1. rpwtu; vd;why; ahu; ? 2. vd; rpwtu;fs; eyptile;jtu;fshf fhzg;glfpd;wdu;?

1. rpWtu; vd;why; ahu;1. rpWtu; vd;why; ahu;??2. Vd; rpWtu;fs; 2. Vd; rpWtu;fs; eyptile;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;?eyptile;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;?3. rpWtu;fis eyptilar; 3. rpWtu;fis eyptilar; nra;git vit?nra;git vit? 4. cupik vd;why; vd;d?4. cupik vd;why; vd;d?

vq;fSf;F Ntz;bait vd;d? vq;fSf;F Ntz;bait vd;d? Njitfs; vd;d?Njitfs; vd;d?

rpy rkaq;fspy; rpy nghUl;fs; epr;rakhf rpy rkaq;fspy; rpy nghUl;fs; epr;rakhf vq;fSf;F Ntz;baitahf ,Uf;Fk; - vq;fSf;F Ntz;baitahf ,Uf;Fk; - xU Gjpa Jtpr;rf;futz;b my;yJ jpUkz tPl;bw;F Nghtjw;F Gjpa Mil. ,e;j tifahd . ,e;j tifahd nghUl;fisnay;yhk; vq;fsJ Njitfs; vd nghUl;fisnay;yhk; vq;fsJ Njitfs; vd ehq;fs; nrhy;YNthk; Vndd;why; ehq;fs; nrhy;YNthk; Vndd;why; ekf;F mit Njit. ekf;F mit Njit. Mdhy; ,itnay;yhk; vq;fsJ Njitfs; my;y: ehq;fs; ,itfs; ,y;yhky; thoKbahnjd;gjy;y> vq;fshy; tho KbAk;.

Njitfs; vd;gJ ekf;F KO epr;rakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bait> mjd; %yk; ehk; tho KbAk; mj;Jld; tho;it jpwk;gl tho KbAk;

cly; eyj;Jld; jplfhj;jpukhf cly; eyj;Jld; jplfhj;jpukhf capu;tho;tjw;Fcapu;tho;tjw;F: vq;fSf;F czT Njit> Rj;jkhd ePu; Njit> epj;jpiu Njit> capu; tho ,lk; Njit mj;Jld; ehq;fs; tUj;jkhf ,Ue;jhy; guhkupg;gjw;F Ml;fs; Njit>

vq;fsJ jpwikfis ,dq;fhz> mtw;iw vq;fsJ jpwikfis ,dq;fhz> mtw;iw gad;gLj;jgad;gLj;j:: Gjpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J Gjpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s> fw;Wf;nfhs;s> tpisahl vq;fSf;F nfhs;s> fw;Wf;nfhs;s> tpisahl vq;fSf;F re;ju;g;gq;fs; Njit>re;ju;g;gq;fs; Njit>

Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;FghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F:: ehq;fs; ehq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vq;fsJ r%fj;jpd; mq;fkhf vq;fsJ r%fj;jpd; mq;fkhf ehq;fs; ,Ug;gjw;F:ehq;fs; ,Ug;gjw;F: vq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis vq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; Ntz;Lk; $Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; Ntz;Lk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

cupikfs; vq;fsJ Njitfs; cupikfs; vq;fsJ Njitfs; Nghd;wit. Nghd;wit. kf;fs; cly; eyj;Jld; kf;fs; cly; eyj;Jld; jplfhj;jpukhf> ghJfhg;ghf xU ey;y jplfhj;jpukhf> ghJfhg;ghf xU ey;y tho;it tho mit mbg;gilahdittho;it tho mit mbg;gilahdit.. cjhuzkhf> vq;fSf;F czT Njit> cjhuzkhf> vq;fSf;F czT Njit> mjidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F mjidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ehq;fs; cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ehq;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> fy;tpiag; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ.cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

