuga. Fa eftmfta, a ka`eia `e orgma `e usurgas
e crupas trm`gogafmi `as sgstekms Ufgx-ighe mgf`m bmstmfte utgigzm`a e ser a abdeta `e
estu`a `estm sessa `e mpref`gzmcek.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
Crupas
qMrqugva /eto/craup4= crupa4seflm4CG@4igstmQ`eQusurgas
2 crupa4 fake `a crupa.
2 seflm4 seflm a crupa (ek esusa).
2 CG@4 fkera `e g`eftgoma `a crupa.
2 igstmQ`eQusurgas4 reima `as usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa,
sepmrm`as par vrcuim.
? Exekpia4
? iacgstgom44=>>=4jufogafmrga=,jufogafmrga2
M orgma `e crupas `e usurgas cermikefte jegtm pmrm oaftraimr a moessa m mrqugvas
au servgas. Om`m crupa fa sgstekm passug uk fake e uk g`eftgom`ar fukrgoa fgoa,
`efakgfm`a Craup G@ (CG@). Ms gfjarkmes sabre as crupas `a sgstekm esta oaftg`ms fas
mrqugvas/eto/craup e /eto /cslm`aw. Om`m igflm esses mrqugvas passug gfjarkmes reimtgvms m
uk `eterkgfm`a crupa. _upaflmkas que a setar fmfoegra `e ukm ekpresm, que oaftraima smirga as jufogafrgas, esedm `gspafgbgigzmr ms estmtstgoms oafsaig`m`ms esses smirgas
fa sgstekm `e gfjarkmes `m ekpresm, pmrm que seus oaimbarm`ares passmk utgigz-ims
pmrm oiouias. ^ark, essms gfjarkmes fa pa`ek ser vgstms par ta`as as jufogafrgas `m
ekpresm. Mssgk, m orgma `a crupa fmfoegra e m `gspafgbgigzma `esses mrqugvas sakefte
pmrm as usurgas `esse crupa resaivergm a prabiekm. M igflm rejerefte ma crupa fmfoegra
fa mrqugva/eto/craup pa`ergm ser sekeilmfte `a exekpia m secugr4
qjgfmfoegra44=>>24jufogafmrga?,jufogafmrga0,jufogafmrga5= Uk usurga pa`e jmzer pmrte `e vrgas crupas4
2 Crupaprgkrga4 CG@ `a usurga (presefte fa mrqugva/eto/pmssw`).
2 Crupas seouf`rgas4 reimogafm`as fas mrqugvas/eto/craup e/eto/cslm`aw.
A oakmf`a olcrpka`gom a crupa ma qumi uk mrqugva au `gretrga pertefoe.
Bgt _CG@4ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as ek uk `gretrga oak a bgt _CG@ `efg`a pertefoera
mutakmtgomkefte ma crupa praprgetrga `esse `gretrga.
As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/craupsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4 e sa
as secugftes4 fake `a crupa8 seflm `a crupa8 CG@ e igstm `e usurgas pertefoeftes ma crupa,
sepmrm`as par vrcuims. gkpartmfte ressmitmr que fa ukm prtgom oakuk mtrgbugr seflms
mas crupas, omf`a esse omkpa ek brmfoa. ^mrm gfoiugr favas usurgas ek uk crupa,
preogsa e`gtmr as mrqugvas/eto/craup e /eto/cslm`aw, e moresoeftmr ma fmi `m igflm rejerefte
ma crupa a fake `esses usurgas. Uk usurga pertefoe abrgcmtargmkefte m uk crupa prg-
krga e pa`e jmzer pmrte `e vrgas crupas seouf`rgas, tef`a mssgk `gversas tgpas `e perkgs-
ses. Festm sessa sera vgstas oakmf`as que pa`ek mutakmtgzmr tmrejms `e kmfgpuima `e
crupas, eigkgfmf`a m feoessg`m`e `e e`ga `as mrqugvas/eto/craupe/eto/cslm`aw.
Micufs oug`m`as m`gogafmgs `evek ser takm`as pmrm evgtmr prabiekms fm utgigzma `e
crupas. ar exekpia, supaflmkas que jag orgm`a a gretrga /lake/fmfoegra pmrm que as
usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra passmk oakpmrtgilmr mrqugvas. Fesse omsa, ms perkgsses `a
crupa praprgetrga fesse `gretrga e ek seus mrqugvas sergmk rwx e rw-, respeotgvmkefte,
a que passgbgigtm moessa grrestrgta mas usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra. Fesse oaftexta, se a
usurga jufogafmrga?, ouda crupa prgkrga jufogafmrga?, orgmr uk mrqugva fesse `gretrga,
esse mrqugva ter oaka crupa praprgetrga a seu crupa prgkrga.
