4. energy efficiency - somaiya vidyavihar. energy efficiency.pdf · 2020. 10. 9. · energy...
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Energy Efficiency
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Building Energy Consumption
Break-up of energy consumption in a building
57%
5%16%
22%
Air Conditioning Area Lights
Mis Equipment Ventilation fans
2
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Cooling Load Components
A Break Up Of The Heat Gain Through Various Building Components
WALL CONDUCTION
ROOF CONDUCTION
GLAZING CONDUCTION
INTERNAL GAINS (LIGHT, PEOPLE,COMPUTERS)
3%
16%
26%
55%
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Who is responsible for energy efficiency in a building ?
� Landscape architect ?
� Owner ?
� Facilities group ?
� MEP consultant ?
� Architect ?
All can contribute !
3
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Approach 1) Orientation
2) Envelope measures
� Wall, Glazing, Fenestration, Shading,
Skylighting, Roof
3) Equipment & systems
� Air conditioning, Lighting, Pumps, Motors, VFD
4) Controls
� BMS, Temperature, Humidity
5) Commissioning
� Additional commissioning, M & V
© Confederation of Indian Industry
1) Orientation
� What is the ideal orientation ?
� East-West ?
� North-South ?
� Does not matter ?
� Buffer South and West Exposures with garages, utility rooms etc.
Saving potential : 2-3 % for 90o rotation
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
2) Envelop Measures
� Glass & glazing
� How much glazing ?
� High glazing
� Tremendous daylighting
� Heat ingress
� Need to balance
� High performance glass &
glazing
� Low U-value
� Low Shading Coefficient
� High VLT (Visual Light
Transmittance)
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Heat Transfer
� The three modes of heat transfer
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Heat Flows Through Windows
© Confederation of Indian Industry
U-value
� U value – (W/m2.deg K)
� Heat transfer due to temperature
difference (conduction)
� Typical U values
� Single glazed glass (6mm) : 5-6
� High Performance glass : 1.7 – 3.0
(6mm+airgap+6mm)
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Shading coefficient
� Shading coefficientHeat gain thru’ a given glazing (SHGC)
---------------------------------------------
Heat gain thru’ 3 mm clear glass (0.87)
� Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)
� Also called as Solar factor by manufacturers
� Indicates direct heat gain
� Typical values
� Single glazed 6mm glass : 0.5 – 0.8
� High performance glass : 0.1 – 0.4
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Significance of Glazing Properties
� Which one is more important ?
� U-value ?
� Shading coefficient ?
� Both ?
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Relative Heat Gain
� RHG=Direct heat gain+Conductive heat gain
=SC (630) + U (35-24)
� Direct heat gain : 90 %
� Conductive heat gain : 10 %
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Walls & Roofs
� RCC Walls
� U-value : 1.95 W/m2 deg K
� Heat Storage higher
� Due to high mass
� Concrete Roof
� U value 2.5 – 3.0 W/m2 deg K
Efficient roof in a flat building
Efficient wall in multi-storied building
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Wall options
� Brick wall with insulation
� Extruded polystyrene, Expanded
polystyrene (thermocol), Glass wool
etc.,
� Brick wall with air cavity
� Hollow blocks
� Flyash bricks
� Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks
Savings Potential : 3-8 %
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Insulation Materials-Relative U-values(75 mm thick)
� Glass wool stuffed
� U value : 0.53 W/m2 deg K
� Thermocol
� U-Value : 0.47 W/m2 deg K
� Extruded Polysterene
� U-Value : 0.37 W/m2 deg K
� Polyurethane
� U-Value : 0.35 W/m2 deg K
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Roof Insulation
� Over-deck ?
� Under-deck ?
