1eldas-komponen

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ELEKTRONIKA DASAR

Jurusan Teknik Elektro

Fakultas Teknik UGM

2012

Bahan Kuliah Minggu I

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Basic Equations

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):The algebraic sum of the currents

entering any node is zero

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):The algebraic sum of all voltages

taken around a closed loop in a circuit is zero

Node

analysis

Loop

analysis

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Resistive Circuits & Symbols

Voltagesource

Currentsource

Resistor Ohm’s law:

Riv

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Resistor Combination• Resistors are in

series if they are connected in tandem and carry exactly the same current.

• Resistors are in parallel if they are connected in the same nodes and have exactly the same voltage across their terminals

=>

21 RRReq

21

111

RRReq

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21

RR

RRReq

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4 band

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5 band

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Kapasitor Elektrolit

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tantalum

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LED

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DIODA

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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956

• First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes

• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.

• Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.

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First Transistor

• Uses Silicon• developed in 1948• won a Nobel prize• on-off switch

• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

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The First Microprocessor – 1971

• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)

• 108Khz

• Called “Microchip”

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PotentiometerVariableResistor

Power Supply

Batteries

Capacitors

Resistor Coil

Electronic Components

Transformer 120VAC In

DC voltsOut

+

Speaker

Microphone

+

StepDown

StepUp

Isolated

Stereo HeadsetStereo VolumeControl

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Diode

LEDLightEmittingDiode

TransistorElectronic

Switch

NPN

Electronic Components

MetersCurrent MeterVoltage MeterResistance Meter

Switch Normally Open n.o.Normally Closed n.c.

n.o. n.c.

Slide Switch

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Bucket

Voltage1.5 Volts

1 Gallon

Formula

Resistance = Voltage Current

CurrentFlow= 1 amp

Flow MeterGallons/hour

Valve restricts water flow

Electronic CircuitOhms Law

Resistorrestricts current flowlight dimmer

Voltage = Resistance X Current Current = Voltage Resistance

Water Flow

Bucket Stores Water

Battery Stores Energy

Current Flow

Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )

Switch

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Electronic ComponentsResistors

Resistor

Valve VariableResistor is a

Potentiometer

1” Pipe

1/2” Pipe

1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm

Resistor restricts flow of current.Resistors are made ofcarbon or wire.

Smaller piperestricts flow of fluids

Pipe

Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)

Valve restricts flow of fluids

2 inch pipe1 inch pipe3/4 inch pipe1/2 inch pipe1/4 inch pipe

The smaller the pipe the morerestriction of flow

The larger the resistor valuethe morerestriction to current flow

This could be used to control volume in a radio

1m8m

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Electronic ComponentsResistors

A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms

First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’sFourth Ring is tolerance

First RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

Third Ring MultiplierSilver = X .01Gold = X .1Black = X 1Brown = X 10Red = 2 = X 100Orange = 3 = X 1000Yellow = 4 = X 10,000Green = 5 = X 100,000Blue = 6 = X 1000,000Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000

Resistor Color Rings

Resistor Color Code Values

Second RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

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First RingRed = 2Black = 0

Second RingRed = 2Red = 2

Third RingRed = X 100 = 2200 ohmsBrown = X 10 = 020 ohms

Example of Color Rings

First RingBrown = _1__

Green = _5__

Second RingGreen = _5__

Red = _2__

Third RingBrown = __0__ = _150 ohms

Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms

Test of Color Rings

Electronic ComponentsResistors

First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’s

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Capacitors

Stores small amountsof Voltage charge

Measured in farads

Batteries

Sold alreadycharged. Some may

be recharged

Bucket

Voltage Storage Devices

1 f = 1.0 farad10 mf = .01 Farad1,000uf = .001 Farad100uf = .0001 Farad 10uf = .00001Farad1 uf = .000001Farad.1 uf = .0000001.01 uf = .00000001.001 uf = .000000001100 pf = .000000000110 pf = .000000000011 pf = .000000000001

Electronic Components

Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.

AAA = .2 amp hoursAA = .5 amp hoursC = 1 amp hourD = 4 amp hour

Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a 1/4 inch hole will take different amounts of time to empty1 gallon = 1 hours2 gallon = 2 hours5 gallon = 5 hour10 gallon = 10 hour

Un-Polorized Polorized

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NPN

Transistors

A Transistor is an Electronic Switch

12 VoltBattery

12 VoltBattery

Computer cansend a signal to turnon the transistor whichthen turns on the light

NPNTransistor

Light

Mechanical Switch Circuit Transistor Switch Circuit

Switch openLight off = 0

Switch closeLight on = 1

Input = 0 Light off

Input = 1Light on

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An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistorscan vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a(Pentium microprocessor).

IC Integrated Circuits

Electronic Components

6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 invertersAn inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total

1m39m

FunctionsInvertersGatesFlip flopsCountersMemoryMPUWatch IC’sCalculators IC’sMicrowave Timer IC’sRadio IC’sDialer IC’sCar Controller IC’s

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1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1K

TransistorsCapacity

Microprocessor Road Map

100K

68000/80186

6800/8080

1970

68020/80286

68040/804861M

68030/80386

10K

10M PowerPC/Pentium

Year of Introduction

Every 18 months cpu’sdouble in density andperformance, while stillholding prices the same

PowerPC/Pentium

Mac iMacApple 2E

IBM8080

PowerMac

IBM 386

IBM 486

IBMPentium

PowerPC/Pentium20M

1m40m