xUth; jdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfis my;yJ xUth; jdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfis my;yJ cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ,lkspg;gJ cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ,lkspg;gJ my;yJ kjpg;gspg;gJ kw;wtu;fsJ my;yJ kjpg;gspg;gJ kw;wtu;fsJ flikahFk;. kf;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis flikahFk;. kf;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mDgtpg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;ghFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;ghFk;. mj;Jld; rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis mj;Jld; rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis kw;Wk; Njitfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij kw;Wk; Njitfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;j ngw;NwhUf;F kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;j ngw;NwhUf;F kw;Wk; ghJfhtyu;fSf;F Jiz GuptJ ghJfhtyu;fSf;F Jiz GuptJ murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;.murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthak;

rpWtu; cupikr; rkthakhdJ rpWtu;fsJ nghJ> rpWtu; cupikr; rkthakhdJ rpWtu;fsJ nghJ> murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu cupikfis xUq;Nf Gjpa kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu cupikfis xUq;Nf Gjpa kw;Wk; gue;j tifapNy ntspf;nfhzu;fpd;wJ.gue;j tifapNy ntspf;nfhzu;fpd;wJ.

rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf 54 rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf 54 cWg;Giufs; cs;sd. 1-41 tiuahd cWg;Giufs; cs;sd. 1-41 tiuahd cWg;Giufs; rpWtu;fsJ cupikfisAk; Vidait cWg;Giufs; rpWtu;fsJ cupikfisAk; Vidait (54 tiu) mtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> (54 tiu) mtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; murhq;fk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba flikfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba flikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

Fwpg;gpl;l 41 cWg;GiufisAk; ehd;F Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSf;Fs; xdWgLj;j KbAk;.

‘‘capu;thOk; cupikfs;’capu;thOk; cupikfs;’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; capu;tho Ntz;batu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it czT> Rj;jkhd ePu;> epj;jpiu> capu; tho ,lk;> mj;Jld; tUj;jk; Jd;gq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;fhd guhkupg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

‘‘mgptpUj;jp cupik’mgptpUj;jp cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; jq;fsJ jpwikfis gad;gLj;jp Kd;NdWtij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it fy;tpf;fhd cupik> tpisahl;L cupik> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; Mf;fg;ghlhd epfo;Tfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd cupikfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

‘‘ghJfhg;G cupik’ ghJfhg;G cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; vy;yh tifahd J\;gpuNahfq;fspypUe;Jk; xJf;fpitj;jy;fspypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ghJfhg;G cupikfs; gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd: Gfyplk; Njb tUk; kw;Wk; mfjpr; rpWtu;fSf;Fupa tpNrl ftdpg;gpw;fhd cupik> rl;lr; rpf;fy;fspy; khl;ba rpWtu;fs; kupahijAld; jFe;jkhjpup elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd cupik> rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;F mku;j;jp Ruz;LtjpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; cupik> kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gl;l rpWtu;fs; me;j frg;ghd mDgtq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F cjtp ngWtjw;fhd cupik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

gq;fspf;Fk; cupik’ gq;fspf;Fk; cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; ,isa Fbkf;fs;> nghJ kf;fs; vd;w tifapy; r%fj;jpdJk; ehl;bdJk; rfytpjkhd epfo;TfspYk; gq;nfLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; cupikAs;stu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it rpWtu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; rpWtu;fs jq;fsJ; fUj;Jf;fis fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; me;j $Wtjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; me;j fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.vd;w cupikfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;d?mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;d?

