2 sentence errors
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Sentence Errors
Technical Writing
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Grammar : Errors in using verbs,structure, agreement, case, tense,modal verbs, articles, relativeclauses, ...
Mechanics: Errors in usingpunctuation, capitalization, numbers,abbreviation, and spelling
Vocabulary: misusing or conusing!ords, insuicient vocabulary, "
Style: Errors related to meaning #ogic: Errors o organization,
relationships, arguments
Sentence Errors$re errors o
Will handle errors in written texts
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%o! is a sentence deined&%o! is a sentence deined&
'n a strictly mechanical level, a'n a strictly mechanical level, asentence starts !ith a capital lettersentence starts !ith a capital letterand inishes !ith a period,and inishes !ith a period,
(uestion mar), or e*clamation(uestion mar), or e*clamationpoint. 'r a +- in rare cases.point. 'r a +- in rare cases.
Grammatically, a sentenceGrammatically, a sentenceconsists o an independent clause.consists o an independent clause.$bove all, a sentence should have$bove all, a sentence should have
a complete meaning.a complete meaning.
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./012 31456 147 189; ?1@A=/B7> CD4
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#$ST WEE|, T%E}E W$SE~'•'M€~ W$} ETWEE• ‚S $•ƒ
„$…$• #ast !ee), there !as economic !arbet!een ‚S and „apan.
#ast !ee), there !as economic !arbet!een ‚S$ and „apan. #ast !ee), there !as economic !ar
bet!een ‚.S. and „apan. The most important ingredient is
adding caustic soda. }emove the bolt rom the lange then
replace it.
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The convenience o !ordprocessor!ill soon replace type!riters.
We decided immediately topurchase the proposed system. They evaluate the program !hich
too) almost ive months.
The resistance o copper !iring islo!er than aluminum !iring. € am sending the report on the pipe
that had the lea) under a separatecover. € have been trying to place him
under contract to !or) here or
three years.
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Will emphasize t!o types o error:Will emphasize t!o types o error:
†.†. Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism
. ‚se o dangling modiiers. ‚se o dangling modiiers
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The variables are:• …ressure and temperature o the boiler,• !hat type o luid uel is re(uired,• o*ygen amount, and
• ‡luid temperature.
†.†.Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism
The variables are• pressure and temperature o the boiler
• type o luid uel• amount o o*ygen• temperature o the luid.
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. ‚se o dangling modiiers. ‚se o dangling modiiers
a. To develop !riting s)ills,a. To develop !riting s)ills,
b. To improve !riting s)ills, read goodb. To improve !riting s)ills, read goodte*ts.te*ts.
"""""""""" """""""""".., good te*ts.., good te*ts
should be consulted.should be consulted.
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…arallelism…arallelism
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…arallelism
is the repetition of the same
grammatical structure,especially !hen !riting lists.
The variables are• pressure and temperature o the boiler
• type o luid uel• amount o o*ygen• temperature o the luid.
Structure: SˆV‰ Šnoun- prep-noun‹
}epeatedpattern
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1
Œ;D `157> I3AQ7> Œ2 ?1HJPK7> 29157> 1B7> ?>Dw 21Ž 9 3
91 `1B=] 9 C147>6 JP=71
4H 7>9‘7> ŒP XJ’[ 9157> 5
7> R6 ?1“14B7> x@ ”AY 915 6
J1/P7 C147> `>A=@> 9 7–Z={> —9 x915=7> /3AY 8
8>A=7 C147> `>A=@> H 9
`157> ”w7> Œ;D 10F;J7> B;—B7> 7
D1[7> `/=7> A3159
1K>Q[9w
F;J7>?1P=BB7>
XJ>2A5B7>
5BK7>
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%aving lo! ris) means investing into%aving lo! ris) means investing into
˜uality initialˆdesign˜uality initialˆdesign ˜uality operation and perormance˜uality operation and perormance
Maintainability:Maintainability: can be easily maintained can be easily maintained
˜uality maintenance system˜uality maintenance system $vailability at any time$vailability at any time
}eliability:}eliability: causing only small problemscausing only small problems
Saety:Saety: no danger, only acceptable losses forno danger, only acceptable losses forall targetsall targets
%uman, Environment,%uman, Environment,
}esources: assets, )no!ˆho!, time}esources: assets, )no!ˆho!, time
Time
™
†™ yrs
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The variables are:
• …ressure and temperature o the boiler,• !hat type o luid uel is re(uired,• o*ygen amount, and•
‡luid temperature.
