2 cp training coarse -ogs- delta consulting (3-7)-04-2011 (fm 87-)

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Basic of corrosion theory

The 1st Day

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Equals or exceeds the corrosion current

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Common faults in sacrificial systemsOn buried pipelines, if the pipe-to-soil potential has become insufficiently negative, an indication of the cause should be obtained from measurements of current flow from the anodes.Current zero or lower than expected:1. Excessive wastage of anodes and possible need for replacement.2. Deterioration of anode/cathode connection, breakage of anode or cables.3. Drying out of soil around anode.4. Effects of pollution on anodes.Current level maintained or increased:1. Inadvertent metallic contact with newly installed structures.2. Faulty isolation equipment.3. Alteration of environment causing rapid depolarization, or increase in oxygen content of water due, for example, to a reduced level of pollution.4. Extension of the structure.5. Deterioration of/or damage to protective coatings.

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Common faults in impressed current systems

A-Structure/electrolyte potential becomes more positive as protection system is switched on. This indicates reversed connections. This is a serious fault and could result in severe damage to the structure in a relatively short period.

B -Applied voltage zero or very low, current zero, could indicate:

1. Failure of a.c. fuse or tripping of other protective device.2. Failure of a.c. supply.3. Failure of transformer-rectifier.

This is regardless to 2v as back voltage

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c. Applied Voltage normal, current low but not zero could indicate:

1. Drying out of soil around groundbeds onshore or some anodes no longer immersed offshore.

2. Accumulation of electrolytically produced gas around anodes.

3. Disconnection of some connections to individual anodes of a groundbed or anode system.

4. Disconnection of part of the protected structure.

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d. Applied voltage normal, current zero, could indicate:

1. Severance of anode or cathode cables.

2. Failure of d.c. fuse or ammeter of transformer rectifier unit.

3. Complete failure of groundbed or anode system.

e. Applied voltage and current both low, could indicate:

1. Control on transformer-rectifier unit set too low.

2. Transformer or rectifier failing.

3. Electricity supply faulty.

f. Applied voltage and current both high, could indicate.

Control on transformer-rectifier set too high.

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g. Applied voltage and current normal but structure/electrolyte potential insufficiently negative, could indicate:1. Break in continuity bond or increased resistance between point of connection and point of test.2. Greatly increased aeration of soil near point of test due to drought or increased local drainage.3. Alteration of environment causing rapid depolarization or increase in oxygen content of water due, for example, to reduced level of pollution or increased flow.4. Faulty isolation equipment e.g. short circuiting of an isolation joint in a pipeline.5. Protected structure shielded or otherwise affected by new structures.6. Failure of cathodic protection system on another part of the same structure or on a secondary structure bonded to it.7. Deterioration of or damage to, protective coatings.8. Addition or extension to buried structure including inadvertent contact with other metallic structures.9. Interaction from another cathodic protection system.10. Effects of stray a.c. on the structure.

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h. Applied voltage and current normal, but structure/electrolyte potential abnormally negative, could indicate:

1. Break in continuity bonding at position further from point of application than point of test.

2. On onshore structures, decreased aeration of soil at point of test.

3. Reduction in rate of flow of electrolyte.4. Secondary structures have been removed or have been

cathodically protected or bonds to them broken.5. Effects of stray a.c. on the structure.

i. Applied voltage and current normal, but structure/electrolyte potential fluctuates, could indicate: Presence of stray earth (ground) currents e.g. interference from d.c. traction systems or telluric/geomagnetic effects.

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Measuring back EMF and circuit resistanceTo measure the back EMF in the power source circuit, the transformer-rectifier unit should be de-energised and residual voltage recorded across d.c. positive and negative terminals, using a portable multimeter and test leads.

output voltage (V) – back EMF voltage (V)Calculate circuit resistance (Ω) =

output current (A)

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Excavation :

Anodes –backfill ………….

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Field measurements

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Chapter #2 : Corrosion control methods

the 2nd Day

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السفينة حوض

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نسيج

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Chapter # 3 : CP Criteria

the 3rd Day

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Chapter # 4

The 4th Day

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Chapter # 4

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Explosions and ignitions

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Fig. 5.8

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The 5th Day

Chapter # 6

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الوضوح والتبيان

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engineer

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Impressed current installation

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Casing shorting

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