52ch11mitosis2008 2.original 2
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AP Biology 2007-2008
The Cell Cycle:Cell Growth, Cell Division
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AP Biology
Where it all began
You started as a cell smaller thana period at the end of a sentence
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AP Biology
Going from egg to baby.the original fertilized egg has to divide
and divide
and divide
and divide
Getting from there to here
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AP Biology
For reproduction asexual reproduction
one-celled organisms
For growth
from fertilized egg tomulti-celled organism
For repair & renewal
replace cells that die
from normal wear &
tear or from injury
Why do cells divide?
amoeba
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AP Biology
Getting the right stuff
What is passed on to daughter cells? exact copy of genetic material = DNA
mitosis
organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane,enzymes
cytokinesis
chromosomes (stained orange)
in kangaroo rat epithelial cell
notice cytoskeleton fibers
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AP Biology
This is the Spider Mite It has 4 chromosomes
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AP Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.
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AP Biology
Interphase
90% of cell life cycle cell doing its everyday job
produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
prepares for duplication if triggered
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AP Biology
Interphase
Nucleus well-definedDNA loosely packed in
long chromatin fibers
Prepares for mitosis replicates
chromosome
DNA & proteins
produces proteins &organelles
green = key features
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AP Biology
Synthesis phase of Interphase dividing cell replicates DNA
must separate DNA copies
correctly to 2 daughter cells
S phase: Copying / Replicating DNA
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AP Biology
Copying DNA & packaging it
After DNA duplication, chromatin condenses coiling & folding to make a smaller package
DNA
chromatin
mitotic chromosome
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AP Biology
double-strandedmitotic human
chromosomes
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AP Biology
Mitosis
Dividing cells DNA between2 daughter nuclei
dance of the chromosomes
4 phases prophase
metaphase
anaphase telophase
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AP Biology
Prophase
Chromatin condenses visible chromosomes
chromatids
Centriolesmove to oppositepoles of cell
animal cell
Protein fibers cross cell to formmitotic spindle
microtubules
actin, myosin coordinates movement of
chromosomes
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear membrane breaks down
green = key features
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AP Biology
Transition to Metaphase
Prometaphase spindle fibersattach to
centromeres
creating kinetochores
microtubules attach at
kinetochores
connect centromeresto
centrioles
chromosomes begin
moving
green = key features
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AP Biology
Metaphase
Chromosomes alignalong middle of cell
metaphase plate
meta = middle
spindle fibers coordinate
movement
helps to ensure
chromosomes separateproperly
so each new nucleus
receives only 1 copy of
each chromosome
green = key features
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separateatkinetochores
move to opposite poles
pulled at centromeres
pulled by motor proteins
walkingalong microtubules
actin, myosin
increased production ofATP by mitochondria
Poles move farther apart
polar microtubules lengthen
green = key features
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AP Biology
Separation of chromatids
In anaphase, proteins holding together sisterchromatids are inactivated
separate to become individual chromosomes
2 chromosomes1 chromosome
2 chromatids single-strandeddouble-stranded
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AP Biology
Kinetochores usemotor proteins that
walkchromosome
along attached
microtubule
microtubule
shortens by
dismantling atkinetochore
(chromosome) end
Chromosome movement
k f t
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AP Biology
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive atopposite poles
daughter nuclei form
nucleoli formchromosomes disperse
no longer visible underlight microscope
Spindle fibers disperse Cytokinesisbegins
cell division
green = key features
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis
Animals constriction belt of
actinmicrofilaments
around equator of cell cleavage furrowforms
splits cell in two
like tightening a draw
string
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis in Animals
(play Cells Alive movies here)
(play Thinkwell movies here)
http://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swfhttp://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swfhttp://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swfhttp://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swfhttp://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swfhttp://localhost/Users/kfoglia/Kim's%20NEW%20WORK/Division%20Ave%20-%20Levittown/AP%20Bio/MOVIES/Ch12%20The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis-CellsAlive.swf -
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Mitosis in animal cells
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Cytokinesis in Plants
Plants cell plateforms
vesicles line up at
equator
derived from Golgi
vesicles fuse to form
2 cell membranes
new cell wall laid
down between
membranes
new cell wall fuses
with existing cell wall
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis in plant cell
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AP Biology
Mitosis in plant cell
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AP Biology
onion root tip
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AP Biology
Evolution of
mitosis A possible
progression of
mechanismsintermediate
between binary
fission & mitosis
seen in modernorganisms
protistsdinoflagellates
protists
diatoms
eukaryotes
yeast
eukaryotes
animals
prokaryotes
(bacteria)
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AP Biology
Dinoflagellates
algae red tide
bioluminescence
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AP Biology
Diatoms
microscopic algae marine
freshwater
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Any Questions??
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Ghosts of Lectures Past(storage)
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AP Biology
Control of Cell Cycle
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AP Biology
Kinetochore
Each chromatidhas own kinetochore
proteins
microtubulesattach to
kinetochore
proteins
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AP Biology
nucleosomeDNA
histone
DNA double helixchromosome
rosettes ofchromatin loops
scaffoldprotein
chromatin loop
Chromosome structure
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AP Biology
G2
S G1
M
metaphase
prophase
anaphase
telophase
interphase (G1, S, G2phases)
mitosis (M)
cytokinesis (C)
C
Phases of a dividingcells life
interphase cell grows
replicateschromosomes
produces new organelles, enzymes, membranes
G1, S, G2
mitotic phase cell separates & divides chromosomes mitosis
cell divides cytoplasm & organelles cytokinesis
Cell Division cycle
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Substitute Slides
for Student Print version
(for student note-taking)
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AP Bi l
How did you
get from there
h ?
And now look at you
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