†.†. Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism
The variables are• pressure and temperature o the boiler
• type o luid uel• amount o o*ygen• temperature o the luid.
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Effective sentences
ffective sentences
should
hould
be correctbe correct,, andand†.†. have unity o ideahave unity o idea.. emphasize the right partsemphasize the right partsš.š. sho! cohesion o partssho! cohesion o partsf.f. be precise in meaningbe precise in meaning
›.›. be concisebe conciseœ.œ. sho! !ord proprietysho! !ord propriety.. be clear in meaningbe clear in meaning
\.\. sho! variety in structuresho! variety in structure
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Effective sentence should
ffective sentence should bebe
correctžcorrectž andand has unity ohas unity oidea, emphasize the rightidea, emphasize the rightparts, sho! cohesion oparts, sho! cohesion oparts, be precise inparts, be precise inmeaning, be concise,meaning, be concise,
sho! !ord propriety, besho! !ord propriety, beclear in meaning, andclear in meaning, and
sho! variety in structuresho! variety in structure
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‡or the undraising event,!e placed an ad, did amailing, and !ere ma)ing alot o phone calls
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…arallelism…arallelismacilitates reading
clariies meaning.Lists within sentences are either
†. Vertically ormatted
. …artially ormattedš. ‚normatted.
The group !as (uiet, pleasant, and serious.
The variables are †‹ … and T o the boiler, ‹type o luid uel, and š‹ amount o o*ygen.
These are
verticallyormattedlists
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Management sciences, since the time o ‡redericManagement sciences, since the time o ‡redericTalyor and %enri ‡yol, have learned a great dealTalyor and %enri ‡yol, have learned a great dealabout organizations and ho! they !or). Much oabout organizations and ho! they !or). Much othis learning has come rom adopting thethis learning has come rom adopting theperspective that organizations are entitiesperspective that organizations are entitiesŠsystems, deined later‹, much li)e people, plantsŠsystems, deined later‹, much li)e people, plantsand animals. There are many beneits to leadersand animals. There are many beneits to leaders!ho adopt this systems vie! o their!ho adopt this systems vie! o their
organizations.organizations. Systems thin)ing started in †_›œ by „ay ‡orrester,Systems thin)ing started in †_›œ by „ay ‡orrester,an M€T proessor, !ho recognized the need or aan M€T proessor, !ho recognized the need or abetter !ay o testing ne! ideas about socialbetter !ay o testing ne! ideas about socialsystems. €n the same !ay !e can test ideas insystems. €n the same !ay !e can test ideas in
engineering, systems thin)ing allo!s people toengineering, systems thin)ing allo!s people toma)e their understanding o social systemsma)e their understanding o social systemse*plicit and improve them in the same !ay thate*plicit and improve them in the same !ay thatpeople can use engineering principles to ma)epeople can use engineering principles to ma)ee*plicit and improve their understanding oe*plicit and improve their understanding omechanical systems.mechanical systems.
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…arallelism…arallelism
‡irst, a good paragraph has unity: focuses on asingle idea or theme. Second, a good
paragraph has coherence: one sentence leadsto the next in some kind of logical sequence.‡inally, a good paragraph has adequatecontent : each sentence contains appropriate
details to support the main idea.
Parallelism between large elements
a. …arallelism bet!een sentences
b. …arallelism bet!een paragraphs andlarger elements o the same te*t
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…arallelism…arallelism
$ good paragraph hasunity, coherence, and
adequate content.