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Omptuia
2-Usurgasecrupas
Mssgk, mpefms as usurgas pertefoeftes ma crupa jufogafmrga? pa`ergmk ter moessa ma
mrqugva, e fa as usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra, oaka erm pretef`g`a. L `ums miterfmtgvms
pmrm resaiver esse prabiekm. M prgkegrm pauoa prtgom e oafsgste ek usmr a oakmf`a olcrp
pmrm ku`mr a crupa ma qumi a mrqugva pertefoe, iekbrmf`a `e utgigzmr esse oakmf`a sekpre
que uk fava mrqugva jar orgm`a. M autrm saiua utgigzmr a bgt espeogmi _CG@, vgsta fm sessa
`e mpref`gzmcek =, pmrm que ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as fa gretrga /lake/fmfoegra
pertefmk mutakmtgomkefte ma crupa praprgetrga `esse `gretrga. Exekpias4
# is -im tmbeims.`ao
-rw-r--r-- = miufa= miufa= 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao
Mitermf`a perkgssa fa mrqugva tmbeims.`aopmrm a crupa users.
# olcrp -o users tmbeims.`ao
# is -im tmbeims.`ao
-rw-r--r = miufa users 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao
# olka` ::0 tmbeims.`ao
# is -im tmbeims.`ao
-rw-rw-r-- = miufa users 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao
Mrqugva /eto/cslm`aw
qcrupa4seflm4m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`aQcrupa4igstmQ`eQusurgas= crupa4 fake `a crupa.
= seflm4 seflm a crupa (ek esusa).
= m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`aQcrupa4 reima `as usurgas que pa`ek gfsergr au rekaver
usurgas fa crupa.
= igstmQ`eQusurgas4 reima `as usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa,
sepmrm`as par vrcuim.
2 Exekpia4
? iacgstgom445=>4kmroga,kmroeia,daei
A mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw orgm`a peia oakmf`apwoafv, que lmbgigtm a esquekm `e slm`aw
pmsswar`s fa Igfux, que ser mpreseftm`a kmgs jrefte. Om`m igflm `esse mrqugva passug
gfjarkmes reimtgvms m uk `eterkgfm`a crupa. A exekpia m secugr kastrm ukm igflm tpgom
`a mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw.
jgfmfoegra4!4jufogafmrga?4jufogafmrga?,jufogafmrga0,jufogafmrga5
As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/cslm`awsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4
e sa as secugftes4 fake `a crupa, seflm `a crupa, m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`a crupa (reima
`e usurgas que pa`ek gfsergr au rekaver usurgas feste crupa utgigzmf`a a oakmf`a
cpmssw`) e igstmQ`eQusurgas (reima `e usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa).
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2?42>>4Miufa =4/lake/miufa=4/bgf/bmsl
As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`sa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4
e sa as secugftes4 fake `e usurga, seflm orgptacrmjm`m, UG@ (User G@), CG@ (Craup G@),
CEOA_ (omkpa utgigzm`a pmrm mrkmzefmr gfjarkmes sabre a usurga, oaka fake oak-
pieta e teiejafe `e oaftmta), `gretrga `e trmbmila e gfterpretm`ar `e oakmf`as. A `gretrga
`e trmbmila au lake`gr a espma ek `gsoa reservm`a ma usurga fm larm `e sum gfoiusa.
^ar questes `e securmfm, micufs m`kgfgstrm`ares `efek oaftms `e usurgas, kms famtrgbuek m eims uk sleii vig`a. @essm jarkm, esses usurgas fa oafsecuek se iacmr fa
sgstekm e mpefms utgigzmk micuk servga, oaka a oarrega eietrfgoa au a oakpmrtgilmkefta
`e mrqugvas e gkpressarms.
As usurgas passuek `gjereftes perkgsses `e moessa mas reoursas `a sgstekm. A usurga
raat oafleog`a oaka superusurga e tek perkgssa pmrm moessmr qumiquer reoursa `a
sgstekm e exeoutmr qumiquer tgpa `e tmrejm.
Esse usurga, que passug UG@ >, usm`a peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm, que `eve utgigzmr essm
oaftm oak bmstmfte omuteim, d que pa`e oaketer micuk erra crmve e `mfgomr ta`a a sgstekm.
M seflm `a usurga raat cermikefte `efg`m `urmfte m gfstmima `a Igfux. @urmfte m
gfstmima `a sgstekm, mik `a usurga raat, sa orgm`as `gversas usurgas `e sgstekm, oak
prapsgtas espeooas. As usurgas bgf, `mekafe syssa exekpias e usurgas e sgstekm.
