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1
( )
2004 (Geological Time Scale
GTS) ( )
(ISC) (INQUA) Quaternary
(1) (2)ICS
(3) (4)
Clague(2005) Pillans(2004)
(1) Quaternary (2)Quaternary
(Period/System) (3)Quaternary Pleistocene
(4)Pleistocene (1.81 Ma)
Gelasian (2.6 Ma)
1. weiky@ntu.edu.tw
7 1-20 2007 12
WESTERN PACIFIC EARTH SCIENCES, Vol.7, P.1-20, December, 2007
1
(Quaternary Period)
2004
(Geological Time Scale GTS)(Gradstein et al., 2004a,b)
Quaternary Period Sub-Era
Period System
1976
(International Stratigraphic Guide)(Hedberg, 1976)
( )
2 ( )
Gibbard et al.(2005) Aubry et al.(2005) Quaternary
Arduino 1760 Denoyers 1829
Quaternary Primary-Secondary-Tertiary
7Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.72
3Wei: Quaternary status and boundary
Quaternary 180
Quaternary Pleistocene (Lyell)
1857 Newer Pliocene( Pleistocene)
Quaternary Diluvium Tertiary Newer Pliocene
Pleistocene (1)
Quaternary Pleistocene (2) Quaternary Pleistocene
(Onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation)
Quaternary(Pleistocene)
(Homo) G. S. Gruner 1806
Anthropogene( ) Quaternary( , 2005)
1948 (International Geology Congress, IGC)
Table 1. Chinese terminologies of chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units used in this article andtheir corresponding English terms.
47
Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
Quaternary Pleistocene Calabrian Stage
( ) 1992
(International Quaternary Association INQUA) Pleistocene
Vrica 1.64 Ma
1.81 Ma(Lourens et al., 1996)
1.81 Ma
Shackleton(1997)
Pleistocene 103 (MIS103)
2.4 Ma 2.6 Ma 1996
(International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS) Gela
Monte San Nicola Gelasian Stage GSSP
2.588 Ma MIS103 2.6 Ma (Rio et
al., 1998)
INQUA 1998 Pleistocene GSSP(Global Standard Section and
Point golden spike) Gelasian Stage
ICS (moratorium) 2008
ICS 2004 Quaternary
INQUA 2008
3 2004
(Geological Time Scale GTS)
5
GTS (lithologic stratigraphy)
(chronostratigraphy) (geochronology)
GTS Gradstein 2004 (Gradstein et al., 2004a,b)
GTS Neogene (Period/System)
Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene( )( , 2005)
(Paleogene Period) (Neogene Period)(
, 2001)
Quaternary ( Pillans, 2006)Figure 1. Four schemes dealing with the status and boundaries of the Quaternary proposed by various
geological organizations in recent years (extracted from Pillans, 2006).
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
GTS2004 Gradstein ( Gradstein and
Ogg, 2002 Ogg, 2004) Primary Secondary Tertiary
Quaternary (antiquated) Gradstein
(ICS) GTS2004 ICS
GTS2004 250 Tertiary Quaternary
(Giles, 2005) (International Union of
Geological Sciences IUGS) Episodes
INQUA GTS2004 (Clague, 2004)
(ICS-INQUA Quaternary Task Group)
(Gradstein and Clague, 2005) 2005 9 Leuven
2006 3
INQUA (INQUA Executive) ICS
(Gradstein et al., 2007)
4 Quaternary
Quaternary GTS1982 GTS1989 Quaternary
(Sub-Erathem) Pleistocene ( Pleistocene Series
Holocene Series) 1994 (International Stratigraphic
Guide)(Salvador, 1994) Quaternary System GTS2004
Tertiary Quaternary ( )
2004 INQUA INQUA ICS ICS
