1.1 manuele margni
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Behind the Water Footprint Stream - Metrics and InitiativesOverview of available metrics to asses potential impacts of water use and current initiatives integrating them within LCA
Manuele Margni, Ph.D.Scientific coordinator, CIRAIGEcole Polytechnique Montréalmanuele.margni@polymtl.ca
(Incl. material provided by Quantis)
CIRAIG Factsheet
Founded in 2000Multidisciplinary world-renowned research centre 135+ professors, researchers and students10 universities, 7 Chairs, 5 research unitsMember of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNumerous collaborations (Canada, USA, Europe)120+ applied research projects (industry and gov.)Official spin-offExpertise:
Carbon and Water footprintLCACompany-based LCA and sustainability dashboardEcodesignEnvironmental communication
www.quantis-intl.com
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The Water Footprint Stream: Initiatives and timeline
Source: WBCSD 3
Which Footprint Is Correct?
• There is currently little consistency in the scope of water footprint and what is measured
• There is nearly no consistency in how to evaluate impact
Chapagain and Hoekstra
2007
Humbert et al 2009 (1)
Humbert et al 2009 (2)
140 L per serving
29 L per serving
4 L per serving
Includes “green” water
Includes irrigation
Includes neither
But what water is important?
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Problem Statement
• To know what water is important, we must know what type of water use occurs and where
• To know the impact of water use, we must know the impact of each use type in each geography
• The method must be operational for companies to apply in decision making
But what water is important?
5
Accounting vs. Impact Assessment vs. Communication
Impact Assessment Framework in LCA
Water Scarcity Assessment
(«Screening assessment » using Water stress index, WSI)
Water Scarcity vs. Full Assessment
Turbined water
DE CH DE CH DE CH
• Importance to check the (range/scope of) validity of the results
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Why Expanding the Scope of Water Footprint to LCA?
Climate change Ecosystems Natural
resources Human healthWaterfootprint
To avoid burden shifting from an impact category to another
Framework for Freshwater use In LCA (UNEP-SETAC LC Initiative)
FUTURE GENERATIONS
Water deprivation for future generations
ECOSYSTEMS
Water Use
Water deprivation for ecosystems
Water deprivation for human uses
Human Health
Ecosystems Quality
Natural resources
EndpointMidpointInventoryAll Impact Categories
Backup Technology
Areas of Protection
Mod
ifica
tion
of w
ater
av
aila
bilit
y fo
r…Water Use
HUMAN USES
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Human Health Impacts from production of board in Hanoi for different scenarios
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
Well-treated effluent
(S2a)
Average effluent
(S3a)
All water consumed
(No effluent)
HHIm
pact
s, bo
ard
prod
uctio
n, H
anoi
(DAL
Y/to
n)
Remaining substances
Arsenic, to air
Arsenic, to water
Dioxins
Ammonia
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Zinc, to soil
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, < 2.5 um
Nitrogen oxides
WATER
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... Avoid Taking the Wrong Decision
(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)
Spatial variation of blue water consumption bioenergycrop production within Spain at two different levels:
Impact Assessment Inventory accounting
UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
International initiative for LCAReview and characterization of existing
accounting and Impact assessment methods
Recommendations (end 2010) for:SciencePractitioners (incl. industry)
Contact: Manuele Margni, CIRAIGSebastien Humbert, Quantis
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Towards an International Standard for Water Footprinting
“Water Footprint: Principles, Requirements and Guidances”
International standard for water footprintingThis International Standard specifies requirements and guidelines to assess and report water footprint based on LCA
• Terminology, communication• Important stages to consider• Consistency with carbon footprinting and other LCA impact
categories◦ Scope, system boundary
• Review/Validation• Reporting
Began 2009, end 2011Towards industry and practitioners
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Manuele MargniCIRAIG – École Polytechnique de Montréal
manuele.margni@polymtl.ca
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“Scope 1” Analogous Tools – Direct Usage
“Scope 3” Analogous Tools – Total Footprint
WBCSD Water Tool Water Footprint Network (WFN)
(Planning update to consider “Scope 2”)
LCA-based footprint Product / CompanyGEMI Tools
From Lack of Methods to Methods Overload?
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly Humbert
Boesch(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water ResourcesVulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Ecoinvent
Global Water Tool Vince
BayartChapagain Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-Canals
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain Hoekstra
Frischnecht(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
What and How much (m3)
Potentialproblems?
Consequences/ damage
quantification?
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly Humbert
Boesch(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly Humbert
Boesch(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water ResourcesVulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water ResourcesVulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Ecoinvent
Global Water Tool Vince
BayartChapagain Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-Canals
Ecoinvent
Global Water Tool Vince
BayartChapagain Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-Canals
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain Hoekstra
Frischnecht(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain Hoekstra
Frischnecht(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
What and How much (m3)
Potentialproblems?Potential
problems?
Consequences/ damage
quantification?
Consequences/ damage
quantification?