Micufs `eies fa pa`ek jmzer iacgf e sa ut gigzm`as mpefms pmrm oaftraimr as reoursas
moessm`as par praoessas. Om`m praoessa ek exeoua fa sgstekm passug uk usurga pra-
prgetrga, que `eterkgfm as reoursas que pa`ek ser moessm`as peia praoessa. ^ar exekpia,
a usurga faba`ypa`e moessmr pauqussgkas reoursas `a sgstekm e bmstmfte utgigzm`a pmrm
exeoutmr praoessas que `gspafgbgigzmk seus servgas mtrmvs `m re`e. Ek omsa `e mtmques
ma sgstekm expiarmf`a jmilms `e uk praoessa ek exeoua peia usurga faba`y, a gfvmsar
cmflmr moessa ma sgstekm oak as prgvgicgas `esse usurga e, m prgfopga, pauoa pa`er jmzer.
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Omptuia
2-Usurgasecrupas
Omsa esse praoessa mtmom`a estgvesse sef`a exeoutm`a peia usurga raat, a gfvmsar
tergm moessa gke`gmta m qumiquer reoursa `a sgstekm.
^rabiekms `e securmfm
qIgkgtmes e/eto/pmssw`4= ]umiquer usurga tek moessa `e iegturm ma mrqugva.
= Oaftk ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms (vuifervei ma usa e ormohers).
= Usm a omrmotere x fa iucmr `m seflm qumf`a utgigzm`a a esquekm `e slm`aw
pmsswar`s.
/eto/slm`aw4
= _akefte a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e ier esse mrqugva.
^mrm jmzer iacgf, a usurga `gcgtm sum seflm, que orgptacrmjm`m e oakpmrm`m oak m seflm mrkm-
zefm`m fa sgstekm. Omsa mkbms sedmk gcumgs, seu moessa mutargzm`a. Esse kta`a `e oaftraie
`e moessa pmreoe secura, kms tek seus prabiekms. ^ar exekpia, pmrm m kekargzma omr kmgs
jogi, as usurgas esoailek seflms bmsem`ms ek seus fakes, `mtms `e fmsogkefta, fakes `eilas, mfgkmgs `e estgkma eto. Essms seflms sa joegs `e serek iekbrm`ms, kms tmkbk sa
kugta joegs `e serek `esoabertms par pessams kmi-gftefogafm`ms, oafstgtugf`a uk `as paftas
kmgs vuifervegs `m securmfm `as sgstekms. ^mrm teftmr kgfgkgzmr esse prabiekm, m kmgargm
`ms `gstrgbuges Igfux requer que ms seflms passumk ietrms kmgsouims e kgfsouims, mik `e
uk `cgta au omrmotere espeogmi.
_lm`aw pmsswar`s
quserfmke4pmsswar`4imstQolmfce`4kgfgkuk4kmxgkuk4wmrf4gfmotgve4expgre= userfmke4fake `a usurga.
= pmsswar`4seflm orgptacrmjm`m.
= imstQolmfce`4fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, `es`e que m seflm jag traom`m
peim itgkm vez.
= kgfgkuk4fkera `e `gms que a usurga `eve mcumr`mr pmrm pa`er mitermr sum seflm.
= kmxgkuk4fkera `e `gms que m seflm ser vig`m.
= wmrf4fkera `e `gms mftes `e m seflm expgrmr ek que a usurga ser mvgsm`a `e que
`eve miter-im.
= gfmotgve4fkera `e `gms mps m seflm ter sg`a expgrm`m ek que m oaftm
ser `esmbgigtm`m.
= expgre4fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73> ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m.
L mgf`m autra prabiekm que oakprakete m securmfm `as sgstekms Igfux. ]umiquer usurga
tek moessa `e iegturm ma mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, que oaftk ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms. Mssgk,
passvei utgigzmr pracrmkms olmkm`as ormohers, que cermk seflms miemtargmkefte au utgigzmk
pmimvrms `e `gogafrgas e ms oakpmrmk oak ms seflms mrkmzefm`ms, passgveikefte que-
brmf`a micukms `eims. ^mrm resaiver esse prabiekm, jag gkpiekeftm`a a oafoegta `e slm`aw
pmsswar`s, fa qumi ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms sa mrkmzefm`ms fa mrqugva /eto/slm`aw.