� Insulation
sandwiched
� Saving potential
� 3-8 % depending
on extent of roof 1: Reinforced concrete2: Separation layer3: Insulation4: Water proof membrane5: Screed6: Concrete roof deck
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Wall Insulation
� External or
Internal
� Internal if brick
exterior required
� Saving potential
� 3 – 8 %
1: Cement plaster / Gypsum wall board2: Insulation3: Brick or concrete wall4: Interior gypsum or plaster
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks
� AAC blocks
� Composed of fly ash, cement,
lime, Aluminum powder and
water
�Unique properties�Low U value: 0.67 W/m2 ok
�Reduction in temp possible : 4-5oC
� Economic Benefits� 15-20% savings in A/c Load
� Savings in Cement
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Envelope measures : Typical saving potential
� Orientation :0.5-1 %
� AAC wall : 3-8 %
� Brick wall with 75mm : 3-8 %
extruded polysterene insulation
� High Albedo roofing material : 2-3 %
� Roof garden : 1-2 %
� Low-U glass & glazing : 6-8 %
� Thermal break : 1-2 %
� Roof insulation (extr.polyst) : 5-6 %
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
3) Equipment & systems
� Air-conditioning
� COP: Higher than ASHRAE 90.1-2010
� VFD for supply & return fans and
pumps
� Heat recovery wheels, Economisers
� Controls & Building Management
Systems
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life cycle cost for A/C systems
Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/Consumables 1%
Initial Inv. 10%
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Green Building – Air Conditioning
Design Stage
Conventional System
Wind Tower System
Geothermal Cooling
Earth Tunnel Cooling
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Conventional Vapour Compression Cycle
Condenser
Evaporator
CompressorThrottle valve
Discharge high pressure gas
High pressure liquid
Low pressure liquid and flash gas
Suction low pressure gas
T1
T2
CHW in or air in
CHW out or air out
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Chiller Performance
COP : Amount of heat to be taken outAmount of work required
COP tested under ARI conditions:Condenser water inlet : 29.4 deg C, outlet : 35 deg CChilled water inlet : 12..2 deg C, outlet :6.7 deg C
© Confederation of Indian Industry
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Efficiency Requirements
Path A: Buildings with consistent occupancy. Eg: Office buildings, etc.,; Applicable for all types of Chillers; Path B: Buildings with variable occupancy. Eg: Hotels, Malls, etc; Applicable for Screw Chiller & Centrifugal Chiller with VFD;
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Efficiency Requirements
EER: Energy Efficiency RatioCOP: Coefficient of PerformanceIPLV: Integrated Part Load Value
Nad :The requirement is not applicable and cannot be used for complianceNre :There are no minimum requirements for this category.
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Typical AHU System
Condensor
Evaporator
Compressor
Throttle valve
Chilled water coil
Fresh Air
Return Air
Sensor
Supply Air
Enthalpy Control
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Wind Towers
� Advantages
� Requires little / no energy
� Indoor air quality good
� Fresh air entry
� Disadvantage
� Performance dependent on wind
availability
© Confederation of Indian Industry
�
CII- Institute of Quality Building, Bangalore
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Geo Thermal System
GroundBldg
Comp
Heat flow during cooling
Heat flow during heating
Refrigerant flow while heating
Refrigerant flow while cooling
� Refrigerant : Water / Environmentally safe Anti-fre eze liquid� HDPE pipes underground, Life 50 years� Length of pipes depends on area conditioned
Saving Potential : 30 – 50 %
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Earth Tunnel Air Conditioning
� Concrete hume pipes laid below 4m
� Length of Pipe α Building area
� Room conditions
� Temperature
� Summer - 21-23oC
� Winter – 20 - 22oC
� RH - 50%
� Running equipment (2 HP blower)
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Earth Tunnel Air Conditioning
� Wonder Utilisation of
Nature
� Earth below 4 m
� Cooler - During Summer
� Warmer - During Winter
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Lighting
� ASHRAE requirement
� Overall lighting density:< 1.0 w/sq.ft
� Trade-off allowed
� Maximum daylighting
� Daylight-cum- dimmer controls
� Occupancy sensors (toilets)
� CFL, T-5 lamps, LED
� Equipment density: 1.5 – 2.0 w/sq.ft
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
4) Controls and BMS
� Why BMS ?
