additional hormone
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7/28/2019 Additional Hormone
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Small endocrine gland attached tothe roof of the third ventricle of the
brain in the midline
Part of the epithalamus (small region
posterior to the thalamus, consists of thepineal gland and habenuclear nuclei)
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Positioned between the two superior colliculi, covered by a capsule (pia
mater)
Consists of masses neuroglia and
secretory cells (pinealocyte)
0.1-0.2 g
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Contribute to the setting of the body’sbiological clock (controled by
suprachiasmatic nucleus of thehypothalamus)
Amine hormone, derived from serotonin,water soluble
More melatonin liberated duringdarkness than in light – promotesleepiness
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Visualinput from
retina
N.Suprachias
matic
Superior cervicalganglion
Pinealgland
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Small doses of melatonin given orallycan induce sleep and reset daily rhytms
Potent antioxidant, provide someprotection against damaging freesradicals – (used as suplement ??)
Higher in children and decline with ageinto adulthood – correlate with puberty(?)
Causes atrophy of the gonads (??)
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Located behind the sternum betweenthe lungs
Play important role in immunity The hormone produced by thymus
promote the maturation of T-cells, may
retard the aging process
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Partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid
gland Small, round masses, 40 mg
Contain 2 kinds of epithelial cells (chief
cells – numeous and oxyphil cell Chief (principal) cells produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH
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Major regulator of the levels of Ca2+
Control of secretion: The blood calcium
level (low blood Ca2+ level stimulatesecretion, high blood Ca2+ level inhibitsecretion
Principal actions: Increase blood Ca
2+
level
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Increase bone resorption by osteoclast› High level of Ca2+ stimulates thyroid gland to
release calcitonin. Calcitonin inhibits
osteoclast.
Increase Ca2+ reabsorption by renaltubule (kidney)
Promotes formation of calcitriol (activeform of vitamine D) in juxta glomerularis,which increases rate of dietary Ca2+
absorption
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Calsium dari makanan (diet) dapatdiserap di usus apabila terdapat vitamin
D aktif (calcitriol). Di usus, calcitriol akan:
› Meningkatkan alkali fosfatase yangmenggiatkan penyerapan Ca2+
› Meningkatkan ATP-ase
› Meningkatkan Ca-binding protein
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Inner region of the adrenal gland
Modified sympathetic ganglion of
autonomic nervous system Develops from the same embryonic
tissue as all other sympatetic ganglia,lack axon
Not releasing neurotransmitter, releasinghormones
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Hormone-producing cells : chromaffincells
Inervated by sympathetic preganglionicneurons of ANS – hormone release canoccur very quickly
Two major hormones synthesized byadrenal medulla: epinephrin (80%) andnorepinephrine (20%)
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Hormon E dan NE disekresi pada situasi“fight” (stres, olah raga)
Reseptor sensoris
Amygdala HipotalamusNeuron
preganglionsimpatis
Selchromaffin
NE & EFight or
flight
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Pada sekresi E & NE, jantung danpembuluh darah akan terpacu,
sehingga terjadi:› peningkakan denyut jantung,
› peningkatan kontraktilitas jantung,
› peningkatan curah jantung,
› peningkatan tekanan darah
› Peningkatan aliran darah ke organ vital
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Pada sekresi E & NE, saluran nafas akanberdilatasi sehingga lebih banyak udara
bersirkulasi dalam paru Dengan adanya E & NE, cadangan
glikogen pada otot skelet akandibongkar sehingga terjadi peningkatan
glukosa darah
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Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and upper intestine in the absence of food in the digestivesystem and stimulates appetite.
Peptide YY is produced in the GI tract in responseto a meal in the system and inhibits appetite.
Leptin is secreted by adipocytes, in response to
increased in high fat mass conditions, implicatedas an anorexigenic factor that reduces appetite
All of these hormones work on the brain to helpregulate the intake of food for energy
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Hormone Principal Action
Human chorionicgonadotropih (hCG)
Stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary tocontinue the production of estrogens &
progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Esterogen & Progesterone Maintain pregnancy, help preparemammary glands to secrete milk
Human choroinicsomatomammotropin(hCS)
Stimulates the development of themammary glands for lactation
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Hormone Principal action
Renin Part of a sequence of reactions
that raises blood pressure bybringing about vasoconstrictionand secretion of aldosteron
Erythropoietin (EPO) Increase rate or red blood cellproduction
Calcitriol Aids in the absorption of dietarycalcium and phosphorus
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Atrial natriuretic peptide – decreaseblood pressure
Increase in
blood volume
Stretching of
the atria
Stimulatessecretion of
ANP by cells inthe atria
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Secretion of ANP:
› Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ and water in theproximal convoluted tubule & collectingduct
› Supresses the secretion of aldosteron andADH
› Increase the excretion of Na+ in urine,increase urine output (diuresis)
› Decrease blood volume and blood pressure
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Prostaglandins, leukotrienes,thromboxane
Act as local hormones (paracrines or autocrines) in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli
Present only briefly due to rapid
inactivation Bind to receptors on target cell plasma
membranes, stimulate or inhibit thesynthesis of 2nd mesengers (cAMP)
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Leukotrien: stimulasi kemotaksis sel darahputih, mediator inflamasi
Tromboxan: konstriksi pembuluh darah,aktivasi trombosit
Prostaglandin: mempengaruhi kontraksisel otot polos, sekresi kelenjar, alirandarah, proses reproduksi, metabolismelipid, respons imun, mediator inflamasidan demam
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Disintesis dari asam arakhidonat
Disekresi oleh semua sel kecuali sel
darah merah Water soluble
Reseptor berada di membran
Bekerja dengan mengaktifkan 2nd messengers
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Insulinlike growth factor, thymosin, insulin,thyroid hormone, human growth
hormone, prolactin Stimulate cell growth and division –
mitogenic substance. Play importantroles in tissue development, growth, and
repair.
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