Inventory &
Categorize
Impact
Net Damage
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Risks to Business
Physical Risks Regulatory / Litigation Risks
Reputational Risks
Supply Chain
Interruptions of Productivity
Costs of Compliance
Public Perceptions and Brand Reputation
Production
Product Use
19
Physical risks
Deficiency or CompensationScarcityQuality
T-shirt produced in India and Turkey
SIMPLIFIED RESULTS
Regionalization of impacts
Greenhouse gases emissions
Greenhouse gases emissions (from deforestation)
Water use (including “green water”)
Water impact (human health and ecosystems)
Risks associated with
water use:Water pollution
Risks associated with water use:
Water rightsWater pollution
Ground water over exploitation
Risks associated with water use:
Water pollutionGround water over
exploitationReduced availability for
nutrition
Risks associated with water use:
Water pollutionGround water over
exploitationRiver drying
23
Geen Water LCI
(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)
Implications of Water Shortages
• Ecosystem quality• Lakes and rivers drying• Disappearance of wetlands• Lack of water for wildlife
• Human health and welfare• Disease• Displacement• Conflict / warfare• Nutrition• Economic development
• Resources• Future development and response
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25
A Global Presence
Academic Partners
Diverse Clientele
About Quantis
26
INVENTORY IN THE MODEL
HHimpact = Human health impacts in DalyCFi = Characterization factor for water type i for the impact
category Human Health (in Daly/m3 of water type i consumed) Vi = Volume of water type i – inventory value (in m3), positive value
for water withdrawn and negative value for released flows
)(HHimpact iiiVCF
The method assesses the impacts of the water withdrawal and credits the impacts of the water release
27
INVENTORY
13 Water classes described by:- Source (surface, ground or rain)- Quality (34 parameters + organics)- Users it can be functional for
Class i
Source Quality Users it can serve
S1 Surface low microbial, low toxic All usersS2a Surface low microbial, medium
toxicAll except Domestic 1 and fisheries
… … … …G1 Ground
water Mediocre quality All offstream users
…Rain Rain All users
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i: Scarcity of water class i (dimensionless)
Di,j: User j distribution of water class i (dimensionless)
AC : Adaptation capacity (dimensionless)
E j: Effect factor for user j (DALY/m³)
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
)1(CF ,i jjiij
EACD
FATE EXPOSURE EFFECT
Chara
cteris
ation
facto
r for
wate
r i
(DALY
/m3 )
29
SURFACE WATER SCARCITY
)1(CF ,i jjiij
EACD
PROPOSED AS A MIDPOINT INDICATOR
30
)1(CF ,i jjiij
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR
Di,j = User’s distribution of water type i for activity j (no units)
• Assesses the proportion of the elementary flow affecting each user.
• Based on 1) Quality of the water : its functionality 2) Geographical region :intensity of each activity in
that region
)1(CF ,i jjiij
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – ADAPTATION CAPACITY
No compensation
Proportional adaptation
100% compensation
Proportional adaptation
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)1(CF ,i jjiij
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR
Ej = Effect factor for user j (daly/m3)
Efish/agriculture =
(DALY/m3)
Health Burden by kcal malnutrition* (Daly/kcal)
Water requirement per kcal (m3/kcal)
Edomestic =
(DALY/m3)
Health Impacts from water related issues* (Daly/yr)
Water in deficit for domestic use* (m3/yr)
* Data by country, geometric average used
to produce resulting Effect factor
Effect factors Ej (DALY/m3)
Agriculture Fisheries Domestic6.64 x 10-5 2.05 x 10-5 3.11 x 10-3
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2 options:- Aggregated (as an indicator)- Desaggregated (by user) for modeling of
compensation by system expansion
CAD jij
i,icomp, IS
HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD BE COMPENSATED?
Water deprivation for human uses
Human Health
Ecosystems Quality
Natural resources
All Impact Categories
Backup Technology
HUMAN USES
Modification of water
availability for…
IScomp,i = Impact Score of compensation for water of class i (m³to be compensated/m³water class i)
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34
USING GIS FOR COMBINING SCALE
208 countriesAdaptation capacitySome quality dataSome statistical data
227 Main WatershedsSome quality data
808 Resulting cellsAll data
0.5° x 0.5° gridWater consumptionWater availability
35
RESULTS – HUMAN HEALTH CF
36
RESULTS – COMPENSATION
37
APPLICATION
• Board production from recycled fibers
Parameter DescriptionInfluent 17.4 m3/ton Quality S2a (average surface water)Effluent 16.4 m3/ton Quality scenario 1 S2a (well treated) Quality scenario 2 S3a (partially treated) Scenario 3 No effluent (all water consumed)
38
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS FROM PRODUCTION OF BOARD IN HANOI FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
Well-treated effluent
(S2a)
Average effluent
(S3a)
All water consumed
(No effluent)
HHIm
pact
s, bo
ard
prod
uctio
n, H
anoi
(DAL
Y/to
n)
Remaining substances
Arsenic, to air
Arsenic, to water
Dioxins
Ammonia
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Zinc, to soil
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, < 2.5 um
Nitrogen oxides
WATER
39
NORMALIZED HUMAN HEALTH (HH) IMPACTS AND COMPENSATION VOLUME (COMP) FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF 1 TON OF BOARD
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
HH Cape Town
Comp Cape Town
HH Cologne
Comp Cologne
HH Hanoi
Comp Hanoi
water
process
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DISCUSSIONOnly methodology to
Use adaptation capacityConsider quality of water withdrawn and releasedEvaluate scarcity based on consumed waterEvaluate scarcity for different water qualities Include and differentiate instream/offstream usersIncludes all water types: ground, surface, sea, rain, wastewater, etc...
LimitsUnreliable regional quality dataCases of over/under estimation of impacts due to water categoriesTemporal adaptation of CFUser’s distribution for transport and recreation not evaluatedImpacts from compensation are not evaluatedDoes not include impacts on future generations or ecosystems
FUTURE WORK
Evaluate impacts based on functionalities instead of water classes and compare results
Evaluate fraction of water used by transport and recreation
Identify default compensation scenarios and their impacts
Modeling of the resource depletion aspect of water use
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