Parallelism between large elements
Examples
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• The group !as (uiet and in a seriousmood ater the meeting.
• „udge people by !hat they say and theiractions.
• The building is †f™Ÿ long, \™ eet !ide and
is ten meters high.The duties o the !riter involve
• ƒeinition o readersŸ problems
• describing the solution• !rites and edits the report.
A sentence is a statement that is capitalized,
punctuated, and has at least one verb.
Examples
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†. The employees present assignment is todevelop a sot!are or operations, toreside in the computer memory, and tocontrol sot!are unctioning.
Examples
. %is present occupation is repairingtype!riters, duplicating machines, andprinting machines.
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ƒangling Modiiersƒangling Modiiers
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E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers
† #oaded or not, thetruc) drivers !illarrive in time.
#oaded or not, thetruc) drivers !illarrive in time.
š #oaded or not, thetruc)s !ill arrive inŠon‹ time.
F1H >J L { 1/k xB[ k`
Œ2 I01K7> A[ ¡¢ D12 P I=B7> 15B7>.
1H >J 3 { 1/k xB[ k` {¡ 15B7> Œ2 I01K7> A[
P I=B7>.
L F1H >J { 1/k xB[ k` ?14@17> x’= ¡¢ D12
P I=B7> 15B7> Œ2 .
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E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers
f To arrive in time,
the train !ill departat ›:™™ p.m.
ناس مل وقت ل فى وصول
لاع فى ر ا طل سيحك
ا .لخاة
› #aughing, theproblem !as!isely solved.
%ال $ # ا" .!حمة &'
(
œ €n !riting reports,!ord processing is
useul.
)را ل * ا ة عن +لن . و- %ال $ ا,. 0 ي +/
€n report !riting,!ord processing isuseul.
)را ل ة ا * ف 1 فى ل 4ا 23 لن . و- %ال $ ا,
+ ي
0 .
E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers
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E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers† #oaded or not, the
drivers !ill arrive intime.
م ح 8فار ! 7ة 6سوء * ا 5تي% ا 3 م ل فى 9:ا ل ;حيس
عي > 90 مل. #oaded or not, the
drivers !ill arrive intime.
8فار ! 7ا >6ا != ( حم? سوء * ا @ي% ا 3 م ل فى 9:ا ل ;حيس
عي >. 90 ملš #oaded or not, the
truc)s !ill arrive in time.حمة
6
?. س ة
7!فار
8 9 0 مل ي% ا 3 م ل فى ,ان "ا A ل
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Modiiers are !ords, clauses or
phrases, !hich alter the meaning osentence elements by restricting,emphasizing, and describing them.
%e !or)s in a place not very far from downtown.
$ person who produces quality work
is a ortune these days. Modifiers are dangling when there isno word to which they can clearly
relate.
ƒangling Modiiers
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ƒangling Modiiers
While being chairman, I am suremany good things !ere done.
While being chairman, I am surehe made many good things.
While being chairman, he mademany good things.
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…articipial #oaded, the truc) !ill beon time.
€ninitiveTo save time, use the
computer.
Gerund‚sing the ne! techni(ue,he has saved time.
EllipticalWhen Š€ !as‹ using thene! techni(ue, € saved†™£ o the time.
Modiiers occur in various orms
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While being president, I am sure that he made many good
things
Structure o the dangling sentence
#eading phrase Š#…‹, a main clause:
#…, M~. 'r M~ T….#… ŠT…‹ is an action, or an ad¤ective
There is a dangling situation !henM~ does not start !ith a noun.#… or T… is not tied to a noun in M~.
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E*ample
While being president,
I am
sure that he mademany good things.While being president, Mr. ¥ made many good
things.
€ am sure that many good things !ere made!hile being president.
€ am sure that Mr. ¥ made many good things
!hile being president. Many things !ere made !hile Mr. ¥ !aspresident o the ".
† € ti th th h d
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†. €n operating the press, the hand !asin¤ured.