M crmf`e vmftmcek `esse kta`a que a mrqugva /eto/slm`aws pa`e ser ig`a peia m`kgfgs-
trm`ar, omf`a gfmoessvei pmrm uk usurga oakuk. ]umf`a se utgigzm slm`aw pmsswar`s,
a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`passug mpefms a omrmotere xfa omkpa que mrkmzefm ms seflms.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
Fa eftmfta, lmvgm uk srga prabiekm reimogafm`a ma usa `e slm`aw pmsswar`s4 micufs
pracrmkms utgigzm`as fa Igfux mssukgmk que ms seflms estmvmk mrkmzefm`ms fa mrqugva
/eto/pmssw`, cermf`a micukms oakpigomes. Igkgtmes oaka essms, fa eftmfta, sa om`m
vez kmgs rmrms, e a usa `e slm`aw pmsswar`s utgigzm`a par pm`ra fa Igfux.
A mrqugva/eto/slm`aw, mik `e mrkmzefmr as fakes `e usurga e sums seflms orgptacrm-
jm`ms, tmkbk passug gfjarkmes que `efek praprge`m`es sabre ms seflms e ms oaftms
`as usurgas. Om`m igflm `esse mrqugva passug gfjarkmes reimtgvms m uk fgoa usurga.A exekpia m secugr kastrm ukm igflm tpgom `a mrqugva /eto/slm`aw4
miufa=4Aweg?705mg/qga4=5?:>4>477777434544
As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/slm`awsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4 e
sa as secugftes4
= fake e usurga8
= seflm orgptacrmjm`m8
= imstQolmfce`4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, qumf`a m seflm jag
traom`m peim itgkm vez8
= kgfgkuk4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms que a usurga `eve mcumr`mr pmrm pa`er mitermr
sum seflm8
= kmxgkuk4 a fkera `e `gms que m seflm ser vig`m (mps gssa a usurga abrgcm`a m
miter-im)8
= wmrf4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms mftes `e m seflm expgrmr ek que a usurga ser
mvgsm`a `e que `eve miter-im8
= gfmotgve4 a fkera `e `gms mps m seflm ter sg`a expgrm`m ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m8
= expgre4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms, `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m.
A mrqugva/eto/slm`aw cerm`a m pmrtgr `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`e `e gfjarkmes oaftg`ms fa
mrqugva/eto/iacgf.`ejs. ^mrm lmbgigtmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s e cermr a mrqugva
/eto/slm`aw, bmstm exeoutmr a oakmf`apwoafv. Esse oakmf`a orgm as mrqugvas/eto/slm`awe
/eto/cslm`aw. ^mrm `esmbgigtmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s, bmstm exeoutmr a oakmf`a
pwufoafv. Esse oakmf`a rekave as mrqugvas/eto/slm`awe/eto/cslm`aw, e mrkmzefm favm-
kefte ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms as usurgas fa mrqugva/eto/pmssw`.
Pgpas `e oaftms `e usurgas
Ek uk sgstekm Igfux, exgstek bmsgomkefte trs tgpas `e oaftms `e usurgas4 m oaftm raat,
que usm`m peia m`kgfgstrm`ar e passug moessa grrestrg ta m ta`as as reoursas `a sgstekm8
ms oaftms `e sgstekm, que sa utgigzm`ms par servgas pmrm cerefogmr seus praoessas, e ms
oaftms `e usurga. M tmbeim 2.= kastrm as tgpas `e oaftms oak seus respeotgvas fvegs `eperkgssa e exekpias e usurgas.
Pgpas `e usurgas ^erkgsses Usurgas
M`kgfgstrm`ar Patmi raat
^m`ra ^mrogmi miufa
_gstekm Espeojgom sys, bgf, jtp
Pmbeim 2.=
Pgpas `e oaftms `e
usurgas.
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_eflms
q= Esoailer seflms oakpiexms.= _akefte crmv-ims ek sum kekrgm.
= @gcgt-ims sek m presefm `e teroegras.
= Ms seflms `evek ser pessamgs e gftrmfsjervegs.
_eflms sgkpies sa kmgs joegs e kekargzmr, park tmkbk sa kugta kmgs joegs e
serek quebrm`ms. ^mrm mdu`mr m kmfter m securmfm `a sgstekm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve reoa-
kef`mr mas usurgas que takek micufs oug`m`as, oaka4
= Esoailer seflms oakpiexms8
= Fufom esorever seflms ek pmpei au mrkmzef-ims ek mrqugvas `e oakputm`ar8
= Evgtmr `gcgtmr m seflm fm presefm `e pessams8
= Fufom jarfeoer m seflm pmrm autras, keska que sedmk pessams `e oafmfm8
= Ka`gomr m seflm oak jrequfogm.
oimra que esoailer seflms oakpiexms tmkbk tarfm m kekargzma kmgs `gjogi. A kmgs gf`g-om`a esoailer ukm seflm que iekbre micukm oagsm pmrm a usurga, kms s pmrm eie.
