5 lighting

LightingLighting

Dr.V.SaravananAssociate Professor – EEE dept.TCE, Madurai

LIGHTING SYSTEMLIGHTING SYSTEMLighting is an essential service in all the industries

Power consumption by the industrial lighting varies◦Between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.

Innovation & continuous improvement in the field of lighting◦Has given rise to tremendous energy saving opportunities

Contd.Contd.Lighting is an area, which provides a major scope to achieve energy efficiency at the design stage By incorporation of ◦Modern energy efficient lamps

◦Luminaries and gears◦Good operational practices

Basic Terms in Lighting Basic Terms in Lighting System and FeaturesSystem and Features

Incandescent lamps:Incandescent lamps produce light

◦By means of a filament heated to incandescence

◦By the flow of electric current through it.

Principal parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS lamp ◦Include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap.

Reflector lampsReflector lampsReflector lamps are basically incandescent◦Provided with a high quality internal mirror

◦Which follows exactly the parabolic shape of the lamp.

The reflector is resistant to corrosion◦Thus making the lamp maintenance free and output efficient.

Gas discharge lampsGas discharge lampsLight is produced by the excitation of

gas◦Contained in either a tubular or elliptical

outer bulb.Commonly used discharge lamps are

◦Fluorescent tube lamps (FTL)◦Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)◦Mercury Vapour Lamps◦Sodium Vapour Lamps◦Metal Halide Lamps

LuminariesLuminariesLuminaries is a device that

distributes, filters or transforms◦Light emitted from one or more lamps.

Basic physical principles used in optical luminaries are ◦Reflection◦Absorption◦Transmission ◦Refraction

Control GearControl GearBallast:

◦A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any discharge lamps.

◦In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up, required for starting.

Ignitors:◦These are used for starting high intensity

Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps.

IlluminanceIlluminanceLighting level produced by a lighting

installation is usually qualified ◦By the luminance produced on a specified

plane. In most cases, this plane is the major

plane of the tasks in the interior and is commonly called the working plane.

Illuminance provided by an installation affects ◦Both the performance of the tasks and the

appearance of the space.

Lux (lx)Lux (lx)Illuminance produced

◦By a luminous flux of one lumen, uniformly distributed over a surface area of one square metre.

One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter.

Luminous Efficacy Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)(lm/W)

Ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp.

It is a reflection of efficiency of energy conversion from electricity to light form.

Colour Rendering Index Colour Rendering Index (CRI)(CRI)

Is a measure of the degree to which the colours of surfaces illuminated ◦By a given light source confirm to

those of the same surfaces under a reference illuminant

Suitable allowance having been made for the state of Chromatic adaptation

Light SourceLight SourceIncandescent Lamp

◦GLS Lamp◦Halogen Lamp◦Blended Mercury Vapour Lamp

Candescent Lamp◦LP Mercury Vapour Lamp◦HP Mercury Vapour Lamp◦Metal Halide lamp◦HP Sodium Vapour Lamp◦LP Sodium Vapour lamp

Filament LampsFilament LampsGLS Lamps

◦Wide operating voltage ◦Most inefficient form of lighting◦More heat than light◦10-12 Lumens / watt◦Working temp. 1900°K◦100% Colour Rendering index

Blended Mercury Vapour Blended Mercury Vapour LampLamp

Filament lamp filled with Mercury Gas

High Intensity LampLuminous Intensity –

20Lumens/WattColour rendering index – 75%Suitable for limitation Jewelry Shop

Halogen lampHalogen lamp100% Colour Rendering IndexFocus Lighting ApplicationsLow Voltage Halogen lamp

◦ Star Hotel conference hall lighting◦ Display lighting system

Normal Halogen Lighting◦ Video graphic Applications – 2000Lux◦ High Intensity Lamp◦ Stadium Lighting

Compact Fluorescent LampCompact Fluorescent LampNew Generation High Efficacy Lamp

◦45-85 Lumens / WattGood Color rendering Index – 85%Compact ShapeMore Life time – 8000 HoursGood Alternative for filament lampIdeal for Star Hotels, Shops,

Gardens & Walk Ways

CFL LampsCFL Lamps

High Efficiency Fluorescent High Efficiency Fluorescent LampLampConventional Fluorescent lamp

◦ Efficacy – 54 Lumens / Watt◦ CRI – 77%

High Efficiency Fluorescent lamp◦ Efficacy – 86 Lumens / Watt◦ CRI – 86%◦ Tri-phosphor coated◦ Krypton – Increase life

40% Efficient than conventional tube lightIdeal choice for New Project(Design Stage)Where existing lighting is poor

