a few more thoughts regarding predator prey / resource consumer dynamics and population regulation:...
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A few more thoughts regarding predator prey / resource consumer dynamics and population regulation:
Food webs
From: Bolen and Robinson (2003)
A few more thoughts regarding predator prey / resource consumer dynamics and population regulation:
Top-down vs Bottom-up regulation
From: Bolen and Robinson (2003)
A few more thoughts regarding predator prey / resource consumer dynamics and population regulation:
Trophic cascade:Loss of key species in a community sparks indirect effects and subsequent changes to biological communities.
Classic example:
Kelp, Sea Otters, Sea Urchin
In this setting the sea otter is considered a keystone species
In this setting the sea otter is considered a keystone species
From Groom et al, 2006
Factors affecting population size and persistence: a quick review
• Species life history characteristics• Density-dependent factors• Density-independent factors• Intraspecific and Interspecific relationships
AND…• interconnectedness/interaction between populations
Interactions and interconnectedness of populations
• Many species exist in more than 1 population• Metapopulation = population of populations
– set of semi-isolated subpopulations, between which movement is possible
– linked by immigration and emigration– subpopulations disappear (extinction) and others appear
(colonization) through time
MetapopulationMountain Sheep in Southern CA (Bleich et al. 1990)
Range of Total Population (within fenced highways)
SubpopulationsArea temporarily unoccupied
Interpatch movement
What is Habitat?
What is Habitat?
Scale?
Urban sprawl in eastern King County, Washington, USA(1974 1998)
Habitat loss, fragmentation and alteration
edgeinterior
Habitat Loss & Fragmentation
• Overall loss of habitat (% cover)• Isolates remaining habitat• Increases edge habitat
Major causes• overgrazing• deforestation• agriculture• fuelwood• urbanization• industry• pollution/contaminants
Stages of fragmentation
• stage 1: dissection
Stages of fragmentation
• stage 1: dissection• stage 2: perforation
Stages of fragmentation
• stage 1: dissection• stage 2: perforation• stage 3: fragmentation
Stages of fragmentation
• stage 1: dissection• stage 2: perforation• stage 3: fragmentation• stage 4: attrition
**consider biological processes operating at different stages**
Stages of fragmentation
• stage 1: dissection• stage 2: perforation• stage 3: fragmentation• stage 4: attrition
Matrix
Habitat for species ‘x’
Population and community-level consequences of fragmentation
• interrupts ecological patterns and processes– e.g. species interactions, behavior, dispersal, etc.
Population and community-level consequences of fragmentation
• interrupts ecological patterns and processes
• reduced habitat patch area– leads to small populations and/or disappearance of populations
Population and community-level consequences of fragmentation
• interrupts ecological patterns and processes
• reduced habitat patch area
• edge effect– impacts of non-habitat extend into habitat patch
– effective patch size is smaller
Edge Effects
• Increased nest parasitism
• Brown-headed Cowbird• Increased nest predation
– Predators edge-affiliated: jays, ravens
• Barriers to movement• Alter microclimate: drier and
warmer• Positive for some species,
negative for other speciesSteller’s Jay
Brown-headed Cowbird
Population and community-level consequences of fragmentation
• interrupts ecological patterns and processes
• reduced habitat patch area
• edge effect– impacts of non-habitat extend into habitat patch
– effective patch size is smaller
• size and edge effects– role of edge area vs. shape
• Brood parasite
An eastern phoebe nest with a parasitic brown-headed cowbird chick. Courtesy of Jeffrey Hoover.
Songbird disappearance
• Eastern U.S.
• Artificial nests
Predation rates 70% in suburbs, 2% in Smokies
Population and community-level consequences of fragmentation
• interrupts ecological patterns and processes
• reduced habitat patch area
• edge effect
• increased patch isolation– decreased successful movement (immigration and emigration)
– increased likelihood of local extinction
Processes operating between fragments
• dispersal– increasing fragmentation decreasing colonization rates
– leads to decreasing # of species within patch
– increasing risk of local extinction of species within patch
Processes operating between fragments
• dispersal• matrix
– disturbed/converted habitat surrounding fragments
– potential roles?
matrix
Persistence of populations• In which directions would you predict net movement of
individuals?
• Which populations are more likely to persist? why? Disappear?
• What are the factors most important in determining a population’s likelihood to persist?
• Which populations, if they disappear, are most likely to be recolonized?
Grizzly bear
• 50,000 historic estimate• Persecution and habitat
changes == about 1,200 wild grizzlies remain in lower 48
Grizzly bear ecosystems
http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/grizzly/
<20
0? >500
40-50 30-40 ?
Y2YYukon to Yellowstone Conservation Initiative
• Goal: maintain and sustain region to allow wilderness, wildlife, native plants, and natural processes to function as an interconnected web of life
• Partnerships of NGOs, businesses, foundations, concerned citizens, scientists
• Based on science• Balance area needs
Cascade Land Conservancy
In conjunction with members of communities, work toward large-scale conservation
• Habitat Lands• Farmland• Working Forests• Parks, Trails and Open Spaces• Shorelines and Estuaries
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