Uk exekpia `e seflm `gjogi `e ser quebrm`m mqueim oakpastm peims ietrms gfgogmgs `ms pmim-
vrms `e ukm jrmse `a tgpa4 Keu fake Das, fmsog ek 03. M seflm, fesse omsa, ser KfeDfe03.
A rgsoa `ms seflms pravvegs
Ek =73
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
?. @efgr ukm seflm tekparrgm pmrm m oaftm, utgigzmf`a a oakmf`apmssw`.
0. Orgmr a `gretrga `e trmbmila (lake) `a usurga.
5. Oapgmr as mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma oaftg`as fa `gretrga /eto/shei pmrm a `gretrga lake
`a usurga.
:. Oafcurmr m quatm `e `gsoa pmrm a usurga. Este pmssa s feoessrga se a sgstekm
utgigzmr quatms.
3. Pestmr se m oaftm jag orgm`m oarretmkefte.
Kmgs m`gmfte, verekas que exgstekoakmf`as fa Igfux, e keska jerrmkeftms croms, oaka
a Sebkgf, que mutakmtgzmk m m`kgfgstrma `e usurgas e crupas. Aptmkas, fa eftmfta, par
`esorever om`m ukm `ms etmpms, oaka jarkm `e recgstrmr as pmssas efvaivg`as fa praoessa
`e orgma `e ukm oaftm fa Igfux. Mssgk, vao, oaka m`kgfgstrm`ar, smber `e que kmfegrm
mcgr qumf`a tgver `e orgmr uk fava usurga fa sgstekm, gf`epef`efte `m jerrmkeftm `gspa-
fvei. Mftes `e orgmr ukm oaftm, reoakef`m-se que a m`kgfgstrm`ar abteflm `a seu `afa fa
mpefms ms gfjarkmes feoessrgms orgma `essm oaftm, kms autrms que jmogigtmra a oaftmta
oak a usurga. Fm sessa `e mpref`gzmcek 7, ma expigomr praoe`gkeftas m`kgfgstrmtgvas,
vmkas sucergr uk jarkuirga que `eve ser m`atm`a fa mtef`gkefta m usurgas.
As pmssas `esorgtas m secugr `evek ser exeoutm`as peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm
usmf`a m oaftm raat.
Orgmr eftrm`m fas mrqugvas /eto/craup e /eto/cslm`aw
qMrqugva/eto/craup4= Orgmr crupa prgkrga pmrm a fava usurga.
= Gfsergr a usurga ek crupa(s) seouf`rga(s).
Mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw4
= Orgmr crupa prgkrga pmrm a fava usurga.
= Gfsergr a usurga ek crupa(s) seouf`rga(s).
_ ser feoessrga exeoutmr esse pmssa omsa a crupa prgkrga `a usurga fa exgstgr au
keska se jar preogsa gfoiugr a usurga ek micuk crupa mik `a seu crupa prgkrga.
Orgmr eftrm`m fas mrqugvas /eto/pmssw` e /eto/slm`aw
qMrqugva/eto/pmssw`= fake4seflm4UG@4CG@4CEOA_4lakeQ`gr4sleii
2 Usa `a omrmotere x fa omkpa `m seflm (slm`aw pmsswar`s).
Mrqugva/eto/slm`aw4
= fake4seflm4imstQolmfce`4kgfgkuk4kmxgkuk4wmrf4gfmotgve4expgre
2 @efgr seflm tekparrgm.
Oafjarke vgkas fa gfoga `estm sessa, a mrqugva/eto/pmssw` oakpasta par ukm srge `e
omkpas que `esorevek `es`e a fake `a usurga mt a gfterpretm`ar `e oakmf`as utgigzm`a
par eie. Ek uk mkbgefte oakpasta par vrgas servg`ares I gfux, ms oaftms `e usurgas sa
jrequeftekefte cerefogm`ms par ukm bmse ciabmi, oaka a FG_ au a I@M^, `e jarkm que ma
se orgmr uk usurga eie pmssm m ser reoafleog`a ek qumiquer uk `as servg`ares.
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Prmbmilmrekas, fa eftmfta, oak m orgma e usurgas ek uk fgoa serv g`ar. Uk sgstekm
Igfux pa`e ter kmgs `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar, e fesse omsa passvei moafteoer m sgtuma
ek que uk `eies estedm orgmf`a m oaftm `e uk usurga efqumfta autra estedm rekavef`a
m oaftm `e uk ex-usurga. Ma orgmr uk fava usurga fa sgstekm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve preef-
oler om`m uk `as omkpas `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, takmf`a micufs oug`m`as espeogmgs.
