a movement across the arts. romanticism refers to a movement in art, literature, and music during...
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A Movement Across A Movement Across the Artsthe Arts
Romanticism refers to a movement in art,
literature, and music during the 19th century. Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s
Imagination Intuition Idealism Inspiration Individuality
Definition
Imagination was emphasized over “reason.” This was a backlash against the rationalism
characterized by the Neoclassical period or “Age of Reason.”
Imagination was considered necessary for creating all art.
British writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge called it “intellectual intuition.”
Imagination
Romantics placed value on “intuition,” or
feeling and instincts, over reason. Emotions were important in Romantic art. British Romantic William Wordsworth
described poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”
Intuition
Idealism is the concept that we can make the
world a better place. Idealism refers to any theory that emphasizes
the spirit, the mind, or language over matter – thought has a crucial role in making the world the way it is.
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, held that the mind forces the world we perceive to take the shape of space-and-time.
Idealism
The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an
“inspired creator” rather than a “technical master.”
What this means is “going with the moment” or being spontaneous, rather than “getting it precise.”
Inspiration
Romantics celebrated the individual. During this time period, Women’s Rights and
Abolitionism were taking root as major movements.
Walt Whitman, a later Romantic writer, would write a poem entitled “Song of Myself”: it begins, “I celebrate myself…”
Individuality
Romanticism began to take root as a
movement following the French Revolution. The publication of Lyrical Ballads by William
Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1792 is considered the beginning of literary Romanticism.
Origins
Romanticism was a movement across all the
arts: visual art, music, and literature. All of the arts embraced themes prevalent in
the Middle Ages: chivalry, courtly love. Literature and art from this time depicted these themes. Music (ballets and operas) illustrated these themes.
Shakespeare came back into vogue.
The Arts
Visual Arts
Neoclassical art was rigid, severe, and unemotional; it hearkened back to ancient Greece and Rome
Romantic art was emotional, deeply-felt, individualistic, and exotic. It has been described as a reaction to Neoclassicism, or “anti-Classicism.”
Visual Arts: Examples
Neoclassical Art
Romantic Art
Music
“Classical” musicians included composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Josef Haydn.
Romantic musicians included composers like Frederic Chopin, Franz Lizst, Pyotr Il’yich Tchaikovsky
Mozart Haydn LizstTchaikovsky
Chopin
Music: Components
1730-1820. Classical music
emphasized internal order and balance.
1800-1910. Romantic music
emphasized expression of feelings.
In America, Romanticism most strongly impacted
literature. Writers explored supernatural and gothic
themes. Writers wrote about nature – Transcendentalists
believed God was in nature, unlike “Age of Reason” writers like Franklin and Jefferson, who saw God as a “divine watchmaker,” who created the universe and left it to run itself.
Literature
Important Dates
1775-1783: American Revolution (fighting ended in 1781)
1789-1815: French Revolution
1798: Publication of Lyrical Ballads
1798-1832: Romantic Period
“The Big Six” Romantic Poets
William Blake William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor
Coleridge Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats George Gordon, Lord
Byron
Other Romantic Writers
Jane Austen Leigh Hunt Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Sir Walter Scott Robert Southey
Lyrical Ballads
First published anonymously in 1798 as Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems
by Wordsworth and Coleridge
Includes “Tintern Abbey” and “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
In the Preface, Wordsworth writes that good poetry is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”
Key Romantic Themes
Imagination Egotism The particular The remote The primitive The medieval The East The sublime Nature
Irrational experiences (dreams and drugs)
Awareness of process and current conceptions of art and introspection
Longing for the infinite encounter through intense experiences of sublime nature (storms, mountains, oceans)
1798: Lyrical Ballads published 1812: Byron publishes Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice 1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein 1819: Percy Bysshe Shelley publishes “Ode to
the West Wind” 1820: John Keats publishes “Ode on a Grecian
Urn” 1832: First Reform Act extends voting rights and
end of the Romantic Age
Key Events of Romantic Age
Definition: “An elegy is a lament setting out
the circumstances and character of a loss. It mourns for a dead person, lists his or her virtues, and seeks consolation beyond the momentary event. It is not associated with any required pattern, cadence, or repetition.”
Examples: “Elegy Written in a Country Courtyard” by Thomas Gray and “Adonais” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Elegy
Definition: “The pastoral is a mode of poetry
that sought to imitate and celebrate the virtues of rural life (a nature poem).”
Examples: “To My Sister” by William Wordsworth and “Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats
Pastoral
Definition: “An ode is a formal address to an
event, a person, or a thing not present. There are three types: Pindaric, Horatian, and Irregular.”
Examples: “Ode to the West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley and “To Autumn” by John Keats
Ode
Definition: “An ancient subdivision of poetry.
One of poetry’s three categories, the others being narrative and dramatic. The poet addresses the reader directly and states his own feelings.”
Examples: “Frost at Midnight” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and “To Spring” by William Blake
Lyric
Definition: “A sonnet is a poem of fourteen
lines, usually iambic. There are two prominent types: the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean.”
Examples: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802” by William Wordsworth and “Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Sonnet
The End
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