(Gibbard, 2006) ICS 2005 9 Leuven
( )(Clague, 2005)
(1) Quaternary
7
Sub-Erathem/Sub-Era
(2) Quaternary Sub-Erathem Gelasian (2.6-1.8 Ma) Gelasian
Pliocene Series
(3) Quaternary Sub-Erathem Neogene System
( Quaternary Tertiary) ( Quaternary
Gelasian Neogene )
(1) Quaternary Sub-Era (2.6 Ma ) Neogene System
(23.03 Ma )
(2) Neogene System Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene Series
Quaternary (Sub-Era) Neogene System ( Pliocene
Pleistocene Holocene)
(3) Quaternary Tertiary Pliocene Stages GTS
INQUA 2006
3 Ahmedahad ICS Gradstein
INQUA 2006 (1) Quaternary
Neogene Paleogene
(2) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) Gelasian
( Gelasian ) (Gelasian
) (Lower, Middle and Upper Subseries)( )
INQUA 2006 (1)
(2)
(Lower Subseries) Geleasian Lower
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
Subseries (3) Pleistocene Pliocene (PP boundary)
Gelasian GTS
INQUA Pliocene
ICS Gradstein 2006 7 20 INQUA (Gradstein et al., 2007)
Quaternary
(1) IGC 1948 Quaternary Neogene
1948
(GSSP)
(2) 1985 ICS INQUA Pleistocene Quaternary
(3) IUGS 1991 Paleogene GSSP 1996 Neogene GSSP
Tertiary Quaternary 20 IGC Tertiary
Cenozoic (synonym) IGC Tertiary
Quaternary 1985 IGC INQUA Pleistocene
( Pleistocene Quaternary )
(4) ICS INQUA Quaternary MIS103
(2.59 Ma)( Shackleton 1997 )
(2.7 Ma) C2r
( Matuyama Gauss 2.58 Ma) Gelasian ICS
INQUA Quaternary Gelasian
(5) Quaternary ICS
Quaternary IUGS IGC
(6) (a)Quaternary (b)Pleistocene Gelasian
9
(7) ICS Quaternary (Sub-Era) (Period)
Pleistocene Gelasian Pleistocene
IGC 1948 1998 INQUA
IUGS 1948 IGC
(8) Pleistocene Series GSSP(1985 )
( Pt1 CN13b RN13
NALMA Irvingtonian ) ( C1r )
Gelasian (Matuyama)
5 INQUA
2005 INQUA (see the e-mail sent by
late Nick Shackleton to Dr. Gradstein on 12 May, 2005, as cited in Gradstein. 2007, p.130)
(1) Quaternary GTS
(2) Quaternary Tertiary (Sub-Era) Paleogene
Neogene
(3) Quaternary 2.6 Ma
INQUA 2006 3 Ahmedahad
Quaternary
Paleogene Neogene
INQUA 2007 8 (Cairns)
Alan Chivas ICS 2008 GTS
2008 8 (IGC)
INQUA 2008 IUGS ICS Quaternary
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
Pleistocene Pleistocene Gelasian Quaternary
Gelas ian INQUA
Quaternary Quaternary
INQUA 2006 INQUA
(International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU)
(International Union of Geological Sciences, IUGS)
ICS IUGS INQUA
ICS IUGS
IUGS IGC
6
GTS2004 Tertiary Quaternary
( ) Walsh(2006) ICS (Guideline)
C
Tertiary
(1)A (Pillans and Naish, 2004) GTS2004
Quaternary Neogene Period Sub-Period
INQUA Quaternary (Pillans INQUA Stratigraphy and Chronology
Commission )
GTS2004 Hornes
(Vienna Basin) Neogene Neogene Quateranry
Paleogene( Bowen and Gibbard, 2007, p.3-4 Walsh, 2006, p.215)
11
A
Quaternary Pleistocene ICS Leuven 2005
INQUA ( ) A ICS
Quaternary Sub-Period GTS2004
(2)B (Aubry et al., 2005) Tertiary Quaternary
Sub-Era Neogene Paleogene Holocene
Quaternary Pleistocene Tertiary-Quaternary
Sub-Eras Paleogene-Neogene Periods Tertiary-
Quaternary Sub-Era
Quaternary ( Walsh, 2006)Figure 2. Three recently proposed schemes on the status and boundaries of the Quaternary (from Walsh,
2006).