A fake `a usurga, par exekpia, `eve ser fgoa e pa`e oafter mt ?2 omrmoteres fm kmgargm
`ms `gstrgbuges Igfux. Eie pa`e gfoiugr ietrms kgfsouims, fkeras e micufs omrmoteresespeogmgs, oaka ., Q e $, este itgka pmrm kmfter oakpmtgbgig`m`e oak a smkbm, que
utgigzm a omrmotere $ fa fmi `a fake `ms oaftms `e oakputm`ares `m re`e. gkpar-
tmfte ressmitmr que a pr gkegra omrmotere `eve ser, par pm`ra, ukm ietrm kgfsouim au a
omrmotere Q. As omrmoteres perkgtg`as pmrm usa ek fakes `e usurgas sa `efg`as peim
vmrgvei FMKEQRECE\, kms ms recrms `efg`ms par essm vmrgvei s vmiek qumf`a se utgigzm
a oakmf`a userm``pmrm orgmr ms oaftms `e usurga. A oakmf`a userm``pa`e ser utgigzm`a
oak m apa --jaroe-bm`fmke pmrm gcfarmr ms recrms `efg`ms fm vmrgvei FMKEQRECE\.
^ar k, gkpartmfte `efgr ukm paitgom pmrm m orgma `as fakes `as usurgas.
Ma e`gtmr a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, a m`kgfgstrm`ar eve oaiaomr a omrmotere * fa omkpa reje-
refte seflm orgptacrmjm`m. Mssgk, eie evgtm a usa fa mutargzm`a essm oaftm mt que teflmestmbeieog`a ukm seflm pmrm eim. _e a sgstekm utgigzmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s, a
m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk eve e`gtmr a mrqugva/eto/slm`awpmrm orgmr m eftrm`m pmrm m favm oaftm.
Fm kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux, a omkpa oarrespaf`efte g`eftgoma `a usurga, a
UG@, represeftm`a par uk fkera `e =: bgts, vmrgmf`a eftre > e :5.5?5. Ek sgstekms kmgs
favas, a UG@ represeftm`a par uk fkera `e ?2 bgts, resuitmf`a ek kmgs `e 0 bgiles
`e UG@s passvegs. Ek uk mkbgefte `e re`e utgigzmf`a Fetwarh Jgie _ystek (FJ_), as UG@s
`evek ser fgoas ek ta`m m re`e, gsta , uk UG@ preogsm se rejergr sekpre ma keska fake
`e usurga. Usurgas `e sgstekm cermikefte passuek UG@ eftre = e =>>. @essm jarkm,
reoakef`vei mtrgbugr pmrm as usurgas orgm`as vmiares kmgares que =>>. Pmkbk
moafseilvei evgtmr reutgigzmr UG@s, keska `e oaftms que d teflmk sg`a rekavg`ms.A m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e usmr qumiquer e`gtar `e tex ta pmrm jmzer essms mitermes, kms
qumf`a `gspafvei, a oakmf`a vgpw`eve ser usm`a pmrm e`gtmr as mrqugvas/eto/pmssw`e
/eto/slm`aw, pags prevgfe passvei oarrupa fas mrqugvas par oaftm `e moessas sgkuitfeas.
Mssgk oaka a UG@, a CG@ tmkbk represeftm`a par uk fkera `e =: au ?2 bgts, que
`eve ser mtrgbu`a `e moar`a oak a crupa prgkrga ma qumi a usurga pertefoe. A CG@ `e
fkera > reservm`a ma crupa olmkm`a raatau wleei. Crupas `e sgstekm cermikefte
passuek CG@s eftre = e 777. A omkpa CEOA_ usm`a pmrm g`eftgomr a usurga. @essm
jarkm, oastukm-se oaiaomr gfjarkmes, oaka seu fake oakpieta, fkera e teiejafe a
trmbmila, rmkmi eto. A `gretrga `e trmbmila `a usurga a iaomi `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas pmrm
maf`e este `greogafm`a qumf`a jmz iacgf fa sgstekm e oarrespaf`e rem `a sgstekm af`e
eie tek perkgssa pmrm mrkmzefmr seus mrqugvas. As `gretrgas `e trmbmila `as usurgas `e
uk sgstekm, `e kmfegrm cermi, tk a keska fake `a usurga e se iaomigzmk m secugr `e uk
keska gretrga, olmkm`a /lake.
Exgstek micufs gfterpretm`ares e oakmf`as gspafvegs fa sgstekm. Exekpias e sleiis
utgigzm`as sa a/bgf/sl, a/bgf/tosle a/bgf/bmsl. M kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux perkgte
que a usurga efm a gfterpretm`ar e oakmf`as oak a qumi quer trmbmilmr.
