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2020 NATIONAL INCOME TAX WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 11: BUSINESS TAX ISSUES
1
2
3
4
Power Point Slides – website
https://www.canr.msu.edu/taxschool/2020-two-day-tax-seminar-powerpoint-slides
5
Bonus Depreciation – Final Regulations
Multilevel Marketing
Opportunity Zones
New Health Reimbursement Arrangements
CHAPTER 11 INTRO AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES
p. 361
6
BONUS DEPRECIATIONp. 362
50% 100%
9/27/2017
TCJA 2017
Used Property
New Final Regulations & Proposed regulations –
What property qualifies?
7
QUALIFIED PROPERTYp. 362
Bonus vs Section 179?
Side by side comparison in the Ag Chapter 7
See page 230
8
BONUS DEPRECIATION - ELIGIBLE PROPERTYp. 363
Primary test: Recovery period 20 years or less
Other items qualify that don’t meet the 20
year test:
• Certain computer software
• Water utility property
• Film or television production
• Live theatrical production
9
BONUS DEPRECIATION- INELIGIBLE PROPERTY p. 363
taxpayer elects out of 168 – 168(f) election
• autos using standard mileage rate
must be depreciated under ADS
elect not to deduct bonus depreciation
specified planting - claim in a prior year
claimed a credit instead of bonus (former 168(k))
floor plan financing indebtedness
10
QUALIFIED IMPROVEMENT PROPERTY p. 363
Leasehold improvement
Restaurant property
Retail impr property
GONE!
12/31/17
Qualified Improvement
Property:
Improvements to:
interior of nonresidential
real property previously
placed in service
15 year and bonus
11
QUALIFIED IMPROVEMENT PROPERTY p. 363
12/31/17
Qualified Improvement
Property does not include:
1. Enlargement 2. Elevator
3. Internal structural
framework
15 year and bonus
12
QUALIFIED IMPROVEMENT PROPERTY p. 363 & 364
TCJA did not specify QIP was 15 year property!
CARES Act (3/27/20) retroactively classified QIP
property, acquired in 2018 - 2020, as 15 year
property (and bonus)
Rev Proc 2020-25 provides guidance on amending
returns or filing a 3115.
13
PREVIOUSLY USED PROPERTYp. 364
Not used by taxpayer
Not acquired from a
related party
Acquired
qualifying
used property
Cost basis not
determined by
reference to the basis
of other property held
by the taxpayer
- 179(d)(3) rules
14
“USED BY THE TAXPAYER” p. 364
Taxpayer had a depreciable interest (only
for the previous 5 years), whether or not
depreciation claimed
15
Doesn’t mean
what it says!!
What it really means:
“USED BY THE TAXPAYER” p. 364
Previous depreciable interest
NOT taken into account if:
Taxpayer acquires
property & placed
in service
Taxpayer
disposes
property
< 90 days
Taxpayer reacquires
property & places in
service
Does not apply if taxpayer reacquires property in same tax year
16
17
POLLING QUESTION #1
Qualified Improvement Property has a 15 year recovery period.
TrueFalse
18
POLLING QUESTION #1
Qualified Improvement Property has a 15 year recovery period.
TrueFalse
EXAMPLE 11.1 – ORIGINAL USE AND USED PROPERTYp. 365
Alice bought new machine for 35,000
8/1/18 7/1/20 10/1/20
Joan bought machine from Alice for 20,000
Joan reconditioned the machine for 5,000
Qualifies for
bonus
depreciation.
Original Use
Qualifies for
bonus
depreciation.
Used
property OK
Qualifies for bonus
depreciation.
Original Use
20
EXAMPLE 11.2 PURCHASE OF CO-OWNED INTEREST
p. 365
2018 2020
Mark and Norm
purchase new
equipment
Each 50% interest
Mark
50%Norm
50%
(Not a partnership)
Norm bought Mark’s interest
Does this purchase qualify for
bonus depreciation?
Yes. Norm is not treated as
having used Mark’s
depreciable interest prior to
the acquisition
21
EXAMPLE 11.3 PREVIOUSLY LEASED PROPERTY
p. 365
Equipment
Ken Louie
lease2018
2020
Equipmentsale
Qualifies for
bonus.