capu; thOk; cupik>

gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk;

mgptpUj;jp>

rpWtupd; rpwe;j eyd;fs;

rpWtupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F

kjpg;gspj;jy;

ghFghbd;ik

ghFghbd;ikghFghbd;ikcWg;Giu 2cWg;Giu 2 rfy rpWtu;fSk; ,d> epw> ghy;> rfy rpWtu;fSk; ,d> epw> ghy;> rhjp> nkhop> mgpg;gpuhak;> rhjp> nkhop> mgpg;gpuhak;> Njhw;wk;> tyJFiwT> gpwg;G> Njhw;wk;> tyJFiwT> gpwg;G> my;yJ Ntnwe;jg; Ngjq;fSkpd;wp my;yJ Ntnwe;jg; Ngjq;fSkpd;wp jkJ Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F rk jkJ Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F rk cupikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;cupikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;

rpy rpWtu;fSf;F Vida rpy rpWtu;fSf;F Vida rpWtu;fspYk; ghu;f;f $Ljyhd ftdk; rpWtu;fspYk; ghu;f;f $Ljyhd ftdk; Njitg;gLfpwJ my;yJ rk re;ju;g;gj;ij Njitg;gLfpwJ my;yJ rk re;ju;g;gj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j tpN\l ftdpg;G cWjpg;gLj;j tpN\l ftdpg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ.Njitg;gLfpwJ.

rpWtupd; kpfr; rpwe;j eyd;fs;rpWtupd; kpfr; rpwe;j eyd;fs;cWg;Giu 3cWg;Giu 3

rpWtu;fs; njhlu;ghd rfy rpWtu;fs; njhlu;ghd rfy eltbf;iffspYk; mtu;fsJ cr;r eyd;fs; eltbf;iffspYk; mtu;fsJ cr;r eyd;fs; gpujhd ftdpg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;gpujhd ftdpg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

rl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj; rl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahupj;J jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahupj;J nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; rpWtiu ikakhff; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; rpWtiu ikakhff; nfhz;l mZFKiwf;F Mjutspj;jy;nfhz;l mZFKiwf;F Mjutspj;jy;

rpWtupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F rpWtupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jykjpg;gspj;jy;cWg;Giu 12cWg;Giu 12 ,J rpWtu;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wk; ,J rpWtu;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wk; cupik MFk;cupik MFk;rpWtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; rpWtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; nrtpkLf;fg;gl;L> nrtpkLf;fg;gl;L> kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;L> ftdj;jpw;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;L> ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; rpWtu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU rpWtu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;fhd cupikia toq;f Ntz;Lk;$Wtjw;fhd cupikia toq;f Ntz;Lk;

capu; thOk; cupik> gpioj;jy; capu; thOk; cupik> gpioj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpkw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpcWg;Giu 6cWg;Giu 6 vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; capu;thOk; vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; capu;thOk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupik cz;Lkw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupik cz;L

murhq;fk; gps;isfsJ capu; thOk; murhq;fk; gps;isfsJ capu; thOk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupikfis kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; tuyhW

1923-1923- vf;yhud; n[g;> rpWtu; cupikfs; vf;yhud; n[g;> rpWtu; cupikfs; gpufldj;jpid tiue;jhu;gpufldj;jpid tiue;jhu;

1924-1924- rpWtu; cupikfs; gpufldk; ru;tNjr rpWtu; cupikfs; gpufldk; ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJrq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

1948-1948- I.eh. nghJr;rigapdhy; I.eh. nghJr;rigapdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;tNjr kdpj Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; cupikfs; gpufldk; gpufldk; tsu;e;jtu;fSf;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;Fk; tsu;e;jtu;fSf;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;Fk; gpuNahrdkhdnjd Fwpg;ghf gpuNahrdkhdnjd Fwpg;ghf Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJNkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1959-1959- ,uz;lutJ rpWtu;fs; cupikg; ,uz;lutJ rpWtu;fs; cupikg; gpufldj;jpid I.eh. rig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJgpufldj;jpid I.eh. rig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ

1979-1979- 1-rpWth;fspd; ru;tNjr Mz;L 1-rpWth;fspd; ru;tNjr Mz;L

2-rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;ij tiutjw;F 2-rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;ij tiutjw;F nraw;FO xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJnraw;FO xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