_mgbm kmgs
Ek servg`ares `e
e-kmgi, `eve-se evgtmra usa `e mpeig`as,
d que as fakes `e
usurgas sa utgigzm`as
fas e-kmgis, que tk
mssaogm`a a fake `e
`akfga m gfstgtuga.Uk exekpia `e paitgom
orgmr a fake `a
usurga usmf`a a seu
fake e a itgka sabre-
fake (exekpia4 fake.sabrefake).
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
@ejgfgr seflm gfgogmi
qOakmf`apmssw`= Exekpia4
2 # pmssw` miufa
2 Efter few UFG\ pmsswar`4
Retype few UFG\ pmsswar 4
pmssw`4 pmsswar` up`mte` suooessjuiiy
A oakmf`a usm`a pmrm ku`mr m seflm `e uk usurga apmssw`. ]umf`a a usurga raat
`esedm ku`mr m seflm `e micuk usurga, `eve pmssmr a fake `este oaka pmrketra pmrm a
oakmf`apmssw`. Fesse omsa, a oakmf`apmssw`pe`gr que sedm gfjarkm`m m favm seflm
e que estm sedm repetg`m. A m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve orgmr ukm seflm `e jogi kekargzma peia
usurga, `e jarkm que eie fa oe`m teftma `e mfat- im. Fa eftmfta, bak gfoeftgvmr m
traom par ukm seflm prprgm, ta iaca teflm moessa ma sgstekm. ^mrm fa omr `epef`ef`a
`e a usurga traomr m seflm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e utgigzmr a oakmf`a olmcepmrm jar-ia
m traomr sum seflm mftes `esse remigzmr a prgkegra iacgf. Fesse omsa, a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e
`efgr ukm seflm tekparrgm kmgs oakpiexm e fa preogsm gfjark-im ma usurga. M secugr, m
sgftmxe usm`m peia oakmf`a olmcepmrm jarmr m miterma `e seflm.
# olmce -` > miufa=
Mssgk, qumf`a a usurga miufa= se iacmr peim prgkegrm vez fa sgstekm, eie ser jarm`a
m traomr `e seflm. M traom `e seflm jegtm mftes `a praoessa `e iacgf. A oakmf`aolmce
tmkbk pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm `efgr pmrketras reimtgvas s seflms `as usurgas.
Orgmr `gretrga `e trmbmila
q= ]umiquer `gretrga orgm`a pertefoe ma usurga raat.= A `afa e a crupa `evek ser miterm`as utgigzmf`a as oakmf`as olka`e olcrp.
]umiquer gretrga que vao orgmr, pertefoe, gfgogmikefte, ma usurga raat. Mssgk, vao eve
ku`mr a `afa e a crupa `esse `gretrga par kega `as oakmf`as olawfe olcrp. M sequfogm
`e oakmf`as m secugr eve orgmr, e jarkm mpraprgm`m, a gretrga e trmbmila a usurga
cerefte= fa sgstekm. Exekpia4
# kh`gr /lake/cerefte=
# olawf cerefte= /lake/cerefte=
# olcrp cerefogm /lake/cerefte=
# olka` 35> /lake/cerefte=
A crupa `afa `e uk mrqugva au `gretrga tmkbk pa`e ser `efg`a par kega `a oakmf`a
olawf. Mssgk, fm sequfogm `e oakmf`as mftergar, pa`ermkas ter as `ags pmssas gfterke`g-
rgas resukg`as ek ukm fgom igflm4
# olawf cerefte=4cerefogm /lake/cerefte=
Oapgmr mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma
q= Oafcurma `e oakmf`as e utgigtrgas.= Cermikefte, oakemk oak . (pafta) e fmigzmk oak ro.
_mgbm kmgs
^mrm oafsuitmr kmgs
gfjarkmes m respegta
`esse oakmf`a, sum
pcgfm e kmfumi pa`e
ser vgsumigzm`m mtrmvs
`a oakmf`a
kmf olmce.