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
Neogene Period Quaternary Sub-
Era ICS Leuven 2005 ( )
Aubry et al.(2005) B
W.A. Berggren Paleogene-Neogene
Tertiary-Quaternary GTS 2004 Aubry et al.(2005)
(3)C (Gibbard et al., 2005) Quaternary Neogene Paleogene
(Period) Quaternary
Pleistocene Gelasian Age INQUA
INQUA 2006 ( ) (1)
Pleistocene Epoch Early Pleistocene earliest Gelasian Age
Pleistocene Early Middle Late
(2) (Tertiary)
7
( ) ( )
7.1
(GTS) (hierarchy)
(hierarchical classification)
( Leuven 2005 Neogene System
Quaternary Sub-Erathem Tertiary Sub-Erathem )
)
13
Leuven(2005)( ) Aubry et al.(2005)( B)
(1) Quaternary Sub-Era Neogene Period Neogene Period
Neogene Period
Quaternary Sub-Era
(2) Pliocene Quaternary Tertiary
( Pliocene) (subordinate)
7.2
ISC (Remane et al., 1996, p.78) The Global
Chronostratigraphic Scale must, however, comprise strictly contiguous units, without overlaps
and with no gaps between them. (
)
( Jurassic Cretaceous ) Aubry
et al.(2005)( B) Gelasian Pliocene Epoch Quaternary Sub-Era
Tertiary Sub-Era (topological)
Pliocene Tertiary Quaternary
Pliocene Sub-Era
7.3 (Simpson's rule)
INQUA 2006( ) Pleistocene Series subseries stage
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
Pleistocene
(Subseries vs. Stage)
7.4 (convention of conterminosity)
ISC (Remane et al., 1996, p.78) The lower boundaries of
chronostratigraphic units of higher rank (series, systems etc.) are automatically defined by the
base of their lowermost stage. (
) (convention of conterminosity)
(Harland et al., 1990, p.20) Quaternary Pleistocene
INQUA Quaternary Pleistocene
Pliocene Gelasian
Leuven(2005)( ) Pillans and Naish(2004)( A) Aubry et al.(2005)(
B)
(1) INQUA2005 Quaternary Sub-Era
Sub-Era
(Quaternary Sub-Era) (Tertiary Sub-Era)
(Neogene)
(2) INQUA ( )
Gelasian Gelasian
INQUA2006
INQUA ICS
Quaternary Quaternary Sub Era ICS
(1) Pleistocene Gelasian (2) Quaternary
15
Pleistocene INQUA
(1) Quaternary Sub Era
(2) Pleistocene Gelasian
Quaternary Pleistocene
Quaternary ( ) Pleistocene
Pleistocene (a)
(b)
(c)
INQUA Quaternary 2.6Ma
( Homo habilis H. rudolfensis)
Neogene(Pliocene)
8
Quaternary
Quaternary
(1)Quaternary (2)Quaternary
(Period) (3)Pleistocene Gelasian (4)
Quaternary Pleistocene Clague(2005) 3
(status quo) ( Salvador, 1994) Tertiary (
Tertiary System Paleogene System Neogene System
) Pillans(2004) present
(1)Tertiary (2)
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Western Pacific Earth Sciences, Vol.7
INQUA
Paleogene
Neogene Quaternary
( ) (1)ISC
Quaternary (2)INQUA Quaternary
Pliocene Gelasian ICS
( Pillans and Naish, 2004)Figure 3. The recommended version adopted from Pillans and Naish (2004).
17
NSC96-2752-M-002-
012-PAE
2001 IX
59
2005
25 6 670-675
(2005) 57
4 1-9
Aubry, M.P., Berggren, W.A., van Couvering, J., McGowran, B., Pillans, B. and Hilgen, F.
(2005) Quaternary: status, ranks, definition, survival: Episodes, 28, 118-120.
Bowen, D.Q. and Gibbard, P.L. (2007) The Quaternary is here to stay: J. Quaternary Sci., 22
(1), 3-8.
Clague, J. (2004) INQUA, IUGS, and the 32nd International Geological Congress: Quat.
Perspective, 14(2), 87-88.
Clague, J. (2005) Status of the Quaternary: Quat. Sci.Reviews, 24, 2424-2425.
Gibbard, P.L. (2006) International Commission on Stratigraphy Workshop, Leuven, Belgium,
1-5 September 2005: Quat. Int., 147, 117-119.