� Variations inevitable
� Load
� Occupancy schedule
� Climatic conditions
� Human interface minimized
� On-line corrections
BMS – An effective tool
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Capability of BMS
� Centralized Control
� Monitor
� On-line interaction� Chillers
� Pumps
� Fans
� Lighting
� Measurement & Verification� IPMVP protocols
� Data generation & updating
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
BMS – HVAC system
© Confederation of Indian Industry
5) Commissioning
� Best of equipment, systems, controls may
be in place
� No savings if not commissioned
� Can result in 5-10 % savings
� Especially if carried out by a III party
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
IGBC Green New Building Rating System - Perspectives
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Energy EfficiencyCredit Title Points
Mandatory Requirement 1
Ozone Depleting Substances Required
Mandatory Requirement 2
Minimum Energy Efficiency Required
Mandatory Requirement 3
Commissioning Plan for Building Equipment & Systems
Required
Credit 1 Eco-friendly Refrigerants 1
Credit 2 Enhanced Energy Efficiency 15
Credit 3 On-site Renewable Energy 6
Credit 4 Off-site Renewable Energy 2
Credit 5Commissioning, Post-installation of Equipment & Systems
2
Credit 6 Energy Metering and Management 2
Total 28
21
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Mandatory Requirement 1
Ozone Depleting Substances
�Intent
� Encourage use of eco-friendly
refrigerants and halons free refrigerants
� To minimise negative impact on the
ozone layer
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Mandatory Requirement 1
Ozone Depleting Substances
� Compliance Options
� Refrigerants
� CFC (Chloro Fluoro
Carbon) – free
(And)
� Halon-free Fire
Suppression Systems
Chimes , GurgaonGold Rated
22
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 1
Eco-friendly Refrigerants
� Compliance Options
�Refrigerants used in HVAC equipment
� Low or no Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
and Global Warming Potential (GWP)
LCGWP + LCODP x 105 ≤ 13
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Mandatory Requirement 2
Minimum Energy Efficiency
�Intent
� Optimise energy consumption to
reduce negative environmental
impacts from excessive energy use
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Mandatory Requirement 2
Minimum Energy Efficiency
� Compliance Options
� Case 1 - Air conditioned Buildings
� Option 1 - Whole Building Simulation
� Option 2 - Prescriptive Approach
(Or)
� Case 2 - Non-air conditioned Buildings
(Applicable only for Owner-occupied buildings)
� Prescriptive Approach
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case 1 - Air conditioned Buildings
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 1 - Whole Building Simulation
� Demonstrate building performance
compliance through simulation
� ECBC
(Or)
� ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010, Appendix - G
� Indoor temperature
� 24 ± 2 deg C
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Whole Building Simulation
� Submission
� Building energy simulation report
25
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Credit 2
Percentage of Energy Cost Savings over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Base case
PointsOwner-occupied
Buildings
Tenant-occupied
Buildings
Major Renovation
Buildings
6% 4% 4% 1
8% 6% 6% 2
10% 8% 8% 3
12% 10% 10% 4
14% 12% 12% 5
16% 14% 14% 6
18% 16% 16% 7
20% 18% 18% 8
22% 20% 20% 9
24% 22% 22% 10
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Credit 2
Percentage of Energy Cost Savings over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Base case
PointsOwner-occupied
Buildings
Tenant-occupied
Buildings
Major Renovation
Buildings
26% 24% 24% 11
28% 26% 26% 12
30% 28% 28% 13
32% 30% 30% 14
34% 32% 32% 15
26
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 2 - Prescriptive Approach
� Meet the applicable criteria as
established in prescriptive measures
� ECBC
(or)
� ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case 2 – Non-air conditioned Buildings
(Applicable only for Owner-occupied buildings)
27
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Non Air-conditioned Buildings(Definition)
� Those which are not serviced and will not be serviced in the future
� Either through central air-conditioned systems or unitary air-conditioners
� Air-conditioning may be considered for critical areas
� Not more than 10% of the total regularly occupied area
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Prescriptive Approach
1) Building Envelope(Baselines as per
Annexure – I)
2) Lighting
3) Air-conditioning Systems
4) Heating Systems
5) Fans
6) Pumps & Motors
28
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Mandatory Requirement 3
Commissioning Plan for Building Equipment & Systems
�Intent
� Verify and ensure that the building’s
equipment & systems are commissioned
� To achieve performance as envisaged
during the design stage
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Commissioning Plan for Building Equipment & Systems
�Compliance Options
� Agreement with third party
commissioning authority
� Who is not involved in the design
� At least 3 years prior experience in
equipment and systems
� Document owners brief
Basically a plan
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Commissioning Plan
� Commission Plan shall include:
� HVAC systems & accessories
� Pumps & Motors
� Lighting systems
� Renewable energy systems
� CO2 monitoring system
� Energy & Water metering
� Building management system
� Sewage treatment plant
� Diesel generator sets
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Commissioning Plan