No
depreciable
interest
Not related
22
EXAMPLE 11.4 PREVIOUSLY LEASED PROPERTY
p. 365
Equipment
Ken Louie
lease2018
2020
Equipmentsale
Does not
qualifies for
bonus.
Related
parties
related
23
SUBSTANTIALLY RENOVATED PROPERTY p. 366
Rebuilt
Qualify for “original use”?
Yes, if:
Cost of new parts
> 80% of total cost of
the property
If the taxpayer or predecessor
had an interest in the property
before it was substantially
renovated, that interest is not
taken into account
25
BONUS DEPRECIATION AND PARTNERSHIPSp. 366
Issues unique to partnerships:
NOT eligible for bonus:• Property contributed to a partnership• Remedial Special Allocations • Property distributed to a partner• Basis adjustment under 734(b) – certain partnership
distributions
28
1065
EXAMPLE 11.6 PROPERTY CONTRIBUTED TO A PARTNERSHIP
p. 367
Basis determined
by reference to
Peter’s basis.
No bonus
OP
Partnership
Oscar Peter
contributed
propertycontributed
cash
29
743(B) ADJUSTMENTS
p. 367
743(b) adjustments resulting from a purchase
of a partnership interest do qualify for bonus
depr, IF:
• Partner did not have a depreciable interest
in the portion of the property to which the
section 743(b) adjustment is allocated
• Transferor and transferee are unrelated
30
EXAMPLE 11.7 PURCHASE OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST
p. 367
QRS
Partnership
Reggie
Quentin 100,000
cash100,000
cash
Only Asset – retail motor fuels outlet, cost 300,000.
Elected not to claim bonus. Claimed 15,000 depr
2019
31
Sam
100,000 cash
EXAMPLE 11.7 PURCHASE OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST
p. 367
QRS
Partnership
Reggie
Quentin
2020
32
Sam
Outlet now worth 600,000
Timothy
Buys interest
for 200,000
743(b) adjustment:
Outside basis 200,000
Inside basis (95,000) 100,000-5,000 depr
Qualifies for bonus 105,000
LIKE KIND EXCHANGESp. 368
Only Real Property eligible for like kind exchange
treatment.
So now trade-ins are fully taxable transactions and
the trade in value is now eligible for bonus
depreciation.
Example 11.9 in book.
33
ELECTING OUTp. 368
34
STATEMENT #1
Taxpayer elects
out of bonus
depreciation on
all assets in the 5
year asset
property class By due date, including extensions
Only revoked
by letter ruling
However, automatic 6 month extension from due date, excluding extensions, where taxpayer may amend return
NOT IN BOOK; REV PROC 2020-50 11/6/20
35
Section 1 – Purpose Apply 1.168(k)-2 : Add’l First Year depr
Section 2 – Background - increased bonus to 100% & used
property, etc…
Section 3 – Scope all depreciable property acquired after
9/27/17
Section 4 – Method change procedures to apply additional
first year depreciation regulations
NOT IN BOOK; REV PROC 2020-50 11/6/20 (56 PAGES!)
36
Section 5 – Automatic extension of time to file certain elections
- for assets placed in service in 2017 – 2020
Section 6 – Consent to revoke certain elections under 168
- for assets placed in service in 2017 – 2020
Section 7 – Changes in method of Accounting
- late elections or revocation of elections
Section 8 – Modifications to Rev Proc 2020-25
37
POLLING QUESTION #2
In a like-kind exchange of a used tractor for a new tractor, the trade-in
value received on the old tractor is eligible for bonus depreciation.
True
False
38
POLLING QUESTION #2
In a like-kind exchange of a used tractor for a new tractor, the trade-in
value received on the old tractor is eligible for bonus depreciation.
True
False
ISSUE #2 – MULTILEVEL MARKETING
p. 369
6,800,000 direct sellers 35.2 billion in sales – growing
Typically through a Schedule C
Product categories:
• Wellness
• Services
• Home/family care
• Personal care
• Clothing / accessories
• Leisure & education
39
ISSUE #2 – MULTILEVEL MARKETING p. 370
The Direct Selling Association and Federal Trade Commission have definitions of the industry
IRS has a definition – called direct sellers• Single level marketing
• Cannot take on other distributors• Reward sellers for their own sales activity
through commissions or bonuses• Multilevel marketing
• Can sponsor other distributors • Receive commissions based on downliners
40
STATUTORY NONEMPLOYEE p. 370 & 371
99.9% of all direct sellers are independent contractors
Individuals who are direct sellers are treated as self
employed persons under IRC 3508, regardless of common
law tests.
