1 processing, reporting and auditing financial accounts components of financial statements week 1
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Processing, Reporting and Auditing Financial
Accounts
Components of Financial Statements
Week 1
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Textbook B & J Elliott – Financial Accounting and Reporting 12th EditionPearson Education ISBN 9780273712312
12th Edition
11th Edition
10th Edition
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Welcome to the parallel universe
Try to imagine a world where… Cider costs 2p a pint Fulham win the Double Balance sheets & P&Ls are based on
the same rules and yet are strangely different
A world called International Accounting Standards
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IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements
Published financial statements must present information in suitable form
Specifications for all “general purpose” financial statements
Covers consolidated accounts and single companies
Objective of general purpose financial statements Consistent with IASB Framework Provides information on Financial position of company Financial performance and cash flows That are useful to various user groups in making
decisions
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IAS 1 covers… Balance sheet Income statement Statement in changes in equity
showing All changes in equity Changes in equity other than those arising
from transactions with other shareholders Cash flow statement Notes to the accounts
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Additional statements
Financial review by management
Environmental statement
Value added statement
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Fair presentation Financial statements must present financial
principles fairly Applying IAS/IFRS = fair presentation If company complies with IAS – it must say so Fair override If complying does not lead to fair presentation Then entity may depart from compliance But must disclose that Financial statements do fairly present company’s
financial position It has departed from particular standard
Details of departure Effect of departure for each item affected
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Accounting policies Specific principles
Bases Conventions Rules Practices
Adopted by entity in preparing financial statements
Management to select accounting policies so financial statements comply with IFRS
When items not covered by IFRS should use judgement
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Going concern
Financial statements to be prepared on going concern basis unless Management intends to liquidate
business Cease trading Sees no other alternative
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Accruals & Consistency
Accruals basis Except for cash flow statement all
statements to be on accruals basis Consistency of presentation Consistent unless Change in circumstances Requirements of new IFRS
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Materiality & aggregation
Each material class of similar items to be shown separately
Items of dissimilar nature shown separately, unless immaterial
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Offsetting Cannot offset assets against liabilities Cannot offset income against expenditure
unless Reporting net of valuation allowance Debtors (receivables) net of provision for
doubtful debts is ok Expenses incidental to revenue generating
activities Show income net of related expenses Gains/losses on groups of similar activities (FX gains/losses)
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Other presentational details
Comparative information Should show comparative information for
previous period Identification of financial statements & reporting
period Each component of financial statements to be
properly identified For single companies show
Name of company Balance sheet date Currency Level of rounding
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Structure & content of balance sheet
Usual to show current & non-current items separately
IAS 1 suggests showing in order of liquidity Current assets Asset classified as current asset if: Part of operating cycle of business Held for trading purposes Expected to be realised within 12 months of the
balance sheet date Cash or cash equivalent All other assets are non-current assets Inventory or receivables qualify even if realised
+12 months as part of operating cycle
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Current Liabilities Liability classified as current liability if: Expected to be settled in normal course of operating cycle Primary purpose is to be traded Due to be settled within 12 months of BS date Entity does not have unconditional right to defer settlement
to at least BS date +12 months All tradable payables are current liabilities even if settlement
is +12months Non-current liabilities must continue to be treated as such
even if Due to be settled in less than 12 months If all 3 following conditions apply: Original term was <12 months Liability is to be refinanced on long-term basis Intention to refinance is supported by agreement completed
before financial statements appeared
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Minimum items on face of Balance Sheet
(a) property, plant and equipment (b) investment property (c) intangible assets (d) financial assets (excluding amounts
shown under (e), (h) and (i)) (e) investments accounted for using the
equity method (f) biological assets (g) inventories (h) trade and other receivables (i) cash and cash equivalents
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Minimum items on face of Balance Sheet
(j) trade and other payables (k) provisions (l) financial liabilities (excluding amounts
shown under (j) and (k)) (m) liabilities and assets for current tax, as
defined in IAS 12 (n) deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax
assets, as defined in IAS 12 (o) minority interest, presented within equity
and (p) issued capital and reserves attributable
to equity holders of the parent
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Additional items
Can introduce additional lines if it would improve understandability
Sub classifications Eg lines in BS adding up to total
amount of main line Notes in BS
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Format of BS IAS 1 does not prescribe the layout of the balance sheet
Non-current Assets Current Assets = Total Assets Equity and Liabilities Capital and Reserves
=Total Equity Non-current Liabilities Current Liabilities
=Total Liabilities =Total Equity and Liabilities
Accounting Equation: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
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Disclosures of capital and reserves Need to be shown on BS in notes Number of authorised shares Number of shares issued Par value of each share Reconciliation of shares in issues at
start and end of year Rights and restrictions attached to each
class Description and nature of each reserve Dividends proposed after BS date
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Dividends IAS 1 & IAS 10 do not allow proposed
dividends to be included as liability in BS UNLESS dividends proposed before BS date
ONLY dividends actually paid during the year reduce equity
2 cases: Proposed final dividend of previous year
paid this year Interim dividends
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Income Statement Minimum items per IAS 1 Revenue Finance costs Tax expenses Amount related to P&L from discontinued
operations Profit or loss Add other line items if relevant to
understanding
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Discontinued operations Carried on at start of year but discontinued sometime
during the year Profit/Loss from discontinued operations includes: P or L after tax made in year up to time of
discontinuation Gain or Loss after tax on disposal of assets in
discontinued operation There are to be no extraordinary items to be shown on
income statements or in the notes What may be shown: Material items of income and expense Analysis of expenses Material items should be Disclosed separately showing their nature and amount
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Examples of material items
Write down of inventories to NRV Write down of plant or property to
recoverable amount Costs of restructuring Disposals of property, plant & equipment Disposals of investments Discontinued operations Income/expenses on settlement of
litigation Reductions in provisions
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Income statements may be analysed by:
Nature of expense or
Function of entity
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Expenses analysed by NATURE
Expenses vary according to the nature of the business
Manufacturing business expenses may be classified by
Raw materials Staff costs Depreciation Items that are material on their own are
shown as “other” WIP adjustment Finished goods adjustment
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By Nature example Revenue X Other operating income X Changes in inventories of finished goods and work in progress X Raw materials and consumables used X Staff costs X Depreciation and amortisation expense X Other operating expenses X Total operating expenses (X) Profit from operating activities X
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Income statement analysed by FUNCTION
Expenses analysed by function eg Cost of sales Distribution costs Administration expenses Other expenses
This is the most commonly used method But Classification often arbitrary Doesn’t show the amount of some important expenses Must include additional information in notes to the
accounts Eg Depreciation/staff costs
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By Function example Revenue X Cost of sales (X) Gross profit X Other operating income X Distribution costs (X) Administrative expenses (X) Other operating expenses (X) Profit from operating activities X
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