1989-1989- rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; I.eh. rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; I.eh. nghJr; rigapdhy; 1989k; Mz;LnghJr; rigapdhy; 1989k; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; 20k; jpfjp etk;gu; khjk; 20k; jpfjp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJVw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

1990-1990- nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 2k; jpfjp nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 2k; jpfjp rkthak; midj;J cyf rl;lkhf rkthak; midj;J cyf rl;lkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;jJVw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ

1991-1991- rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; ,yq;if rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJmurhq;fj;jpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,yq;ifapy; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; eilKiw

rkthak; 1990k; Mz;L ij khjk; 26k; jpfjp rkthak; 1990k; Mz;L ij khjk; 26k; jpfjp ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;lJifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;lJ

1991k; Mz;L Mb khjk; 12k; jpfjp 1991k; Mz;L Mb khjk; 12k; jpfjp cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJcWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

1991k; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 11k; jpfjp 1991k; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 11k; jpfjp eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJeilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ

1991k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd 1991k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd nraw;wpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJnraw;wpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

1992k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; khjk; rpWtu; 1992k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; khjk; rpWtu; gl;lak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJgl;lak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

rpWtu; cupikfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; rpWtu; cupikfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; rk;ge;jkhd murpd; KjyhtJ mwpf;if rk;ge;jkhd murpd; KjyhtJ mwpf;if 1994k; Mz;L ij khjk; n[dPthtpw;F 1994k; Mz;L ij khjk; n[dPthtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lJmDg;gg;gl;lJ

Fwpg;G:- Fwpg;G:- ,r;rkthak; ,yq;if ,r;rkthak; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; ve;jtpj gpufldNkh murhq;fj;jpdhy; ve;jtpj gpufldNkh xJf;fPLfNsh ,d;wp ifnahg;gk; ,l;L xJf;fPLfNsh ,d;wp ifnahg;gk; ,l;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJVw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ

rpWtu; cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lthf;fq;fs; njUr;Rw;wpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; - ,yf;fk; 4 njUr;Rw;wpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; - ,yf;fk; 4

– 1841– 1841 jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhit ,y. 12 – 1883> jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhit ,y. 12 – 1883>

tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 17- 1998tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 17- 1998 guhakile;Njhu; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 7 – guhakile;Njhu; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 7 –

1865> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y.17 – 19871865> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y.17 – 1987

rhd;Wf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 17 – 1895rhd;Wf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 17 – 1895 Fbapay; eilKiwr; rl;lf; Nfhit ,y. 2 – Fbapay; eilKiwr; rl;lf; Nfhit ,y. 2 –

1889> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 19 – 1889> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 19 – 1977> ,y. 20 – 1977> ,y. 53 – 1977> ,y. 20 – 1977> ,y. 53 – 19801980

tPl;Lj; jLj;Jitj;jy; rl;lk; ,y. 5 – 1907tPl;Lj; jLj;Jitj;jy; rl;lk; ,y. 5 – 1907 nghJj;jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 19 – nghJj;jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 19 –

1907> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 18 – 1907> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 18 – 1995> ,y. 12 – 19971995> ,y. 12 – 1997

Mghr ntspaPLfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 4 – Mghr ntspaPLfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 4 – 19271927

,sk; jtwhspfs; (gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfs;) ,sk; jtwhspfs; (gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfs;) fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 28 – 1939 fl;lisr; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 28 – 1939 fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fs;rl;lj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fs;

fy;tpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 31 – 1939 fy;tpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 31 – 1939 fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Mf;fg;gl;l xOq;F fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Mf;fg;gl;l xOq;F tpjpfs;tpjpfs;

gps;isfs; ,sk; Ml;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 48 – gps;isfs; ,sk; Ml;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 48 – 1939> njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;1939> njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;

tPl;by; jLj;J itj;jy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – tPl;by; jLj;J itj;jy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – 19411941

mehijfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – 1941mehijfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – 1941 ,se;jtwhspfs; ed;dlj;ijf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,se;jtwhspfs; ed;dlj;ijf; fl;lisr; rl;lk;