� Report specific observations & variations
� Identified by the Commissioning Authority
� Post occupancy survey to verify:
� Lighting levels, temperature, relative humidity,
noise levels etc.,
� Report on green building performance
30
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 3
On-site Renewable Energy
�Intent
� Encourage the use of on-site
renewable technologies
� To minimise the environmental impacts
associated with the use of fossil fuel energy
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 3
On-site Renewable Energy
�Compliance Options
� Owner-occupied Buildings
� 1% of total annual energy consumption of
the building
� Tenant-occupied Buildings
� 2% of total annual lighting energy
consumption of the building
� Interior & exterior areas, including tenant-
occupied spaces
31
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 3
On-site Renewable Energy
* % of total energy consumption – Owner-occupied buildings
Use of On-site Renewable Energy *
(Percentage)
Points
≥ 1% 2
≥ 2% 3
≥ 3% 4
≥ 4% 5
≥ 5% 6
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 3
On-site Renewable Energy
* % of lighting energy consumption – Tenant-occupied buildings
Use of On-site Renewable Energy *
(Percentage)
Points
≥ 2% 2
≥ 3% 3
≥ 4% 4
≥ 5% 5
≥ 6% 6
≥ 7% 7
≥ 8% 8
32
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 4
Off-site Renewable Energy
�Intent
� Encourage the use of off-site
renewable technologies
� To minimise the environmental impacts
associated with fossil fuel energy use
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 1: Off-site Renewable Energy Investments
� Owner-occupied Buildings
� 50% of the total annual energy consumption
� Tenant-occupied Buildings
� 50% of the total annual lighting energy
consumption
� Interior & exterior areas, including tenant-
occupied spaces
33
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 1: Off-site Renewable Energy Investments
Percentage of Off-site
Renewable Energy *Points
≥ 50 % 1
100 % 2
* % of total energy consumption – Owner-occupied buildings
* % of lighting energy consumption – Tenant-0ccupied buildings
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 2: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
� Owner-occupied Buildings
� 25% of the total annual energy consumption
� Tenant-occupied Buildings
� 25% of the total annual lighting energy
consumption
� Interior & exterior areas, including tenant-
occupied spaces
34
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Option 2: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
Percentage of Renewable Energy
Certificates (RECs) Purchased Points
≥ 25 % 1
≥ 50 % 2
* % of total energy consumption – Owner-occupied buildings
* % of lighting energy consumption – Tenant-occupied buildings
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Renewable Energy Certificates
Bombay House, MumbaiGold Rated
35
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 5
Commissioning Post-installation of Equipment & Systems
�Intent
� Verify and ensure that the building
equipment & systems are commissioned
� To achieve performance as envisaged
at the design stage
© Confederation of Indian Industry
�Compliance Options
� Report specific observations & variations
� vis-à-vis the Commissioning Plan
� Agreement with third party commissioning
authority
� Post occupancy commissioning
� for a period of one year
Commissioning Post-installation of Equipment & Systems
36
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 6
Energy Metering and Management
�Intent
� Encourage sub-metering and
continuous monitoring
� To identify improvement opportunities
in building’s energy performance
Tenant Sub MeteringBearys Golden Research Triangle, Bangalore,Platinum Rated
© Confederation of Indian Industry
EE Credit 6
Energy Metering and Management
� Compliance Options
� Case 1: Energy Metering (1 Point)
(And)
� Case 2: Building Management System
(1 Point)
37
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case 1: Energy Sub-metering . . .
� Install sub-meters for at least five of the
following:
1) Interior & Common area lighting
2) Exterior area lighting
3) Municipal water pumping
4) Ground water pumping
5) Treated waste water pumping
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case 1: Energy Sub-metering
6) Renewable energy generation
7) Power backup systems (Generators sets, etc.,)
8) Elevators, Escalators, Travelators, etc.,
9) BTU meter for chilled water consumption
(Applicable for tenant-occupied buildings only)
10)Any other energy consuming equipment and systems
38
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case 2: Building Management System
�BMS to control and monitor:
� Air-conditioning management system
� Lighting management system
� Renewable energy management system
� Elevator management system
� Fresh air monitoring system
� CO2 control and monitoring system
� Water management system Commit to provide annual building energy consumption data
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Building Management System
Cooling Towers Temperature & RH
Chiller AHUChimes, GurgaonGold Rated
39
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Energy EfficiencyCredit Title Points
Mandatory Requirement 1
Ozone Depleting Substances Required
Mandatory Requirement 2
Minimum Energy Efficiency Required
Mandatory Requirement 3
Commissioning Plan for Building Equipment & Systems
Required
Credit 1 Eco-friendly Refrigerants 1
Credit 2 Enhanced Energy Efficiency 15
Credit 3 On-site Renewable Energy 6
Credit 4 Off-site Renewable Energy 2
Credit 5Commissioning, Post-installation of Equipment & Systems
2
Credit 6 Energy Metering and Management 2
Total 28
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