Statutory nonemployee under 3508:
• If engaged in certain sales businesses (not retail)
• Remuneration is related to sales (not based on hours)
• There is a written contract – not treated as employee
41
DUAL SERVICES - EXAMPLE 11.10
p. 371 & 372
Brett
homeowner
Sells siding
Installs siding - value exceeds
10% purchase price of siding
commission
commission
Nonemployee for
services as direct
seller
Common law principles
for installation
42
MULTI LEVEL MARKETING INCOME p. 372
43
Income from direct sales of products
• If must purchase inventory
Commissions, bonuses
• If MLM company ships products to consumer
Prizes / awards
Gifts of products to the direct seller
MULTI LEVEL MARKETING INCOME p. 372
44
MLM
Company
MLM Seller
inventory
Customer
MULTI LEVEL MARKETING INCOME p. 372
45
MLM
Company
MLM Seller
Customer
MULTI LEVEL MARKETING INCOME p. 372
46
MLM
Company
MLM Seller
Customer2. Product
Downline
MLM Seller
4. Commission
EXAMPLE 11.11 – INVENTORY SALES p. 372
47
Juice Addition
Angie
1/1/20 no inventory
6,000 vitamins purchased(400) Personal gifts(40) Personal use
5,560(300) 12/31/20 inventory5,260 COGS
7,000 sales1,740 profitCustomers
PRIZES AND AWARDS
p. 373
48
Cash
Free
merchandise
Trips
JewelryMemberships
Tickets
Prizes and
awards
DEDUCTIONS
p. 373
Ordinary and necessary(not a hobby)
49
Start up costs Commissions Gifts
Auto TravelOffice in
home
START-UP COSTS – IRC 195
p. 373
Capitalize start-up
costs:
- Exploring different
businesses
- Training
- Fees
Start business
Elect to deduct start up
costs up to 5,000
(reduced if over 50,000)
Balance amortized over
15 years
50
EXAMPLE 11.13 COMMISSIONS PAID p. 374
Ella & Dash Jewelry
Julie Jones
Directseller
Directseller
10% com
7% com
Julie Jones
March 2020
500 sales
800 sales1,300 sales
Reports
130 (10%)
com
- 56 (7%) com
51
SAMPLES AND PROMOTIONAL ITEMS p. 374
52
Give product samples
taxpayerdownline sellers
customers
Follow gift rules:
25 / individual / year!
EXAMPLE 11.14 HOSTESSp. 374
53
CorinneDirect seller
HostessGift – value depends on sales volume Report FMV
as incomeDeduct cost –separate purchase or part of COGS Not subject
to gift rules
54
POLLING QUESTION #3
How much can a start-up company deduct as start up costs:
5,00010,000
55
POLLING QUESTION #3
How much can a start-up company deduct as start up costs:
5,00010,000
EXAMPLE 11.15 – PRIZE – BUSINESS EXPENSE
p. 374
56
Nancy
Direct seller
Direct seller
Incentives, ie: sporting event tickets
Deductible
FMV-Taxable
Not gifts
GOODS USED FOR DEMONSTRATIONp. 374
57
Products used for demonstration
available for sale used for demonstrations
include in COGS < year > year
deduct capitalize
AUTOMOBILE EXPENSES
p. 375
58
Standard mileage rate
57.5 cents / milefor 2020
Actual method
But, no commuting
TRAVEL EXPENSE
p. 375
59
Code: “Ordinary and necessary”Regs: “Reasonable and necessary”
“Solely for business”Not “lavish or extravagant”
NOTE: Meals limited
Example 11.18 – Convention strictly for business
BUZZ WORDS
BUSINESS USE OF HOME
p. 375
60
Tests of section 280A:
Regular - more than incidental / occasional
Exclusive – identifiable specific area
(reminder – no office in home for employees)
EXAMPLE 11.19 & 11.20 MIXED USE
p. 376
61
Den-MeetingsKids
No – does not meet exclusive use test
Storing inventory
LaundryYes – exempt from exclusive use test
FUNCTION TESTSp. 376
62
Must meet one of the following:• Principal place of business• Meet with patients, clients or customers in the
normal course of business • Separate structure
CALCULATING THE DEDUCTION
p. 376
63
Actual expense method
Safe harbor simplified method
Cannot create at loss
HOBBY OR BUSINESS
p. 376
64
IRC 183 applies
Old law New Law
Income taxable.
