16 interactions (+, +). 15 interactions (+, +)

16

INTERACTIONS (+, +)

15

INTERACTIONS (+, +)

INTERACTIONS (+, +)

17

INTERACTIONS (+, +)

INTERACTIONS (+, +)

11

12

INTERACTIONS (-, -)

13

14

INTERACTIONS (-, -)

19

20

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

21

INTERACTIONS (+, -)

23

INTERACTIONS (+, ?)

INTERACTIONS (+, ?)

24

18

INTERACTIONS (+, ?)

INTERACTIONS (+, ?)

INTERACTIONS (?, ?)

COMPETITION(Chapter 13)

2Blenny Damselfish

1

INTERFERENCE COMPETITION(INTRASPECIFIC)

INTERFERENCE COMPETITION(INTERSPECIFIC)

RESOURCE COMPETION

9

9

TRENCHED UNTRENCHED

7

78

5 6

TRENCHED UNTRENCHED

13

Intraspecific Competition: Consequences

Leafhopper

Fig. 13.6 in Molles 2006

Number of Leafhoppers (per cage)

Number of Leafhoppers (per cage)

Intraspecific Competition: Consequences

10Alfalfa

11

12

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION: CONSEQUENCES

Fig. 13-5 in Molles 2006

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

NICHE: All environmental factors that influence growth, survival, and reproduction of a

species

Giant Kelp(Macrocystis)

15

Nutrients

Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche(One Axis)

Niche Breadth

Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche(Two Axes)

Nutrients

Oxy

genNiche Breadth 1

Nich

e Bread

th 2

Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche(Three Axes)

Nutrients

Temper

ature

Oxy

gen

15

Giant Kelp Niche:Other Environmental

Factors?

•

•

•

•

N – Dimensional Hypervolume: Hypothetical Space that Represents ALL N Environmental Factors that Influence Growth, Survival and Reproduction

Range of environmental conditions in which a given species can live in the absence of interactions with other species

FUNDAMENTAL NICHE

Giant Kelp(Macrocystis)

Bull Kelp(Nereocystis) 1615

Effect of Interactions with Other Species

NICHE

NICHE OVERLAP

Fundamental Niches of Giant Kelp, Bull Kelp in One Dimension

Giant Kelp Bull Kelp

Resource Utilization

Resource Utilization

ADJUSTMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL NICHE IN PRESENCE OF COMPETITOR

Giant Kelp Bull Kelp

Giant Kelp Bull Kelp

Range of environmental conditions in which a given species can live in the presence of interactions with other species

REALIZED NICHER

esou

rce

Uti

liza

tion

Giant Kelp Bull Kelp

Fundamental and Realized Niche of Chthalamus

Two Species with Same or Very Similar Niche:

Is Coexistence Possible?R

esou

rce

Uti

liza

tion

Competitive Exclusion Principle:(G.F. Gause)

Two Species with Identical Niches

CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely

1 http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozumelaug06small/blenny3.jpg

2 http://jc-research.com/jim/diving-album/images/blenny-coral.jpg

3 http://curiousgeorgecottage.org/wp-content/images/seasm.jpg

4 http://www.picturepawfect.com/Sailing/P0003238.jpg

6 http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/lewisandclark/ images/ponderosa_pine_oregon_charlie_ott.jpg

5 http://www.nau.edu/~cline/speccoll/exhibits/fires/images/treecontrast3.jpg

7 http://www.treedictionary.com/DICT2003/IMAGES/ROOTS% 20DEEP%20TX%20PINE.jpg

8 http://www.ehow.com/images/ehows/steps/edgewwood_1L.jpg

9 http://extension.oregonstate.edu/centraloregon/forestry/images/ Old-GrowthPonderosaPine.jpg

10 http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/medicagosativa3.jpg

11 http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/PHT/PHT365/PAA365000001.jpg

12 http://www.kerrysgarden.us/img/2006/echinacea-seedlings.jpg

13 http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Kenn/More3/ Leafhopper%20(new)2.jpg

14 http://www.surialink.com/HANDBOOK/Genera/image_browns/macrocystis_ pics/Macrocystis_300.jpg

15 http://elementy.ru/images/news/kelp_macrocystis_pyrifera_300.jpg

16 http://www.westnurc.uaf.edu/anagisa/pics/nereo2.JPG

17 http://www.hsu.edu/content.aspx?id=5515

18 http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Blue%20Purple%20Enlarged% 20Photos/2mesa.jpg

19 http://www.shootingstarnativeseed.com/Matt%20Weeding.jpg