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2-Usurgasecrupas
As mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma sa mrqugvas que sa oapgm`as pmrm a `gretrga `e trmbmila `as
usurgas e utgigzm`as pmrm m oafcurma e `efga `e pmrketras `e oakmf`as e mpigom-
tgvas. Exekpias esses oakmf`as oak as seus respeotgvas mrqugvas e gfgogmigzma sa as
prprgas gfterpretm`ares e oakmf`a (bmsl4 .bmslQpraie), as e`gtares `e texta (ex4 .vgro), a
oakmf`a kmgi(.kmgiro) eto. As fakes `esses mrqugvas, ek cermi, oakemk oak uk pafta
e fmigzmk oak ms ietrms ro(ruf oakkmf`). As mrqugvas que tk seu fake oakemf`a
par uk pafta sa oimssgom`as oaka mrqugvas aouitas e s sa igstm`as peia oakmf`a isse
m apa -mjar pmssm`m oaka pmrketra. Fm kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux, as mrqugvas
`e gfgogmigzma ka`eia omk iaomigzm`as fa gretrga /eto/shei. A m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk
pa`e orgmr mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma e mrkmzef-ias fa `gretrga /eto/shei, pmrm que sedmk
oapgm`as pmrm as gretrgas as usurgas fa kakefta e sum orgma.
Exekpia pmrm a sleii bmsl4
# op /eto/shei/.bmsl* /lake/miufa
# olka` :00 /lake/miufa/.bmsl*
# olawf miufa4miufa /lake/miufa/.bmsl*
Pestmr favm oaftm
qOrgmf`a quatm `e usa `e `gsoa4= Usa `a oakmf`a e`quatm.
= Ms quatms pa`ek ser oapgm`ms `e autra usurga.
^mrm vergomr se m favm oaftm jag orgm`m oarretmkefte, gkpartmfte jmzer iacgf fa sgstekm e
exeoutmr m secugfte sequfogm e oakmf`as4
# pw`
# is -im
A prgkegra oakmf`a serve pmrm vergomr se a `gretrga `e trmbmila `a usurga est oarreta.
A secuf`a serve pmrm vergomr se as mrqugvas `e oafcurma jarmk `evg`mkefte oapgm`as
e se as pmrketras rejereftes m `afa, crupa e perkgsses esta oarretas. Fesse pafta,
a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve gfjarkmr ma usurga seu fake `e usurga e sum seflm gfgogmi. Essm
tmkbk m larm `e jarfeoer micukm `aoukeftma sabre ms recrms `e utgigzma `as
reoursas `e PG `m gfstgtuga. _e jar exgcg`a que a usurga mssgfe uk terka `e oakprakgssa
pmrm ter moessa ma sgstekm, gkpartmfte abt- ia mftes `e igbermr a moessa oaftm.
M`kgfgstrmf`a crupas
q= Orgmf`a crupas.= Ka`gomf`a crupas.= Rekavef`a crupas.
M m`kgfgstrma `e crupas fa Igfux pa`e ser tatmikefte mutakmtgzm`m par micufs
oakmf`as que perkgtek orgmr, mitermr e rekaver crupas. Gssa sgkpigom bmstmfte a trmbmila
`a m`kgfgstrm`ar, d que esses oakmf`as eigkgfmk m feoessg`m`e e se e`gtmr as mrqugvas
/eto/craup e/eto/cslm`aw, aperma que requer kugtm mtefa e mpreseftm a rgsoa `e pra-
vaomr micukm ka`goma gf`esedm`m. Mik `gssa, a m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk pa`e utgigzmr a
oakmf`acraupspmrm vergomr as crupas mas qumgs uk usurga pertefoe.
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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux
Orgmf`a crupas
qcraupm``4= Orgm uk fava crupa.
m``craup4
= Orgm uk fava crupa.
Estes oakmf`as orgmk ukm eftrm`m fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`awmutakmtgomkefte
(slm`aw pmsswar`s).
^a`ek ser usm`as pmrm orgmr crupas `e sgstekm.
Uk crupa pa`e ser orgm`a mtrmvs `as oakmf`as m``craupecraupm``, que orgmk a fava
crupa, utgigzmf`a as pmrketras pmssm`as fm igflm `e oakmf`a. _e a esquekm `e slm`aw
pmsswar`s estgver lmbgigtm`a, m eftrm`m rejerefte ma fava crupa orgm`m mutakmtgomkefte
fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw. mrm oafsuitmr kmgs gfjarkmes m respegta `esses oakmf`as, sums
pcgfms e kmfumi pa`ek ser oafsuitm`ms. Micukms gstrgbuges pa`ek oafter mpefms uk
`as oakmf`as.
Exekpia4 OeftA_ passug mpefms a oakmf`a craupm``. D a Ubuftu passug mkbas as oakmf`as.
Ka`gjgomf`a crupas
qcraupka`= Ka`gom gfjarkmes `e crupas fa mrqugva/eto/craup.
= fake, CG@ e seflm (`esusa).
cpmssw`
= Ka`gom gfjarkmes `e crupas fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw.
= Gfsere au rekave m`kgfgstrm`ares e usurgas.
= Pmkbk perkgte mitermr m seflm a crupa (ek esusa).
A oakmf`acraupka`ka`gom gfjarkmes reje
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