Expenses, up to income, deductible as misc itemized deduction, if over 2%
Income taxable. Expenses not deductible, even if profitable.But, COGS deductible
NOTE: Gross income taxable,
not gross receipts
HOBBY LOSSES - 9 FACTORS p. 377
65
Good analysis of 9 factors for Direct
Sellers on pages 377 and 378
1,3 and 6 most relevant:
• Manner carried on
• Time & effort
• History of income/loss
Short break!
67
ISSUE #3 OPPORTUNITY ZONES
p. 380
68
75 Billion in private investment in first 2 yearsEconomically distressed communityList of zones found in Notice 2018-48:
QUALIFIED OPPORTUNITY PROPERTYp. 380
70
Qualified Opportunity Funds
Investment Vehicle
Qualified Opportunity Property>90%
Qualified Opportunity Business property
Qualified Opportunity Zone Partnership interest
Qualified Opportunity Zone Stock
QOF BUSINESS p. 381 & 382
71
Qualified Opportunity Zone Business
Qualified Opportunity Business Property
70% of assets
50% of gross income in QOZ
3 safe harbors for meeting test or facts and circumstances
TAX DEFERRALp. 382
72
Elect to defer capital gain on sale to unrelated party
If, the gain invested in QOF within 180 days of the sale, but some special rules
Only sales before 12/31/2026
EXAMPLE 11.22 INVESTMENT IN OPPORTUNITY ZONE p. 382
73
Initial basis - Cost less deferred gain. May be zero
Sold investment property 1,200,000Basis (700,000)Gain 500,000
Invested the 500,000 into QOF and elected to defer gain
Basis in QOF is zero
If sold for 450,000 in 2021, recognize 450,000 gain(even though 50,000 economic loss)
BASIS ADJUSTMENTS p. 382
74
If investment held at least 5 years, basis increases by 10% of the amount of deferred gains.
If the investment is held at least 7 years, the basis increased by another 5%. (so 15%)
If the investment is held at least 10 years, taxpayer may elect to adjust basis to equal the FMV of the investment on the date the investment sold.
RECOGNITION OF GAIN
p. 383
75
Inclusion events: Sale, gift, charitable contribution, transfer to nongrantor trust, transfer to spouse in divorce, abandonment.
(Does not include transfers by death or transfers to a disregarded entity or grantor trust)
CLIFF: must report gain on 12/31/2026!!
GAIN RECOGNITION p. 383
77
Defer 5 7 >10Gain years years 12/31/2026 years
IncreaseBasis by 10% ofdeferredgain
IncreaseBasis by 15% ofdeferredgain
Recognizeall deferred gainBasis = FMV
Elect to increase basis to FMV when sold
Exclude gain on appreciation after 12/31/26
EXAMPLE 11.23 SALE OF QOF PRIOR TO 2026 p. 383
78
Sold investment property 1,200,000
Basis (700,000)
Gain 500,000
Invested the 500,000 into QOF and elected to
defer gain. Basis in QOF is zero.
If holds for 6 years and sells in 2025 for 900,000, basis
will be increased by 10% or 50,000.
Sales price 900,000
Basis (zero + 50,000) (50,000)
Gain 850,000
EXAMPLE 11.25 QOF HELD THROUGH 2026p. 383
80
1/1/23 12/31/2026 1/1/36
Deferred 500,000
Recognize 500,000 gain. Basis now 500,000
Sold investmentfor 750,000Elect to treat basis as 750,000.
250,000 gain avoids taxation
81
POLLING QUESTION #4
If you hold your investment in a
Qualified Opportunity Zone Fund for 7 years you can increase your basis by
what percentage of the deferred gain?
10%
15%
82
POLLING QUESTION #4
If you hold your investment in a
Qualified Opportunity Zone Fund for 7 years you can increase your basis by
what percentage of the deferred gain?