. ‚sing the techni(ue, hours are
saved.š. To save time, the computer is used.f. •ot able to ind the !ay, one came to
my rescue.›. $ter reading the minutes, a heated
discussion started.œ. To determine its value, it !ill be
e*amined.. The paint is to be stored !heninished.
\. While asleep, someone pic)ed his
money.
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†.~onsidering his age, his health is good..$ssuming *¦y, the unction !ill
degenerate.š.$ter sitting calm or a !hile, the building
began to sha)e, and !e rushed out toopen areas.
f.$rriving late, the cre! had already let theplace.›.‡or chec)ing spelling, a dictionary is
essential.
œ.}eady to pitch the camp, orders changedto move to a ne! location..'nce made, you should e*ecute the
decision.
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†. ~hange #… to a leading clause.• When he !as only \ years old,
computer games ascinated him.. Start M~ !ith the missing noun.
• When only !as \ years old, he !asascinated by computer games.š. €nsert #… into an idiomatic
e*pression.• ‡or mastering vocabulary, a good
dictionary is essential.• $ good dictionary is essential or
mastering vocabulary.
~orrecting ƒangling Modiiers
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f. Shit active§passive voice o M~ inecessary.
• When heavily used, you need toregularly maintain hard!are.
• When heavily used, hard!areshould be maintained regularly.
›. Ma)e other necessary changes!ithout aecting the originalmeaning
• The icon !ill be e*amined in orderto determine its value.
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Squinting odifiers
Those !ho !atch televisionrarely read much.
.>A¨H kA/3 >
D1 “1P=7> 13 R9 .>A¨H kA/3 19 >D1 “1P=7> 13 R9
&.Xw> UJ©JB7> R /2 I01; A 14@
€ only told !hat happened to him.
!ecogni"e the structure in the following
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‚nli)e readers o the academic !orld, mostreaders o the +real !orld- read selectively:rather than digesting a piece o !riting,they s)imˆread most o it, s)ipping romone main idea to another until they come to
something that particularly interests them.
!ecogni"e the structure in the following
‚sed to reer to things or repeatingreerence to the same thing, noun
compounds are made o t!o or more !ordsusually !ithout unctional !ords.
€ !ord class is considered, the structure o
the t!oˆ!ord noun ta)es seven orms.
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#i)e most reorganizations, this#i)e most reorganizations, this
one !asnŸt easy. €t !ill be noone !asnŸt easy. €t !ill be nosurprise to many o you that thissurprise to many o you that this
!as a stressul period, both or!as a stressul period, both orthose !ho participated on thethose !ho participated on thereorganization team and thosereorganization team and those
!ho !aited to learn the outcome.!ho !aited to learn the outcome.
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When aced !ith t!oWhen aced !ith t!oconlicting obligations,conlicting obligations,
both o !hich appear to beboth o !hich appear to be ¤ustiied ¤ustiied, one approach is, one approach is
to try to ind a !ay toto try to ind a !ay tosatisy both o them.satisy both o them.
To study the level of the English languageTo study the level of the English language
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To study the level of the English languageTo study the level of the English language
and the style of abstract writing, a group ofand the style of abstract writing, a group of
persons interested in the usage of Englishpersons interested in the usage of Englishlanguage has reviewed the majority of thelanguage has reviewed the majority of the
technical abstracts submitted to EG!technical abstracts submitted to EG!
"#th !onference $appro%imately "#&"#th !onference $appro%imately "#&abstracts'. ((((.abstracts'. ((((.
After verifying the primary impression, the After verifying the primary impression, the
group decided to ma)e further in*depthgroup decided to ma)e further in*depthanalyses on nearly +& of the abstracts,analyses on nearly +& of the abstracts,
randomly selected from the initiallyrandomly selected from the initially
reviewed ones.reviewed ones.
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-n addition, many-n addition, many
companies do not havecompanies do not have
clear publication policiesclear publication policies
or writing guidelines toor writing guidelines to
guarantee a ualityguarantee a ualityproduct.product.
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