Gibbard, P.L., Smith, A.G., Zalasiewicz, J.A., Barry, T.L., Cantrill, D., Coe, A.L., Cope, J.C.
W., Gale, A.S., Gregory, F.J., Powell, J.H., Rawson, P.F., Stone, P. and Waters, C.N.
(2005) What status for the Quaternary?: Boreas, 34, 1-6.
Giles, J. (2005) Geologists call time on dating dispute: Nature, 435, 865.
Gradstein, F.M. and Clague, J. (2005) Announcement of the ICS-INQUA joint task force on
the Quaternary: Quat. Int., 129, 91.
Gradstein, F.M., Finney, S. and Ogg, J. (2007) Current IUGS-IGC decision on Quaternary and
Wei: Quaternary status and boundary
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on Pleistocene: Quat. Int., 160, 129-131.
Gradstein, F.M. and Ogg, J.G. (2002) Future directions in stratigraphy: Episodes, 25, 203-208.
Gradstein, F.M., Ogg. J.G., Smith, A.G., Bleeker, W. and Lourens, L.J. (2004a) A new Geologic
Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene: Episodes, 27, 83-100.
Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G. and others. (2004b) A Geologic Time Scale 2004,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 589 p.
Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G. and Smith, D.G. (1990)
A Geologic Time Scale 1989, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 263 p.
Hedberg, H.D. (1976) International Stratigraphic Guide. A Guide to Stratigraphic Classification,
Terminology and Procedure. (International Subcommittee on Stratigraphic Classification,
IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 200 p.
Lourens, L.J., Antonarakou, A., Hilgen, F.J., Van Hoof, A.A.M., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C. and
Zachariasse, W.J. (1996) Evaluation of the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale:
Paleoceanography, 11(4), 391-413.
Ogg, J.G. (2004) Introduction to concepts and proposed standardization of the term
"Quaternary": Episodes, 27, 125-126.
Pillans, B. (2004) Proposal to redefine the Quaternary: Episodes, 27,127-127.
Pillans, B. (2006) Defining the Quaternary: where do we go from here?: Quaternary Australia,
24(1), 2-4.
Pillans, B. and Naish, T. (2004) Defining the Quaternary: Quat. Sci.Reviews, 23, 2271-2282.
Remane, J., Bassett, M.G., Cowie, J.W., Gohrbandt, K.H., Lane, H.R., Michelson, O. and
Naiwen, W. (1996) Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic
standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS): Episodes, 19, 77-81.
Rio, D., Sprovieri, R., Castradori, D., Di Stefano, E. (1998) The Gelasian Stage Upper Pliocene:
a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale: Episodes, 21, 82-87.
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critique of current proposals: Earth Science Reviews, 78, 207-237.
19
ON THE SURVIVAL, RANK AND BOUNDARY OF THEQUATERNARY
KUO-YEN WEI1
1. Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
ABSTRACT
The omission of the Quaternary from the newly publishedGeologic Time Scale 2004 has caused hot debates on the survival,rank, definition and boundary of the Quaternary among geoscientistsand between geologic organizations, such as the InternationalCommission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and International Union forQuaternary Research (INQUA). This article comments on severalproposals and options appeared in recent years. Based onconsideration of (1) general rules of ranked hierarchy, (2) ICSguideline of no overlapping or gaps between units, (3) Simpson'srule, and (4) convention of conterminosity, the author suggests toadopt the option 3rd of the status quo version in Clague (2005) (sameas the "present version" in Pillans, 2004), namely, (1) keeping theQuaternary as a formal ranked chronostratigraphic unit, (2)retaining the Quaternary rank as the Period/System, (3) couplingthe lower boundaries of the Quaternary and the Pleistocene and (4)retaining the current Pleistocene GSSP at 1.81 Ma without extendingthe lower Pleistocene boundary to the base of the Gelasian (2.6 Ma).
Key words: Quaternary, Pleistocene, Neogene, stratigraphy, chronostratigraphy,
geologic time scale
1. Kuo-Yen Wei, e-mail: weiky@ntu.edu.tw
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