10%
15%
1231 GAINS – QUALIFY FOR DEFERRAL?
p. 384
83
Refresher:
Offset all 1231 gains and losses to determine if
overall gain or loss. Net 1231 gains capital, losses
ordinary
Certain 1231 gains, recaptured as ordinary
5 year look back - gains cannot exceed losses
So determining 1231capital gains is complex and
can only be determined at year end!!
1231 GAINS – PROPOSED REGULATIONS
p. 384
84
Proposed Regulations:First determine net capital gains for the year. Can
only defer net capital gain.
Proposed Regulations Solution:Since net capital gain income can only be
determined at end of year, a taxpayer can elect
to start 180 day reinvestment period as of the last
day of year.
FINAL REGULATIONS – CHANGES TO 1231 GAINS p. 384
85
Final Regulations:
The capital gains eligible for deferral determined
based solely on sale generating the gain.
So: 1. Losses from other transactions &
2. Unrecaptured losses from previous 5 years
will NOT reduce the gain eligible for deferral.
Investment period now starts as of date of transaction
ELECTION AND REPORTINGp. 384
86
Gain is reported as normal on Form 4797,
Schedule D and Form 8949
Election to defer gain is on it’s own row on
Form 8949.
• Part l for short term
• Part ll for long term
EXAMPLE 11.26p. 385
87
4/22/95 4/1/20
1245 500,000 - (500,000) 0 500,000 500,000
building 3,000,000 - (2,075,000) 925,000 1,675,000 750,000
land 325,000 325,000 325,000
3,825,000 2,500,000
Motel depr basis sale gain
7/1/20
Sold rental home 271,795
Basis 500,000 – 128,205 depr (371,795)
Loss on sale (100,000)
p. 387
88
EXAMPLE 11.26 FORM 4797 PART 111
p. 386
89
EXAMPLE 11.26 FORM 4797 PART 1
1.
2.
p. 388
90
EXAMPLE 11.26 FORM 8949
1.
2.
FORM 8949 - CODE Z
p. 388
91
Instructions:
EXAMPLE 11.26 – FORM 8997p. 389
92
COVID 19 ADMINISTRATIVE RELIEF
p. 391
93
Notice 2020-26
• Extends working capital safe harbor
• Extends reinvestment period
Notice 2020-39
• Extension of 180 day investment period
• Relief from failing to meet to 90% investment
standard
• Relief from Substantial Improvement period
ISSUE 4 – NEW HEALTH REIMBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
p. 392
94
HRA – Health Reimbursement Arrangement
• Employer contributes to employee’s plan
• Excluded from income
• Distributions – reimburse qualified medical
expenses
• Unused amounts can be carried over
ACA requirements for HRAs
• Penalties for failure to comply
• Many employer’s ended plans
QUALIFIED SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH REIMBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
p. 392
95
QSEHRA
2016
Under 50 employees
No group health
insurance
Employees in minimum
essential coverage
Max 5,250 / 10,600
No PTC, if QSHERA
affordable
EXPANDED HRA OPTIONS
p. 393
96
2017- guidelines to expand HRAs
• Final regs issued 6/20/19
Two new options:
1. Individual coverage HRAs (ICHRAs)
2. Expand excepted benefit HRAs
Help employees purchase healthcare insurance
or pay medical expenses on a tax-advantaged
basis for plan years beginning in 2020
ICHRAS (INDIVIDUAL COVERAGE HRAS)p. 393
97
ICHRA
2020
Funded solely by employer
Employees enroll in individual health ins (or
Medicare A & B)
Reimbursements for premiums
and cost sharing
No Healthcare sharing ministries, short-term, solely dental, vision
Rollover excess
Any amount
EXAMPLE 11.27 p. 394
98
Lionel (married, no children) Lane
Received insurance
from employer
Purchased insurance for
1,200/mo (14,400/year)
2020 – employer offers
plan (not family) up to
12,000 per year.
Lane can exclude the
12,000 from wages
SUBSTANTIATIONp. 394
99
Two substantiation
requirements:
1. Employee must prove
actual enrollment in eligible
coverage
2. Plan may not reimburse
employee unless enrolled in
the month the expense
incurred
employer
Attestation
Form
NONDISCRIMINATION
p. 394
100
Offer it on the same terms to all employees
within a class of employees
Classes Full vs part time Waiting periodGeographical SeasonalCollective bargaining Nonresident aliens Salaried vs hourly Temporary
New employees
IMPACT ON THE PREMIUM TAX CREDIT
p. 394
101
Downside!!