42 – 1944 mijj;njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;42 – 1944 mijj;njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs; FbtuT Fbmfy;T fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 20 – FbtuT Fbmfy;T fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 20 –

1948 mjidj; njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;1948 mjidj; njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;

gpwg;G ,wg;G gjpTf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. gpwg;G ,wg;G gjpTf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 17 – 195117 – 1951

fz;bau; jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 44 – fz;bau; jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 44 – 1952> tPNrl jpUj;jk; ,y. 19 – 19951952> tPNrl jpUj;jk; ,y. 19 – 1995

ngz;fs; ,sk; tajpdu; gps;isfs; ngz;fs; ,sk; tajpdu; gps;isfs; njhopw;rl;lk; ,y. 47 – 1956 xOq;F njhopw;rl;lk; ,y. 47 – 1956 xOq;F tjpfSk; ,jd; fPohd tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. tjpfSk; ,jd; fPohd tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 43 – 1964> ,y. 29 – 1973> ,y. 32 – 43 – 1964> ,y. 29 – 1973> ,y. 32 – 19841984

gps;isfs;> ,sk; Ml;fs;; (nfLjy; gps;isfs;> ,sk; Ml;fs;; (nfLjy; tpistpf;Fk; ntspaPLfs;) fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. tpistpf;Fk; ntspaPLfs;) fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 48 – 195648 – 1956

ePjpKiwr; rl;lk; ,y. 2 – 1978 (tpNrl ePjpKiwr; rl;lk; ,y. 2 – 1978 (tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 37 – 1929> my: 27 – jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 37 – 1929> my: 27 – 1998)1998)

Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iff; Nfhit ,y. 15 – Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iff; Nfhit ,y. 15 – 1980 (tpNrl jpuj;jq;fs; ,y. 20 – 1995> 1980 (tpNrl jpuj;jq;fs; ,y. 20 – 1995> my: 19 – 1997> ,y. 28 – 1998)my: 19 – 1997> ,y. 28 – 1998)

rpWtu; kfNtw;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; rpWtu; kfNtw;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ ,y. 38 – 1979> jpUj;jk; ,y. jpUj;jg;gl;lJ ,y. 38 – 1979> jpUj;jk; ,y. 15 – 199215 – 1992

kJNghijapd; fPo; Gupag;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; kJNghijapd; fPo; Gupag;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rl;lk; ,y. 41 – 1979rk;ge;jkhd rl;lk; ,y. 41 – 1979

rpWtu; ghJfhg;G mjpfhur;rl;lk; ,y. 50 rpWtu; ghJfhg;G mjpfhur;rl;lk; ,y. 50 – 1998– 1998

guhkupg;Gj; jpUj;jf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 37 guhkupg;Gj; jpUj;jf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 37 – 1997 – 1997

gps;isfspd; cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

murhq;f jpizf;fsq;fs;/J];gpuNahfk; rk;ge;jkhf mwptpf;fg;gl

Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;

Njrpa kl;lj;jpyNjrpa kl;lj;jpy;; Njrpa rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gr; rig Njrpa rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gr; rig (NCPA)(NCPA) ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp]; ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp];

gphpT gphpT (WCD)(WCD) rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f Mizahsu;rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f Mizahsu; kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOkdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO

khfhz kl;lj;jpy;khfhz kl;lj;jpy;

khfhz rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf; khfhz rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOFO

khfhz Mizahsu;> rpWtu; khfhz Mizahsu;> rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f ghJfhg;Gf; fhupahyak;ey;;;nyhOf;f ghJfhg;Gf; fhupahyak;

khtl;l kl;lj;jpy;khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; khtl;l rpWtu; mgptpUj;jpf; FO khtl;l rpWtu; mgptpUj;jpf; FO (DCDC) (DCDC)

tpyhrk;: khtl;l nrayfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G tpyhrk;: khtl;l nrayfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf; FO khtl;l rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf; FO (DCPC)(DCPC) tpyhrk;: tpyhrk;:

Nghjdh itj;jparhiy kl;lf;fsg;G Nghjdh itj;jparhiy kl;lf;fsg;G rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f> guhkupg;G jpizf;fsk; rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f> guhkupg;G jpizf;fsk;

(DPCC)(DPCC)

tpyhrk;: ePjpkd;w tshfk;> kl;lf;fsg;Gtpyhrk;: ePjpkd;w tshfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp]; gphpT ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp]; gphpT (WCD)(WCD)

tpyhrk;: vy;yh nghyp]; tpyhrk;: vy;yh nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; ,g;gphpT mikf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.epiyaq;fspYk; ,g;gphpT mikf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.

kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOkdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO

gpuNjr gpuNjr kl;lj;jpykl;lj;jpy;; gpuNjr rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf; gpuNjr rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf;

FO FO tpyhrk;: xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayf tpyhrk;: xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayf mYtyfq;fspYk; mYtyfq;fspYk; rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpNahf];ju;fis mZfTk; cj;jpNahf];ju;fis mZfTk; (CRPO)(CRPO)

rpWtu;fSld; gzpGupAk; mur rpWtu;fSld; gzpGupAk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;

r%f guhkupg;G epiyak;r%f guhkupg;G epiyak;

r%f r%f kl;lj;jpy;kl;lj;jpy; rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L

cj;jpNahf];ju;fs;cj;jpNahf];ju;fs;

r%f Nritfs; cj;jpNahf];ju; r%f Nritfs; cj;jpNahf];ju;

FLk;g kl;lj;jpy;FLk;g kl;lj;jpy;

ngw;NwhUkngw;NwhUk; ; guhkupg;ghsu;fSkguhkupg;ghsu;fSk;;

Family

Child

Displacement

Who are IDPs?Who are IDPs? What rights do IDPs have?What rights do IDPs have? What are the Guiding Principles on What are the Guiding Principles on

Internally Displaced Persons? Booklet Internally Displaced Persons? Booklet

tiutpyf;fzk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs;

vdg;gLNthH MAjg;gpzf;Ffs;> vdg;gLNthH MAjg;gpzf;Ffs;> nghJg;gilahd td;nray; epyikfs;> kdpj nghJg;gilahd td;nray; epyikfs;> kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gly; my;yJ kdpjdhy; cupikfs; kPwg;gly; my;yJ kdpjdhy; Vw;gl;l mdHj;jq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Vw;gl;l mdHj;jq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; nghUl;L jk; Fbkidfis jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; nghUl;L jk; Fbkidfis my;yJ tof;fkhd ,Ug;gplq;fs; Kjypatw;iw my;yJ tof;fkhd ,Ug;gplq;fs; Kjypatw;iw tpl;L tpl;L ,lk; ngaHe;J XlNtz;ba tpl;L tpl;L ,lk; ngaHe;J XlNtz;ba epHg;ge;jk; my;yJ epyikf;F cs;shd epHg;ge;jk; my;yJ epyikf;F cs;shd NghjpYk; rHtNjr thupahf mq;fPfupf;fg; NghjpYk; rHtNjr thupahf mq;fPfupf;fg; ngw;w Njr vy;iyiaf; fle;J ngw;w Njr vy;iyiaf; fle;J nry;yhjpUg;gtHfshtH. nry;yhjpUg;gtHfshtH.

Children & Displacement

Children in emergencies needs special Children in emergencies needs special protection measures: protection measures:

Family unityFamily unity Psycho-social wellbeingPsycho-social wellbeing Protection from exploitation, abuse, Protection from exploitation, abuse,

neglect and violenceneglect and violence Mine safety Mine safety

Child Protection Referral Mechanism

ed;wptzf;fk;