Metal halide LampMetal halide LampLatest Generation High Intensity

lampProduce White lightLuminous Efficacy – 80 to 100

Lumens/WattColour rendering index – 85%Factory, Stadium & Monument

Lighting Applications

Green Park Stadium, Green Park Stadium, MumbaiMumbai

High Pressure Sodium Vapour High Pressure Sodium Vapour LampLamp

Produce Yellow LightLuminous efficacy –110 –125

Lumen/WattPoor Colour Rendering Index – 35%Ideal for Street & Road Side lightingAirport Lighting

Santhacruz Airport, Santhacruz Airport, MumbaiMumbai

High Pressure Mercury Vapour High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamplamp

Produce White LightLuminous Efficacy –

55-60Lumens/WattColour Rendering Index – 55%Olden Days factory inside lighting

applicationsNowadays replaced with Metal

Halide Lamp

Low Pressure Mercury Vapour Low Pressure Mercury Vapour lamplamp

Fluorescent Lamp◦Tube Light

Conventional Tube Light – 55 Lumens/Watt

Energy Efficient Tube Light – 85 Lumens/Watt

◦Compact Fluorescent lamp Ideal replacement for GLS Lamp Luminous efficiency – 80Lumens /

Watt

Efficient LampsEfficient LampsCompact Florescent LampColour – 80 Series Tube LightsMetal Halide LampsHigh Pressure Sodium Vapour

Lamp (HPSV Lamp)LED Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Gears - Fluorescent Lamp Gears - ChokesChokes

Conventional Choke used in Tube Light consumes – 9 to 14Watts as loss – because of low grade steel

Energy efficient Choke consumes – 4 to 5Watts as loss – uses Cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel laminations

Electronic Choke consumes 1 to 2 Watts

Energy Efficient Copper Energy Efficient Copper BallastBallast

Conventional Ballast in Tube light consumes 10-14Watts as loss◦Use Low grade steel◦Less copper area – 550Grams

Energy Efficient Choke consumes 4-5Watts as loss

◦CRGO Silicon Steel Laminations◦More Copper Areas – 940Grams◦Use Vacuum Impregnation Technique

LUMINOUS PERFORMANCE LUMINOUS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMONLY USED CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMONLY USED LUMINARIESLUMINARIESTypes of Lamp

Lumen/Watt

CRI Application Life in Hours

GLS Lamp

14 Excellent

Homes, restaurants,general lighting,emergency lighting

1000

Fluorescent Lamps

50 Good Offices, shops, hospitals, homes

5000

CFL 60 Very good

Hotels, shops, homes, offices

8000

HPMV Lamp

50 Fair General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, floodlighting

5000

LUMINOUS PERFORMANCE LUMINOUS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMONLY USED CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMONLY USED LUMINARIESLUMINARIESTypes of Lamp

Lumen/Watt

CRI Application Life in Hours

Halogen lamps

20 Excellent

Display, flood lighting, stadiumexhibition grounds,construction areas

2000

HPSV Lamp

90 Fair General lighting, warehouses, street Lighting

12000

LPSV Lamp

150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting

12000

Energy Conservation Energy Conservation AvenuesAvenues

Maximize sunlight use through use of◦Transparent roof sheets, north light roof, etc.

Replacements of lamps by more energy efficient lamps, with due consideration to ◦Luminaries, color rendering index, lux level as well as expected life comparison.

Contd.Contd.Replace conventional magnetic

ballasts by more energy efficient ballasts, with due consideration to ◦Life and power factor apart from watt

lossSelect interior colours for light

reflection.Modify layout for optimum lighting.

Contd.Contd.Providing individual / group controls for lighting for energy efficiency◦On / off, Group control switches / units

◦Occupancy sensors◦Photocell controls◦Timer operated controls◦Computerized lighting control programs

Contd.Contd.Install input voltage regulators /

controllers for energy efficiency as well as longer life expectancy for lamps◦Where higher voltages, fluctuations

are expected.Replace energy efficient displays

like LED's in place of ◦Lamp type displays in control panels /

instrumentation areas, etc.

Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Replacement OptionsReplacement Options

Sector Existing Proposed

Watts Saving

% of Savings

Domestic / Commercial

GLS 100W GLS 60W

CFL 25W CFL 20W

75W40W

75% 66%

Domestic/ Industry / Commercial

TL 40W TL36 4 W 10%

Industry / Commercial – Indoor App.

HPMV 250WHPMV 400W

MH 150WMH 250W

100W 150W

40%38%

Industry / Commercial – Outdoor App.

HPMV 250WHPMV 400W

HPSV 150W HPSV 250W

100W150W

40%38%

Some Good Lighting Some Good Lighting PracticesPractices

Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps◦In place of "Conventional" fluorescent lamps

Installation of CFL‘s◦In place of incandescent lamps.

Installation of metal halide lamps◦In place of HPMV/HPSV lamps

Contd.Contd.Installation of HPSV lamps for applications ◦where colour rendering is not critical

Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps

Thank youThank you