Affordable ICHRA is offered, whether or not the employee takes it
orEmployees chooses an ICHRA, regardless whether it is affordable
=No premium
tax credit!!
UNAFFORDABLE ICHRA
p. 395
102
If the ICHRA is unaffordable, the employee
can opt out of the ICHRA and still be
eligible for the PTC.
So,Calculate which is better
WHAT IS AN AFFORDABLE ICHRA?
p. 395
104
1/12
(monthly)
employee’s
income
Monthly
amount
made
available
under ICHRA
Monthly
premium self
only
silver plan
balance
9.87%
(2020)
less
equals balance
times
equals<
Even if
family
plan
EXAMPLE 11.28 IMPACT ON PTC
p. 395
105
Ron and Paula - joint, 2 kids, income 60,000
Ron: self –employed
Have been purchasing health insurance through
Marketplace and receiving advanced PTC
Paula’s employer offers ICHRA
– 6,000 single / 12,000 joint
p. 395
106
Household income 60,000 = 233%
Poverty level 25,750
EXAMPLE 11.28 IMPACT ON PTC
Monthly cost of second lowest Silver 3,031
Expected to pay per month (387)
Monthly advanced PTC 2,644
Household income 60,000
.0774 applicable figure instructions Form 8962 x.0774
Amount annual expected to contribute 4,644
Expected to pay, per month 387
EXAMPLE 11-28 AFFORDABLE ICHRA
p. 395
107
1/12
(monthly)
employee’s
income
Monthly
amount
made
available
under ICHRA
Monthly
premium self
only
silver plan
balance
9.87%
(2020)less
equals balance
times
489<
636
500
136
5,000
affordable
p. 395
108
EXAMPLE 11.28 IMPACT ON PTC
Since affordable, Paula is ineligible to op out!
Actual cost of SLCSP for family 3,031
Tax free from ICHRA (12,000 / 12) (1,000)
Ron and Paula’s responsibility 2,031
(after tax dollars)
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
p. 395 & 396
109
Impact of the ICHRA on their PTC eligibility
90 days prior to the offer
Sample forms at www.dol.gov
110
POLLING QUESTION #5
An employee who is offered an
affordable Individual Coverage
HRA is not eligible for the premium tax credit.
TrueFalse
111
POLLING QUESTION #5
An employee who is offered an
affordable Individual Coverage
HRA is not eligible for the premium tax credit.
TrueFalse
SAFE HARBOR FOR LARGE EMPLOYERS
p. 397
112
Is an offer of an ICHRA considered an offer of
affordable coverage for purposes of ACA?
Several safe harbors
Large employers are required to offer minimum
essential coverage that is affordable. Or, make
an employer shared responsibility payment, if
employee obtains PTC
EXCEPTED BENEFIT HRAS
p. 397
113
Allows employer to reimburse additional medical
care expenses:
• Copays / Deductibles
Even if employee declines enrollment in the
traditional group plan
Can cover: dental/vision, COBRA, short-term
health plans, costs not covered by group plan
EXCEPTED BENEFIT HRAS p. 397
114
Excepted
Benefit
HRA
Limited to 1,800
Rollovers OK
Employer
offers traditional
plan Excepted benefit not part of plan
Cannot reimburse ins premiums
Available on same terms to similar
employees
Cannot have with an ICHRA
HEALTH CARE SHARING MINISTRYp. 397
115
501(c)(3)
Share common set of ethical and religious beliefs
Share medical expenses
Members retain membership after medical
condition
In existence since 12/31/1999 and medical
expenses shared since then
Audited annually
HEALTH CARE SHARING MINISTRYp. 397 & 398
116
Proposed Regs – amounts paid for membership
are payments for medical insurance
Allow HRAs, ICHRA, QSEHRA, excepted benefit
HRA to reimburse payments for membership as a
medical care expense
DIRECT PRIMARY CARE ARRANGEMENTS
p. 398
117
A contract between individual and primary
care physician where the physician agrees to
provide medical care for a fixed annual fee
What?
May be:Payment for medical care
Payment for medical insurance
HEALTH SAVING ACCOUNTS
p. 398
118
Health care sharing ministry is medical
insurance and precludes an individual
from contributing to an HSA
119
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